Technical Design Specifications Research Articles

Mechanical Design and Tactical Placement Technique of Robust and Reliable Battery Pack for Electric Vehicle- A Review

The great sensitivity of lithium-ion battery packs to external factors such pressure, temperature, and dynamic mechanical stresses might result in a potential failure during thermal runaway in an electric car caused by shaking or collision with a car. Enormous electrification of the commercial and public transit industries is hampered, among other things, by concerns about battery pack safety and reliability. In order to solve these problems, this study covers mechanical design elements. Through examples, the paper shows how basic mechanical elements able to incorporated into the design of battery packing to reduce the likelihood of failure and lessen the previously listed safety issues. In addition, the essential elements of a durable The battery pack has been thoroughly examined, and the resources needed to create these elements and satisfy their operational specifications have been determined. A LEAF battery package design example is used to illustrate the strategic battery pack placement technique. Lastly, the fundamental technical design specifications for a durable and dependable battery packing methods are made public by contrasting the disclosed design choices presented in this article with battery pack design.

WAVE ATTENUATION OF SALTMARSH VEGETATION UNDER STORM CONDITIONS

Nature-based solutions (NbS) for coastal protection has recently gained increased attention worldwide as a sustainable, economical and eco-friendly alternative to conventional grey structures, particularly under the threat of climate change (Temmerman et al. 2013). Wave energy dissipation by vegetation can be parameterized by the total horizontal force acting on the plant; expressed using a Morison-type equation considering only the form drag component (Dalrymple et al. 1984). Modelling wave-vegetation interaction is challenging in a laboratory environment (Lara et al. 2016) and it is difficult to accomplish a realistic representation of a plant’s biomechanical behavior and geometry using plant mimics or surrogates. Few studies have modelled real saltmarsh vegetation in large scale laboratory facilities (Moller et al. 2014; Maza et al. 2015) and quantified wave attenuation, particularly for engineered living shorelines (Maryland DoE, 2013). Further research is needed, particularly in the Canadian context, to investigate the capacity of different saltmarsh species to effectively attenuate waves and wave runup under storm conditions, to examine the plant’s drag coefficient and to bridge the gap to develop technical design specifications for the detailed design of living shorelines.

Characterized model uncertainties of CPT-based simplified procedures for assessing soil liquefaction and its application to Taiwan offshore wind farms

This paper aims to calibrate model uncertainties of the current Cone Penetration Test (CPT) methods for assessing soil liquefaction potential and introduce a new and concise one called the hyperbolic function (HBF) method based on the unique Chi-Chi earthquake database in Taiwan. The development and features of the HBF method were introduced at first. The performance and model uncertainty of each CPT method is then evaluated with a database of historical and Chi-Chi earthquake cases using the indices of the predicted success rate and bias-factor models, respectively. The success rate evaluations show that the HBF is one of the most accurate methods. The calibrated bias-factor models can indicate the conservatism of each CPT method applied to the Taiwan sites. Afterward, the liquefaction hazard curves associated with these CPT methods for Taiwan sites are derived based on the case histories of liquefaction and non-liquefaction in Taiwan. A real case study to illustrate the applications of these calibrated models evaluating liquefaction hazards to an offshore wind farm near Taiwan western coast is also demonstrated in this paper. These above results bring not only recommendations on CPT liquefaction assessment methods incorporated into the Technical Specifications for Site Investigation and Design of offshore wind farms in Taiwan, but procedures to calibrate regional biased models for other offshore wind farms in the world.

A fuzzy MCDM approach to support customer-centric innovation in virtual reality (VR) metaverse headset design

Nowadays, customer-centric innovation is important in affective design, leading to the design and development of a product that fits the needs of a group of target customers for sales and marketing. Though there is much research on customer-centric innovation and affective product design, designing a novel and innovative product that appeals to customers remains difficult. This is not only due to the difficulty of knowing a customer's preference, enabling the product functionality, etc., but it is also very complex to optimize both the technical and aesthetical design factors and parameters for a group of customers. The technical design specification is one of the critical aspects in designing innovative technological products. In fact, a similar group of target customers usually has hidden preferences that provide us with clues for identifying the design of a product. To this end, we propose a sophisticated optimization technique using the Hybrid Fuzzy-based Analytical Hierarchy Process and the Integral-based Taguchi Method called the Fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach to determine the essential factors and design parameters in order to understand the preferences of customers and the technical requirements of engineers for designing the enclosure of a product. We demonstrate our methodology using the virtual reality (VR) Headset, which can be used for visualizing the metaverse in the virtual environment. The fuzzy MCDM approach suggested combines technical and aesthetical features to enhance the robustness of product design.

Modification and Validation of 1D Loss Models for the Off-Design Performance Prediction of Centrifugal Compressors with Splitter Blades

One-dimensional (1D) aerodynamic performance predictions are very often conducted by researchers and designers during the preliminary design of centrifugal compressors. This paper focuses on a 1D prediction method for centrifugal compressors with splitter blades, which is rarely seen in the open literature. One-dimensional prediction of aerodynamic overall performance is made for centrifugal compressors with different technical design specifications. However, the aerodynamic overall prediction accuracy relies on the accuracy of the 1D-loss-models used. Therefore, an optimum combination of loss models is proposed by summarizing a variety of loss models presented in the public literature. In addition, an optimization method is utilized to optimize some coefficients involved in loss models in order to improve the generality of the combined model. The modified models obtained in this study are proved to have good predictive accuracy.

Translating diagnostics and drug delivery technologies to low-resource settings.

Diagnostics and drug delivery technologies engineered for low-resource settings aim to meet their technical design specifications using strategies that are compatible with limited equipment, infrastructure, and operator training. Despite many preclinical successes, very few of these devices have been translated to the clinic. Here, we identify factors that contribute to the clinical success of diagnostics and drug delivery systems for low-resource settings, including the need to engage key stakeholders at an early stage, and provide recommendations for the clinical translation of future medical technologies.

Boundary Pass underwater listening station cabled hydrophone array system

An advanced cabled real-time underwater listening station was deployed in May 2020 in Boundary Pass, British Columbia, Canada, to measure underwater radiated noise of commercial vessels and to detect and track vocalizing marine mammals. This system was sponsored by Transport Canada and is operated jointly by Vancouver Fraser Port Authority and JASCO Applied Sciences (Canada) Ltd. The system consists of two synchronized tetrahedral hydrophone arrays, each with 1.65 m hydrophone spacings, deployed 300 m apart on the seabed in 190 m water depth. The hydrophone frames are connected to shore by two 2.8 km fiber-optic cables, and also support ADCP and CTD sensors, sound projectors for calibrations, and video cameras. The Boundary Pass location was chosen because of its relatively deep water and because the major inbound and outbound commercial shipping lanes leading to Vancouver become narrow and adjacent here, allowing acoustic measurements of ships passing in both directions. In this presentation we will discuss the system technical design and sensor specifications. We will also discuss its deployment and the data processing and presentation systems, with a brief overview of the substantial measurements obtained in the first full year of operation.

MODEL OF SELECTING TECHNICAL AND OPERATING INDICATORS OF THE PRODUCT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TECHNICAL TASK

In a competitive market environment, the success of a manufacturer is determined by the competitiveness of its goods and services. The competitiveness of a product is laid down at the stage of its development. Mistakes made early in the development of a new product are costly for the manufacturer in the later stages of its life cycle. To implement the principle “do it right the first time”, a three-stage model is proposed for choosing the technical and operational indicators of industrial products in the development of technical specifications for design. The essence of the model is that the preselected technical and operational parameters of the product are successively adjusted in three stages based on the results of a comparative assessment of it with competitors according to such integral criteria as economic efficiency in operation, quality coefficient and competitiveness coefficient. The process of correction of indicators is carried out in compliance with the rule of transition to the next stage of assessment only after ensuring the superiority of the product over competitors with the tools of the current stage. A three-stage model of the formation of technical and operational indicators of a product in the development of a technical task helps to ensure the competitiveness of the designed product, competitiveness in selected market segments from the early stages of development with minimal labor and material costs. The practical applicability of the proposed model is shown on the example of the formation of a technical assignment for the design of a mediumduty delivery vehicle.

Experimental study of axial compression of reinforced concrete columns made by environment‐friendly post‐filling coarse aggregate process

AbstractThe increase of coarse aggregate content decreases the shrinkage of concrete, decreases the cost of concrete production as well as reduces the carbon dioxide emission to the environment. In this study, the mixture proportions of PFCC (post‐filling coarse aggregate concrete) for C40, C50, and C60 were designed and the comprehensive performances of workability, compressive strength and elastic modulus were conducted experimentally. Then, 15 reinforced concrete columns made by PFCC with different concrete grades and post filling rates (PFR) were designed and tested. The failure mode, load‐deflection curve, load‐strain curve and load bearing capacity were analyzed and elaborated. Results showed that, compared with the conventional concrete, the compressive strength and elastic modulus of the post filling coarse aggregate concrete were improved, which reached the highest when the post filling rate is 20%. At the same time, the load bearing capacity of column specimen increased first and then decreased as the post filling rate increased, with the transition point being at 10% post filling rate. This study provides reference and research data for technical regulations and design specifications of structural members made of post filling coarse aggregate concrete.

Steel reinforced post-filling coarse aggregate concrete columns under eccentric compression

Post-filling coarse aggregate concrete (PFCC) is a new type of environmental friendly concrete. The increase of coarse aggregate content could decrease the shrinkage of concrete, reduces the consumption of cement in concrete production, reduce the carbon dioxide emission to the environment and saves energy. In this study, the mixture proportions of PFCC for C50 grade concrete strength was designed and the performances of compressive strength and elastic modulus were conducted experimentally. Then, ten reinforced concrete columns made by PFCC with different post-filling ratios (PFR) and eccentricity of load were designed and tested. The failure mode, load–deflection curve, ductility and ultimate loading capacity were analyzed and elaborated. The same failure modes as conventional concrete columns were observed in PFCC columns. Test results indicated that the compressive strength and elastic modulus of the post-filling coarse aggregate concrete were improved, which reached the highest when the post-filling ratio is 20%. At the same time, the ultimate loading carrying capacity of column specimens reached the highest at 20% post-filling ratio for both small eccentricity and large eccentricity specimens. Results also demonstrated that the as the eccentricity increases, the ultimate load-carrying capacities decreases. This study provides references and research data for technical regulations and design specifications of compression structural members made of post-filling coarse aggregate concrete.

Target Design for XUV Probing of Radiative Shock Experiments

Radiative shocks are strong shocks characterized by plasma at a high temperature emitting an important fraction of its energy as radiation. Radiative shocks are commonly found in many astrophysical systems and are templates of radiative hydrodynamic flows, which can be studied experimentally using high-power lasers. This is not only important in the context of laboratory astrophysics but also to benchmark numerical studies. We present details on the design of experiments on radiative shocks in xenon gas performed at the kJ scale PALS laser facility. It includes technical specifications for the tube targets design and numerical studies with the 1-D radiative hydrodynamics code MULTI. Emphasis is given to the technical feasibility of an XUV imaging diagnostic with a 21 nm (~58 eV) probing beam, which allows to probe simultaneously the post-shock and the precursor region ahead of the shock. The novel design of the target together with the improved X-ray optics and XUV source allow to show both the dense post-shock structure and the precursor of the radiative shock.

Source Term Derivation and Radioactive Release Evaluation for JRTR Research Reactor under Severe Accident

The source term for the JRTR research reactor is derived under an assumed hypothetical severe accident resulting in generation of the most severe consequences. The reactor core is modeled based on the reactor technical design specifications, and the fission products inventory is calculated by using the SCALE/TRITON depletion sequence to perform burnup and decay analyses via coupling the NEWT 2-D transport lattice code to the ORIGEN-S fuel depletion code. Fifty radioisotopes contributed to the evaluation, resulting in a source term of 3.7 × 1014 Bq. Atmospheric dispersion was evaluated using the Gaussian plume model via the HOTSPOT code. The plume centerline total effective dose (TED) was found to exceed the IAEA limits for occupational exposure of 0.02 Sv; the results showed that the maximum dose is 200 Sv within 200 m from the reactor, under all the weather stability classes, after which it starts to decrease with distance, reaching 0.1 Sv at 1 km from the reactor. The radiation dose plume centerlines continue to the exceed international basic safety standards annual limit of 1 mSv for public exposure, up to 80 km from the reactor.

An adaptive ensemble classification framework for real-time data streams by distributed control systems

Smart Grids are critical infrastructure networks. They play a critical role in the survival of our postmodern economies, as all other areas depend on their availability. An interruption in their operation may have a direct impact on the availability of other services (e.g., health, transportation). The problem is particularly intense when no backup networks are available, or the required recovery time is beyond backup autonomy. The transition to a decentralized management and control system for these networks requires digital technologies, advanced interconnected system communications, and Internet access. These technologies expose critical infrastructure networks to external threats that require careful assessment of cyber-security risks and appropriate countermeasures. An important factor that enhances the range of threats is the heterogeneity of Smart Grids, which incorporate industrial control systems such as the SCADA, distributed control system, and programmable logic controllers to which security improvements may not have been made since they were installed. Υet, another serious problem arises from the fact that older technologies were designed at times when cyber-security was not part of their technical design specifications. At the same time, it should be seriously considered that many of the systems of these networks that can be cyber-attacked may not be easily disconnected, as this could potentially lead to generalized operational problems. In this scientific research, a sophisticated active security framework is proposed, which is based solely on advanced computational intelligence methods and concerns the digital security of critical infrastructure networks. Specifically, this research introduces a sophisticated adaptive ensemble classification framework for real-time data streams by distributed control systems. It is a “Kappa” architecture framework that is based on a two-step online ensemble learning model based on bagging and boosting methods. The aim is performance of real-time analysis and evaluation of data flows from Smart Grids, toward the effective identification of APT attacks.

Mechanical and Deformation Characteristics and Optimization of Support Parameters for Superlarge‐Span Tunnel: A Case Study from Laohushan Tunnel

In the new construction or reconstruction of expressway projects, the number of highway twin tunnels with eight lanes is increasing. However, there are no corresponding design support parameters and measures in the current technical specifications for tunnel design and construction in China. In Laohushan superlarge‐span highway tunnel with single hole and four lanes, the deformation behavior and mechanical characteristics of support structures are measured and analyzed. The monitoring results indicated that the deformation of tunnel structure mainly experienced three stages: rapid deformation, slow deformation, and stable deformation, and finally reached a relatively stable state; the structure stress of primary support and secondary lining increases sharply at first and then tends to be stable gradually with the gradual construction of each excavation part in the tunnel; the stress of each measuring point at the steel rib is less than the yield limit of steel rib (235 MPa), and the support structure is safe and stable in the process of tunnel construction. Then, the structure safety of primary support under different support parameters is simulated and calculated by numerical simulation with Grade IV rock mass, and the reasonable support parameters for Laohushan highway tunnel are studied considering the structural safety and engineering economy. It is suggested to use the H175‐type steel sets with a distance of 80 cm and C25 shotcrete with a thickness of 26 cm. The results could provide reference for similar tunnel projects and provide a basis for the design specification and construction standards for superlarge‐span tunnels.

An Efficient Procedure for Temperature Calculation of High Current Leads in Large Power Transformers

This article presents an efficient methodology for calculating the steady-state temperature of high current busbar leads (HCBL) oil-immersed in large power transformers. The temperature at the surface of the copper HCBL is mainly affected by the Joule effect caused by the passing current, the paper insulation, the top oil temperature rise, and the ambient temperature. The Power Transformer Manufacturers usually follow their proprietary technical specifications for HCBL design in the absence of normalization, and customers would request guidance for temperature calculations independently of proprietary techniques. To date, there is a lack in the literature for this purpose. The method allows calculating the temperature on the HCBL as a function of the parameters already mentioned being flexible because it allows change of the parameters. The method is based on calculating the convection heat transfer coefficient ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$h$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ), which in turn depends on the geometry factors and cooling system characteristics. The parameter ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$h$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) is of major importance and play the primary role during temperature calculation, once the desired temperatures are susceptible to its value and accuracy. Other relevant factors such as the skin and proximity effect are determined by the Finite Element Method (FEM). To validate the proposed method’s accuracy, we did measurements using the T2TM Fiber Optic Temperature Sensor from NEOPTIX on a 460 MVA Transformer, running the heating test at 100% of load during 72 hours, yielding satisfactory results. The method is also compared with the winding gradient, which is usually used to estimate the top’s conductor temperature.

Development of Natural Facial Mask for Skincare from Local Materials

This research aims to develop a natural facial mask from local materials. The latter are natural materials which could be found locally. In this study, we have selected local materials such as silk fibroin, mulberry, and chitosan. Silk fibroin is active ingredient in the prototype because of its high antioxidant activity. On the other hand, the mulberry extract is antioxidant and antibacterial activity in the facial mask. In the meantime, chitosan could be extracted from local materials such as squid pen and shrimp shells. Chitosan was chosen to be material of the facial mask to nourish good mechanical properties of the mask’s structure. The research has developed the natural facial mask with the product design technique. Also, this study integrates consumer’s requirements and quality function deployment (QFD) to transform consumer’s needs into technical design specifications. The result show that the consumer’s requirements which obtain high score are certification standard, ability to release substances, and skin adhesion. Therefore, consumer’s preferences and technical specifications helped to achieve the prototype. The prototype was developed and evaluated according to consumer’s satisfactions. The result of consumer satisfactions is natural products and skin adhesion. Nevertheless, consumers suggest further improvement in term of color, odor, thickness, and durability of the product.

The analytical study of inventories and physicochemical configuration of spallation products produced in Lead-Bismuth Eutectic of Accelerator Driven System

Lead-Bismuth Eutectic (LBE) is used as a spallation neutron target and coolant material of Accelerator Driven System (ADS), and many kinds of elements are produced as spallation products via spallation reactions in LBE of ADS. It is important to evaluate the release and transport behavior of the spallation products in the LBE coolant system of ADS from the viewpoints of the radiological hazard both in the cases of normal operation and accident. The physicochemical configuration of the spallation products is essential to evaluate the release and transport behavior because the physical and chemical properties such as solubility in LBE and volatility depend on the configuration. The inventories and the physicochemical configuration of the spallation products produced in LBE have been investigated for an LBE loop to be installed in the ADS Target Test Facility (TEF-T) in the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC). The inventories of the spallation products in the LBE were estimated using the PHITS code based on the technical design specifications and the operation program of TEF-T. The physicochemical configuration of the spallation products in the LBE was calculated using the Thermo-Calc code under the conditions of the operation temperatures of LBE from 350 °C to 500 °C and the oxygen concentrations in LBE from 10 ppb to 10 ppm. From the results of the PHITS code evaluation, 18 elements were evaluated as the important elements from the viewpoint of these large inventories and the radiation hazards of their radionuclide. The results of the Thermo-Calc calculation showed the 8 elements of Rb, Tl, Tc, Os, Ir, Pt, Au and Hg were soluble in LBE under the all given conditions and any kinds of compound were not formed in LBE. It was suggested that the oxides of Ce, Sr, Zr and Y were stable as CeO2, SrO, ZrO2, Ce2O3 and Y2O3 in the LBE. The validity of these results was discussed compared with the previous experimental and theoretical work.

Brief discussion on the design of route selection in mountain areas of suspended monorail

The design of route selection in mountain areas is the foundation and soul of survey and design of suspended monorail transport, which directly determines the project cost, operation cost and so on. As the corresponding technical standards or design specifications of the suspended monorail have not been formally promulgated in China, this paper expounds the structure form and technical characteristics of the suspension monorail, and analyzes the key points of the route selection technology of the suspended monorail in mountain areas in order to provide a reference for the similar project in mountain areas.

Development and testing of a grasper for NOTES powered by variable stiffness pneumatic actuation.

In natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) the peritoneal cavity is reached through natural orifices (mouth, rectus and transvaginal duct), by means of little cuttings in the walls of hollow organs. Due to narrow spaces, NOTES needs robotic systems to assure operation/movement precision and patient safety. Variable stiffness actuation (VSA) assures both requirements. The authors developed a grasper for NOTES, provided with VSA, to use as an end-effector for snail robot devices. The present paper deals with basic concepts of VSA and describes the design and architecture of the grasper. Characterization and functional experiments were performed and results analysed. A finite element model developed for the actuator design was validated, performance grasper characteristic curves were obtained, VSA was validated, and the gripping capability of several objects was assessed. The grasper satisfies technical design specifications. On the basis of the results obtained, a control system can be developed to test grasper in a simulated surgery environment.

Effectiveness of a proposed training program to prepare technical specifications for fashion design and apparel production

The aims of this study is to prepare a training program for the development of students' design skills for the preparation of technical specifications sheets for fashion design, its application to ensure its effectiveness and achieve the goal of providing students with the basic knowledge ,skills and their attitude has changed positively towards the importance of their preparation in the field and the students developed design solutions to overcome the difficulties encountered during the preparation and implementation of their proposed design according to the technical specifications they prepared in the program under study. The problem of the study emerged from the difficulty of preparing the students for the technical specifications of the design ideas of the various forms of clothing proposed in their illustrations of fashion, which makes it difficult to implement these design ideas correctly to help them to achieve the overall shape of the worn parts of the style in addition to the attention of the labor market to the appointment of highly qualified cadres of fashion designers have the ability to develop technical specifications of fashion with high accuracy or in high resolution. Theresearch approach: - The analytical and the experimental approach. The study assumes that there are statistically significant differences between the average of the students before / after grades to prepare the technical specifications sheets for the proposed designs in the program for the benefit of the students and the effectiveness of the proposed program for the development of students' skills for the preparation of technical specifications sheets for fashion design. The statistical coefficients were carried out before / after the measurement tools used in the study "questionnaire, skill performance note cards, and Measure the attitude of students” T test, contrast analysis, correlation coefficient to verify hypotheses. The results showed that there were statistically significant differences between the average grades of students in favor of the remote application of the program under study, which indicates the students benefit from the proposed program and provide their knowledge, develop their design skills in the field of fashion design and change the attitude towards the importance of the preparation of fashion designer for the technical specifications of his design ideas attitude. This means achieving the objective of studying the effectiveness of the proposed program under study and verifying the validity of the hypotheses.