Technical Definition Research Articles

A tale of two fuel cycles: defining enrichment and reprocessing in the nonproliferation regime

ABSTRACT In the early 2000s, the George W. Bush administration condemned Iran’s use of nuclear-fuel-cycle technologies while endorsing sensitive nuclear activities in South Korea. The politics behind this difference may appear self-evident, but maintaining this policy was premised on a complex interaction between technology and politics. This paper examines both US and international definitions of uranium enrichment and spent-fuel reprocessing and finds an incoherence between technical definitions and policy implementation. Definitions of enrichment are narrow, as they refer to a very specific set of material processes. But the Bush administration applied a capacious standard when debating what it meant for Iran to “suspend” enrichment-related activities. On the other hand, definitions of reprocessing are capacious, implicating many different processes that can be interpreted as reprocessing. And yet the Bush administration applied a narrow standard as it sought to assist South Korea’s pyroprocessing efforts. By positing a reciprocal relationship between technology and politics, this article challenges both the position that technical solutions can solve entrenched political conflicts, and also the simplified narrative that great-power politics trumps shared technical and legal standards. Interpretive conflicts over technical standards are shaped by politics, and yet technical contestation also limits and bounds political manipulation.

Is a Preference for Realism Really Naive After All? A Cognitive Model of Learning with Realistic Visualizations

Abstract The use of realistic visualizations has gained considerable interest due to the proliferation of virtual reality equipment. This review is concerned with the theoretical basis, technical implementation, cognitive effects, and educational implications of using realistic visualizations. Realism can be useful for learners, but in several studies, more abstract illustrations have resulted in higher performance. Furthermore, a preference for realistic visualization has been declared as being based on misconceptions regarding the cognitive system. However, we argue that this perspective is unable to fully explain the conflicting results found in the literature. To fill this theoretical gap, we devised a model to describe and compare the various levels of realism found in visualizations. We define realism as a combination of three dimensions: geometry, shading, and rendering. By varying these dimensions, it is possible to create a variety of realistic graphics. Thus, when comparing different visualizations, the realism of each of these three dimensions needs to be considered individually. Based on this technical definition, we introduce a cognitive model of learning with realistic visualizations that includes three different stages: perception, schema construction, and testing. At these three stages, variables such as the perceptual load generated by the visualization, learner characteristics influencing how well details are processed, and test types that demand concrete or flexible representations can affect whether realism fosters or hinders learning. Using the cognitive model presented in this paper, more accurate predictions and recommendations concerning the use of realism can be formulated.

New UK guidance on hydraulic actions on highway structures and bridges

This paper outlines key technical changes introduced to two documents in Highways England Design Manual for Roads and Bridges that cover hydraulic actions on structures: CD 356 and CS 469. CD356 provides practical requirements and guidance for designers to determine hydraulic actions that are either not covered or are covered in insufficient detail in the Eurocodes and UK national annexes, and incorporates provisions for climate change. These include design processes, scour assessment, scour protection design, methods for deriving input parameters, and site investigation. CS 469 provides practical requirements and guidance for the inspectors, assessors and asset managers of structures. Its new extended scope includes structures over or adjacent to water, on floodplains and located where significant surface water flooding has occurred. The document includes requirements and advice on scour caused by floating or submerged debris, other hydraulic actions, scour emergency inspections and scour management of risk, with amendments to scour risk scores and ratings. Climate change allowances are updated. It clarifies where the advice of the overseeing organisation is needed, roles and responsibilities of key stakeholders in the scour inspection, assessment and risk management process, the definition of a competent civil or structural engineer and many of the technical definitions.

Deconstruction (Not Destruction)

Abstract The administrative state should be deconstructed. But that does not mean that the administrative state should be destructed. Although some may use the word deconstruction in the colloquial sense of destroyed, its more technical definition is also more fitting: a close examination of a theory to reveal its inadequacies. That definition is a better fit because there is no real prospect that modern government will be radically overhauled, but there is very good reason to reexamine the administrative state's theoretical underpinnings and reform aspects of it that have not withstood the test of the time. This essay identifies where theory and practice diverge and offers solutions with realistic chances of adoption. The result should not be the destruction of the administrative state but rather the development of higher-quality federal policy.

Diagnosing housing fever with an econometric thermometer

AbstractHousing fever is a popular term to describe an overheated housing market or housing price bubble. Like other financial asset bubbles, housing fever can inflict harm on the real economy, as indeed the U.S. housing bubble did in the period following 2006 leading up to the general financial crisis and great recession. One contribution that econometricians can make to minimize the harm created by a housing bubble is to provide a quantitative “thermometer” for diagnosing ongoing housing fever. Early diagnosis can enable prompt and effective policy action that reduces long‐term damage to the real economy. This paper provides a selective review of the relevant literature on econometric methods for identifying housing bubbles together with some new methods of research and an empirical application. We first present a technical definition of a housing bubble that facilitates empirical work and discuss significant difficulties encountered in practical work and the solutions that have been proposed in the past literature. A major challenge in all econometric identification procedures is to assess prices in relation to fundamentals, which requires measurement of fundamentals. One solution to address this challenge is to estimate the fundamental component from an underlying structural relationship involving measurable variables. A second aim of the paper is to improve the estimation accuracy of fundamentals by means of an easy‐to‐implement reduced‐form approach. Since many of the relevant variables that determine fundamentals are nonstationary and interdependent we use the endogenous instrumental variable based method (IVX) to estimate the reduced‐form model to reduce the finite sample bias which arises from highly persistent regressors and endogeneity. The recursive evolving test proposed by Phillips, Shi, and Yu (PSY) is applied to the estimated nonfundamental component for the identification of speculative bubbles. The new bubble test developed here is referred to as PSY‐IVX. An empirical application to the eight Australian capital city housing markets over the period 1999–2017 shows that bubble testing results are sensitive to different ways of controlling for fundamentals and highlights the importance of accurate estimation of these housing market fundamentals.

أثر القرائن فی الإثبات دراسة فقهیة مقارنة بالقانون الوضعی الکویتی

وقد اقتضت طبيعة البحث أن أقسمه إلي مقدمة وتمهيد وثلاثة فصول وخاتمة وقد تحدثت في مقدمته عن أهمية الموضوع وأسباب اختياره والمنهج الذي اتبعته في إعداده ثم خطة البحث، وأما التمهيد ففي مفهوم القرائن والاثبات في اللغة والاصطلاح الفقهي والقانوني وأدلة مشروعيتها والفصل الأول في أقسام القرائن من الناحية الفقهية والقانونية وأما الفصل الثاني ففي دور القيافة في إثبات النسب والفصل الثالث في دور القرائن في الاثبات والعقاب الناشئ عن القرينة المثبتة، أما الخاتمة ففي أهم النتائج التي توصلت إليها من خلال البحث، ويهدف البحث إلي إثبات أثر القرائن في تقوية طرق الثبوت وبناء کثير من الفروع الفقهية على أثر القرائن في المسائل الأصولية المرتبطة بها. The study is divided into a preface, and introduction and three chapters followed by a conclusion. The preface addresses the significance of the study, the reasons for selecting it, the methodology of research and the study plan. Then, the introduction covers linguistic and juristic/legal technical definitions of the concepts evidence and proof, and the religious grounds for its legality. Then, the first chapter tackles evidence from juristic and legal perspectives, while the second engages the role of qiyafa (primitive method in tracing and proving lineage based on physical features) in determining genealogy. As for the third chapter, it highlights the role of diverse evidence as proof and the positive evidence-consequent punishment, while the conclusion introduces the key findings. The study aims at maintaining the effect of evidence in sustaining affirmation and its role as a ground for numerous juristic branches or issues related to the principles of jurisprudence.

Exploring the Sustainable Retirement Village Concept in the Malaysian Context: An Initial Review

The sustainable retirement village is designed for senior citizens to enhance the quality of the living environment by providing suitable accommodation, services, and facilities which meet residents' social, economic, and environmental needs. The concept of a sustainable retirement village can be adopted in Malaysia as the population aged 65 years and older is expected to increase to 24 per cent in 2050. However, in Malaysia, the provision of the elderly home is still at the introduction phase, and the concept of a retirement village is not clear because there is no technical and legal definition. Thus, this study aimed to explore the sustainable retirement village potential practices in Malaysia. A systematic literature review analysis was conducted based on practices in Malaysia and other countries. The findings of the study indicated that independent living, age-friendly environment, affordability and location are the main concepts of the retirement village. This paper provides a basis of reference to assist various stakeholders such as the government, developers, researchers and society in understanding the concept for the development of a sustainable retirement village.

Complete intersphincteric longitudinal muscle excision May Be key to reducing local recurrence during intersphincteric resection

BackgroundAlthough total mesorectal excision (TME) is regarded as a standard procedure for rectal cancer, technical definition and evaluation method have not yet been investigated for intersphincteric resection (ISR). This study was performed to introduce a complete ISR procedure, and to assess whether total intersphincteric longitudinal muscle excision (TILME) facilitated the completeness of ISR and reduced recurrence. MethodsA total of 1080 patients with rectal adenocarcinoma who underwent robot-assisted low anterior resection (LAR) over 10 years were consecutively enrolled. Propensity-score matching of the two LAR groups (ISR vs LAR group, 1:1) and three ISR subgroups (partial vs subtotal vs total ISR subgroup, 2:2:1) was performed by strict adjustment of baseline characteristics. Archived specimens and video-/photo-records were reevaluated to examine completeness of TILME. ResultsComplete-TILME was performed in 84.5% of patients who underwent ISR. Multivariate analysis showed that incomplete-TILME was the only parameter independently associated with increased 5-year cumulative local recurrence (odds ratio = 23.385; 95% confidence interval = 1.492–366.421; p = 0.03), and that incomplete-TILME was independently associated with adipose tissue surrounding the intersphincteric longitudinal muscle, coloanal anastomosis, and total ISR (p < 0.001–0.05). Although mean incontinence scores and anorectal manometry deteriorated to some degree 12–24 months after surgery in all patients, they remained acceptable. The 5-year cumulative DFS (74.1% vs 60%, p = 0.18) and OS (85.9% vs 70%, p = 0.10) rates tended to be higher in patients with complete than incomplete-TILME. ConclusionsThe completeness of TILME appears to be an independent indicator of complete ISR, reducing local recurrence following lower rectal cancer surgery.

EARLY MARRIAGE: NEGLECTED FORM OF CHILD ABUSE

The practice of “Early Marriage” has been an ancient phenomenon specially developed for girl’s arranged marriage in the disguise of “Paro” (which means a bride bought from other regions i.e., transnational migration) or “Molki” (Paid brides in which girl’s family gets money from groom’s family). The impoverishment is the push-factor behind bride trafficking in Northern Lines of India. Female feticide and infanticide have declined the sex ration and has resulted in shortage of brides. The “Molki” practice is more prevalent among backward class because disadvantaged class are poverty stricken social groups which are unable to find local brides in their own community; as a result, the social group opts for paid bride from other regions which gradually makes a practice among community. These men resort to buying inter-region brides from the poorer areas. Early marriage of child benefits both the families by rendering money to the poor family and bride to the disadvantaged family against monetary exchange. North-East states are more affected by inter and intra trafficking of brides against monetary transaction. As such trafficking includes forced sale or resale minor girls in the fake name of marriage, sometimes girls are abducted, raped or abused for sexual slavery and marriage at the clemency of the groom and his family who have “paid” for her. Dearth, orphan at early childhood age, lack of education, orthodox and culturally sanctioned harsh practices and norms, monetary quest of parents, parental separation, etc. are major push factors contributing in the rise in bride trafficking. The practice is profoundly more in rural and tribal areas because bride prices are much higher among rural communities. In counterfactual exercises, parents entirely rely on early marriage and bride price for their easy survival. Taking into consideration the positive side of bride trafficking, lack of steady economic market cannot fill the financial gap of poor families and unnecessary prohibition upon such reciprocal practices may worsen the life of daughter’s parents. “The society in which a girl child is accepted unwillingly and in the form of burden, bride trafficking is an absurd reality for such society.” ITPA (Immoral Trafficking Prevention Act) is the special statute enforced to curb illegal activities like forced prostitution, sexual abuse, and minor’s trafficking but the act is insufficient to cover all he forms of crimes and trafficking. Thus, this article involves analyses of current situations, demographic data, various aspects of bride trafficking, causes and current legal status on bride trafficking. In first section, the paper will explain technical definition of every term related to early marriage given by institutions like United Nations and special departments. In second section, the affecting factors accountable for trafficking of minor brides through forced marriage will be discussed at length. In last part, the impact upon the society along with statistic data will be narrated. Consequently, the paper will focus on transforming stage of issue of bride-trafficking which earlier existed in hidden form but now a days has become culturally sanctioned practice in society.

حکم اشتراط الطهارة للمناسک دراسة فقهیة مقارنة.

استهدف هذا البحث الإجابة عن أسئلة الحجاج والمعتمرين في مسألة: الطواف على غير والمشارکة في توفير هذه الأحکام وجمعها في باب واحد؛ ليسهل الاطلاع عليها، وبيان حکم الطهارة في المناسک، وقد اتبعت في هذا البحث المنهج الاستقرائي، وقد تناول البحث ما يأتي: تعريف الشرط في اللغة والاصطلاح، تعريف الطهارة في اللغة والاصطلاح، تعريف المناسک في اللغة والاصطلاح، الطهارة للإحرام من الميقات، الطهارة عند دخول مکة، الطهارة للطواف، الطهارة في المسعى، الطهارة في بقية المناسک، وقد توصلت في هذا البحث لعدة نتائج أبرزها: المراد بالمناسک هي أماکن العبادة، واشتهر بها مناسک الحج والعمرة، الشرط هنا: يراد به شرط صحة المشروط، فإذا لم يتحقق الشرط بطل المشروط، استحباب الطهارة في جميع مناسک الحج والعمرة، فينبغي للمسلم أن يکون على طهارة تامة عند أداء هذه العبادات، وأن القول الراجح في مسألة طواف الحائض والنفساء أن تکون على طهارة، وتنتظر حتى تطهر إلا إذا کانت تتضرر بالبقاء، ولا تستطيع الرجوع إلى مکة فالضرورة تقدر بقدرها. The present research paper aims to answer the questions raised by pilgrims and performers of Umrah (minor pilgrimage), regarding the issue of Tawāf (circumambulation around the Kaˁbah) without wuḍūˀ (ablution)”. The study is an attempt to participate in providing these legal rulings and collecting them in one paper to make them easy to access and read. It endeavors to explain the legal ruling on purity in Hajj rituals. The research adopts the inductive approach. It explores the lexical and technical definitions of a requirement, purity, and rituals. It investigates the ruling on purity in certain situations in Hajj. It discusses purity at the Mīqāt (the principal boundary at which Muslim pilgrims make their intention to perform Hajj or Umrah, for Iḥrām (the state of consecration which a Muslim must adopt in order to perform the major pilgrimage (Ḥajj) or the minor pilgrimage (Umrah) by performing the cleansing rituals and wearing the prescribed attire; in Iḥrām, certain normally-permitted activities are made prohibited. The study also deals with purity when entering Makkah, purity for circumambulation, purity in hastening between the two Hills of Ṣafa and Marwah, and purity in the rest places of Hajj rituals. It concludes with several findings, the most prominent of which are the following: Observances are designated to refer to prescribed places of worship; they are devout rituals performed in Hajj and Umrah. Requirement is the condition that must be fulfilled so that a certain act that is contingent thereon becomes valid. If such condition is not fulfilled, that contingent act will be null and void. Purity is recommended throughout all observances of Hajj and Umrah. A Muslim must be perfectly purified, i.e. observing the cleansing rituals of ablution, during performing all these acts of worship. The more adequately preferable view in the issue of circumambulation around the Kaˁbah by a woman in menstruation or after child-birth is that she must observe the cleansing rituals of ablution, so she has to wait until fully purified. If she suffers any kind of harm because of her overstaying, or if she cannot come back to Makkah, this situation is estimated as a case of necessity.

The honeymoon period after mass vaccination.

Vaccination is an effective method to prevent individuals from contracting diseases like measles and the flu. Its success is clearly demonstrated by the large declines in the incidence of many diseases (e.g., childhood diseases like measles) after the start of mass vaccination programs. However, what happens after this drop in incidence can be complicated. It is known that some diseases exhibit "honeymoon periods" (long periods of temporary low disease incidence after start of mass vaccination). These periods end with a natural resurgence of the disease, which is not due to any change in the system. To study honeymoon periods, we used the compartmental model analyzed in [1] that can exhibit different types of vaccine failures: failure in degree (leakiness), in take (all-or-nothing) and in duration (waning of vaccine-derived immunity). We showed that traditional measures of transient dynamics in ecology may not distinguish between models with different honeymoon periods. We also provide a proof of global stability of the endemic equilibrium when the reproduction number (accounting for vaccination) is greater than one, and introduce a technical definition of the honeymoon period.

Exploring the Effects of Daily, Timed, and Typed Technical Term Definition Practice on Indicators of Fluency.

Say All Fast Minute Every Day Shuffled (SAFMEDS) is one behaviorally based teaching tactic. Like flash cards, SAFMEDS helps build familiarity with course objectives and can be used to promote fluency in the corresponding verbal repertoire. However, SAFMEDS differs from flash cards in that it follows specific design features and the acronym specifies how to practice flash cards. Students might practice in the traditional see-say learning channel used with SAFMEDS, or they could practice in a see-type learning channel (i.e., Type All Fast Minute Every Day Shuffled [TAFMEDS]), as the precision teaching community has sought to bring digital technology to their teaching, using computerized standard celeration charts and programs that present flash cards in a digital format. The present study explored the use of computerized charting and a see-type learning channel program developed for TAFMEDS in several sections of an undergraduate Introduction to Behavior Principles course. Course instructors explored the correlations between daily TAFMEDS practice with behavior-analytic terminology and student performance. After 3 weeks of daily practice, the study concluded with a culmination of 4 checkouts that examined endurance, application, stability, retention (when possible), and performance in different learning channels. Results indicated a correlation between daily practice and higher daily performance frequencies and longer term outcomes, including maintenance, endurance, stability, application, and generativity. The findings are discussed in terms of bringing frequency-building activities to university settings and the advantages and disadvantages of bringing technological advancements into frequency-based instruction.

Update from the Standards Vice President: Cloud

<fig orientation="portrait" position="float" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <graphic orientation="portrait" position="float" xlink:href="devli-3032329.tif"/> </fig> “We are now cloud first” is a phrase I started hearing in late 2019, and now it is becoming increasingly common. It means different things to different people. Some organizations have chosen a specific cloud provider and that is the cloud for them. Other organizations work with multiple cloud providers to avoid the risk of single critical dependency in their business. Some organizations define cloud as no longer needing to own a data center, whereas others believe it to be a total dematerialization of infrastructure. Along with these technical definitions, I also hear derived business definitions such as cloud is rental rather than purchase and that “the cloud is infinite flexing of my business without capital overheads.”

The Net Neutrality Debate is Outdated: Time for a New Wider View

AbstractIn 2008, former FCC Commissioner McDowell warned that Net Neutrality regulatory rulings could change every two to four years with election results His prediction was prescient. The democrat-led Wheeler Commission used technical definitions of telecommunication and information services to place all carriers under light touch Title II common carrier regulations. The succeeding republican-led Pai Commission rescinded the Wheeler Commission’s Order. The problem with both orders is that telecommunications and information services as separate categories are losing relevance in the online economy. A new approach to Net Neutrality policy is introduced that recognizes the emergence of large platforms and Internet service providers (ISPs) competing against each other. The recommendation is to break regulatory silos and develop a holistic oversight of the online ecosystem that examines in an integrated way anticompetitive behavior associated with communication, information, and services.

A Protocol Triumvirate - Risk Assessment and Risk Reduction

Scientific laws are introduced to engineering students in the various disciplines, for example, Ohm’s law in electrical engineering; Newton’s law in mechanical engineering; Boyle’s law in fluid mechanics; Entropy in thermodynamics; Avogadro’s constant in chemical engineering; and the Mass - Energy Equivalence (E = mc2) in physics. Ask someone to cite some of the laws in safety engineering! Indeed, ask a safety practitioner to define safety. Will he explain that the technical definition of safety is the reciprocal of Risk which is defined almost everywhere as a combination of hazard severity and hazard exposure? This challenged definition of safety is really a description that has been replaced by the safety community with Risk Matrices developed through consensus not research. It has, nevertheless, been incorporated into guidelines for conducting Risk Assessment and Risk Reduction which is the subject of this paper. Generally, if we characterize a contrivance, the protocols for its risk assessment and risk reduction include five building blocks: Hazard Identification, Definition of Risk, Risk Acceptance Criteria, Hierarchies of Control, and Control Management. The value of these protocols for defining safety and improving safety, derives from the fact that the combination of building elements includes the concepts of Design and Safeguards which are supported by the classical engineering disciplines. In addition, users of the protocols are introduced to the full safety toolbox together with an enlightened presentation covering most of the significant historical safety observations. On the other hand, these building blocks have never been validated by research and the protocols have not been compared to risks computed from actual statistical data. The protocols are critiqued in this paper primarily through the lens of their authors. With time, the risk protocol that was originally presented as a guideline has undergone a metamorphosis into a faux-safety theorem by virtue of its introduction into a variety of consensus standards and safety reference books. It has achieved ubiquity and currently carries the mantle of a gold standard for determining Tolerable Risk. Notwithstanding its value, it remains an art form that does not contribute to the basic underpinnings of safety technology. Protocols present in three different forms. The most advanced are directed toward products that reflect critical mishaps such as aircraft design and weapon design; these protocols contain an extra building block, Validation and Documentation, together with Risk Acceptance Criteria that include independent authority outside the purview of the design team. An intermediate level protocol that is championed by ISO/IEC deals with non-critical mishaps that also include the extra building block, Validation and Documentation, without the requirement that Risk Acceptance Criteria embrace independent scrutiny. Finally, a very popular protocol of a type recommended by ANSI for non-critical mishaps, has no validation requirements and uses Risk Acceptance Criteria for the determination of tolerable risk that reside in the discretion of the designers.

جُهُودُ المَدْرَسَةِ الأَشْعَرِيَّةِ فِي الرَّدِّ عَلَىٰ عَقِيْدَةِ البَدَاءِ عِنْدَ الشِّيْعَةِ الإثنَي عَشْرِيَّةِ

اقتضت طبيعة البحث أن يتکون من تمهيد، وثلاثة مباحث، وخاتمة، وسبت مراجع. أما التمهيد: ففيه: التعريف بأهم المصطلحات الواردة بالبحث. کـ (البداء لغة واصطلاحا، والنسخ لغة واصطلاحا، والفرق بينهما، وأدلة البداء عند الشيعة، ومناقشة أقوالهم في ذلک). وأما المبحث الأول: فجاء بعنوان البداء في العهد القديم. وقد أثبت فيه أن عقيدة البداء لم تظهر فجأة عند الشيعة، وإنما کانت موجودة قبل ظهور التشيع أصلا، فلقد قال بها اليهود، وتوارث الشيعة عقيدة البداء منهم، ولذا فإن عقائد اليهود تکاد تکون منصهرة في عقائد الشيعة وتعاليمهم، وذلک لأن مؤسس التشيع هو (عبدالله بن سبأ) کان يهوديا؛ فنقل هذا الإرث اليهودي في المعتقد الشيعي حتى أصبح البداء من أقرب القربات عند الشيعة على حد زعمهم. وأما المبحث الثاني: فعنوانه: البداء فـي معتقد علماء الشيعة الإمامـية الإثـني عشـرية حتى القــرن الخامس الهجــري. وتبين من خلاله أن عقيدة البداء في الفکر الشيعي من العقائد التي أحدثت جدلا بين أواسط علماء الشيعة ومراجعهم، ولقد نظروا إليها کمنهجية متوارثة، فلم يستطع مراجع الشيعة إنکار هذا المعتقد؛ لکنهم حاولوا أن يسوغوا ذلک بروايات کثيرة، جاء في بعضها: أن الإقرار والاعتراف لله بالبداء من الإيمان، وفي بعضها الآخر أن الإيمان لا يتم بدونه، وأنه من أفضل العبادات. وأما المبحث الثالث: فتناول موقف المدرسة الأشعرية من عقيدة البداء عند الشيعة الإمامية. وقد تقرر فيه: رأي جمهور العلماء من أهل السنة؛ إذ منعوا البداء ورفضوه، وأن الشيعة هم الذين قالوا بالبداء، وأنهم جاءوا بروايات مکذوبة ألصقوها بسيدنا علي -رضي الله عنه- ومن جاء بعده من الأئمة وفق زعمهم، وذلک؛ ليقرروا هذا المعتقد، بل زعموا أن البداء هو أصل دين الأئمة المعصومين ودين آبائهم من قبلهم، ولا شک أن هذا المعتقد يتنافى وتنزيه الله -تعالى-؛ بل يمثل نقصا ورميا بالباطل -تعالى- الله عن إفکهم. وأما الخاتمة: فقد ذکرت فيها بعض النتائج التي وصلت إليها خلال رحلة البحث، ثم ذيلت البحث بأهم المصادر والمراجع التي اعتمدت عليها في توثيق المعلومات. وأسأل الله الإخلاص والقبول. (Abstract) This research is divided into an introduction, three sections, a conclusion and bibliography. The introduction includes definitions of the research's most important terms. For example, the lexical and the technical definition of Al-Bada'(alternation in God's Will) and An-Naskh (abrogation) are provided. The difference between the two terms are also highlighted. The introduction also provides and discusses the proofs cited by the Shiites in support of their belief in this doctrine. Section One comes under the title Al-Bada' in the Old Testament. In this section I proved that this doctrine is not a purely Shiites doctrine, rather it existed way before the emergence of Shiism. It is a Jewish doctrine was passed down to the Shiites. This explains the fact that the Jewish doctrines are incorporated into the doctrines and teachings of the Shiites. This is attributed to the fact that the Abdullah In Saba', the founder of Shiism was himself a Jew who transferred this Jewish legacy into the Shiite corpus of beliefs. According to the Shiites, belief in Al-Bada' draws one nearer to God. Section Two comes under the title Shiite Scholars' View of Al-Bada' until the 5th Century AH. Having discussed this issue, it became quite clear that the doctrine of Al-Bada' created much controversy among grand Shiite scholars. View this doctrine as an integral part of their faith, none of them was able to deny it. However, they tried their best to justify their belief in this doctrine through provision of too many reports, some of which provide that it is an integral part of faith to acknowledge and affirm that Al-Bada' is an Attribute of God. Other reports indicate that the faith of a person is not complete until he believes in Al-Bada' which is regarded as one of the best acts of worship. Section Three highlights the view of the Ashari school of thought regarding the Shiite doctrine of Al-Bada'. This section presents the opinion held by the majority of the Sunnite scholars who rejected this notion. They believe that in order to establish this doctrine, the Shiites have fabricated false reports which they attributed to Ali (May God be Pleased with him) and the Imams who came after him. They Shiites even claim that Al-Bada' is the very foundation upon is based the religion of the infallible imams and their predecessors. Doubtless, this belief implies that God is imperfect, Exalted be God above what they claim! The conclusion contains the most important results I have arrived at through this research journey. The research concludes with the most important primary and secondary sources which I relied on so as to document my information. I ask God to accept this humble work of mine. Key Words: Contributions – School of Thought – Doctrine – Al-Bada'– Abrogation – Twelver Shiites

Weibo Rumor Recognition Based on Communication and Stacking Ensemble Learning

Research on the identification of rumors in cyberspace helps to discover social issues that are of concern to the public and are not easily found, and it also can help to purify cyberspace and to maintain social stability. However, the real complexity of rumors makes it difficult for its recognition technology to bridge the semantic gap between qualitative description and quantitative calculation of rumors. Firstly, the existing rumor definitions are mostly qualitative descriptions, so we propose a technical definition of Internet rumors to facilitate quantitative calculations. Secondly, since the feature set used in rumor recognition research is not effective, by combining with communication, we construct a more suitable feature set for rumor recognition. Thirdly, aiming at the problem that traditional classification algorithms are not suitable for complex rumor information recognition, a rumor recognition method based on Stacking ensemble learning is proposed. Our experiment results show that the proposed method has higher accuracy, less algorithm execution time, and better practical application effect.

Information Security in Nursing: A Concept Analysis.

The concept of information security in nursing can improve the basic understanding of security issues in nursing. This study aimed to report on information security in nursing that considers the technical, physical, and administrative aspects of information. We used a hybrid model to analyze the concept and conducted on-site interviews. The analysis revealed 7 attributes: physical aspect: environmental control, facility stability; technical aspect: information accessibility, taking advantage of features; and administrative aspect: systematicity of work, execution of education, professional responsibility. Our model could help identify the physical, technical, and administrative attributes and definitions of information security in nursing.

الأسهم - حقیقتها - أحکامها

يشتمل البحث على مقدمة ، وتشتمل على أهمية الموضوع، وأسباب اختياره، ومنهج البحث، وتمهيد وفيه: تعريف الأسهم لغة واصطلاحا، وتعريفات اصطلاحية ذات صلة بموضوع الأسهم ، والقواعد والضوابط في باب الشرکات، وفصل أول: وفيه أربعة مباحث ، حکم التعامل بالأسهم ، وحکم التعامل بالأسهم المختلطة، وحکم الأسهم الممتازة ، وحکم أسهم التمتع، وفصل ثان: وفيه مبحثان ، کيفية إخراج زکاة الأسهم، والجهة الواجب عليها إخراج الزکاة، والخاتمة: ولقد توصلت إلى أن التعامل بالأسهم في الشرکات المساهمة جائز ، شريطة أن تکون هذه الشرکات خالية من المحظورات . وأن الامتيازات غير المالية المتفق عليها عند إبرام العقد ، کالجوانب الإدارية والإشراف على العمل، وکون المؤسس أولى من غيره في الاکتتاب ، ونحو ذلک، لا حرج فيه ما لم يحتو على محظور شرعي. وأيضا: تحريم أسهم التمتع وعدم صحتها، وأن وجوب الزکاة في الشرکات المساهمة يرجع فيه إلى نوعية الشرکات المساهمة، وإلى نية المساهم . This research paper is divided into an introduction, a prelude, two chapters and a conclusion. The introduction states the importance of the topic, the reasons for choosing it and the research methodology adopted. The prelude provides the linguistic and technical definition of shares as well as some other technical definitions of some share-related terms. It also highlights the rules and controls prevalent in the area of companies. Chapter One includes four sections that investigate the legal ruling of handling shares, the ruling of handling mixed shares, the ruling of preferred stocks or preference shares, and the ruling of jouissance shares. Chapter two is divided into two sections that investigate how to pay zakat on shares, and the entity that has to pay zakat. The conclusion finds that dealing in shares in joint stock companies is permissible, provided that these companies are free from forbidden actions. It also concludes that there is nothing wrong with non-financial concessions agreed upon at the conclusion of the contract, such as the administrative aspects, supervision of work, and giving the founder preference to others in subscription, and so on. Such concessions are permissible unless they imply a forbidden act. It has been evidenced that jouissance shares are prohibited and invalid and that the obligation of zakat in joint-stock companies is due to the quality of the joint-stock companies, and to the intention of the shareholder.

A comprehensive secondary market model for virtualized wireless connectivity

Secondary markets are essential if we are to re-assign valuable resources such as radio spectrum to users and services who value them most. Despite the potential that markets have to perform this task, it is still difficult to find real-world examples of successful secondary markets for spectrum. In this work, we explore a broader context where markets would be deployed to shed light on the different components that may affect their viability.Transactions that involve electromagnetic spectrum are generally extremely difficult to achieve due to the complexity of spectrum when treated as a tradeable commodity. To ease these difficulties, we start with the proposition the that many applications require wireless connectivity rather than simply spectrum. We proceed to consider a system where transactions for wireless connectivity are handled by a specialized intermediary that we refer to as Virtual Network Builder (VNB). The model we present accounts for technical definitions of spectrum as a commodity as an effort to bring diversity, and hence thickness, to the market. At the same time, we consider a more nuanced definition of market participants (Resource Providers (RPs) and Service Providers (SPs)), which allows us to examine their incentives to transact in the market and the consequences of their strategies. As a result, we are able to evaluate the performance of a market for wireless connectivity from multiple angles including the efficiency in resource assignment, profitability for market participants and overall conditions to market viability.