Technical Countermeasures Research Articles

SOCIALIZATION OF GOOD AND TRUE TRAFFICKING OF MADRASAH IBTIDAIYAH DAARUL ‘ULUM SOUTH JAKARTA

The accident rate in Indonesia tends to be quite high when compared to other countries in Asean. Traffic accidents are one of the causes of death in the world (8th rank), and the main cause of death of young people aged 15 to 29 years. Accidents can be prevented by various technical countermeasures, this needs to be done so that unnecessary accident costs can be reduced. Against this background, it is necessary to conduct socialization early on about good and correct traffic procedures especially for young children at the elementary school level, so it is expected that our children already have the provision of information and techniques about traffic in our country.

The Use of UAVs for Performing Safety-Related Tasks at Post-Disaster and Non-Critical Construction Sites

Thanks to the wide diffusion of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), geomatics solutions have actively contributed to the field of safety enhancement and disaster risk reduction, supporting rapid mapping and documentation activities of the damages that have occurred to heritage buildings after natural disasters (such as earthquakes) where, in this scenario it is even more important to plan and execute disaster assessment and response operations in safe conditions. In fact, the planning and execution of technical countermeasures in a seismic emergency response involve higher risks for the safety of the operators as compared with responses related to the activities performed at non-critical construction sites. After an analysis of the state of the art, this study aims to underline the possibilities offered by the use of UAVs for performing safety-related tasks, both at post-disaster and non-critical construction sites. First, a survey has been conducted concerning the main user expectations and characteristics that an ideal UAV platform should have in order to perform safety-related tasks at construction sites that are created following the initial emergency phases. The answers that were obtained have been compared with similar studies retrieved from the literature validating previously conducted research. The legislative context is also considered, as it is an important factor that influences the applicability of these platforms and technology. Along with a method for assessing and mitigating the intrinsic risk of using an UAV, the results of a survey submitted to experts in the field of safety at construction sites is also discussed, intending to identify requirements of the ideal platform and the related user expectations. The results are reported, together with a summary of considerations on the use of these strategies in the analyzed contexts.

Interpreting risk factors for truck crash severity on mountainous freeways in Jiangxi and Shaanxi, China

The occurrence and severity of truck crashes generally involve complex interactions among factors correlated to driver characteristics, vehicle attributes, roadway geometry and environment conditions. Thus, the elucidation of the significance of these potential contributory factors is critical when developing safety improvement countermeasures. To this end, data from a total of 1175 crashes involving at least one large truck and collected between 2010 and 2015 from two typical freeways in mountainous areas in Jiangxi and Shaanxi (China), were analyzed using a partial proportional odds model to determine the significant risk factors for injury severity of these crashes. Fourteen total explanatory variables, including the age of the driver, seatbelt status, number of vehicle involved, type of transport, freight conditions, brake system status, disregarding speed limit or not, following distance, horizontal roadway alignment, vertical roadway alignment, seasons, day of week, time of crash, and weather were found to significantly affect the severities of the truck crashes. In addition, old drivers, involvement of multiple vehicles, failure to wear seatbelts, overloading, speeding, brake failure and risky following behavior, curve section, seasons (summer, autumn and winter), nighttime period, and adverse weather conditions were also found to significantly increase the likelihood of injury and fatality crashes. Taken together, these findings may serve as a useful guide for developing legislation and technical countermeasures to ensure truck safety on freeways in mountainous regions, particularly in the context of a developing country.

Method to Assess and Enhance Vulnerable Road User Safety during Impact Loading

Every year approximately 1.35 million people die as a consequence of road accidents. Almost 50% of road fatalities are vulnerable road users (VRUs). This research reviews the history of traffic safety for VRUs, presents an interesting insight into the statistics and evaluates the current legislation in Europe for pedestrians, cyclists, children on bicycle-mounted seats and motorcyclists in terms of impact situations and applied criteria. This enabled the author to have a better perspective on how the VRUs’ safety is currently verified. Furthermore, the VRU safety requirements are contrasted with the author’s research, which is mainly focused on VRU’s head biomechanics and kinematics. Finally, a new coherent method is presented, which encompasses the sub-groups of VRUs and proposes some improvements to both the regulations as well as technical countermeasures to mitigate the injuries during an impact. This study highlights the importance of numerical methods, which can serve as a powerful tool to study VRUs’ head injuries and kinematics.

Police office model for multi-agent robotic systems

The paper discusses the methods of protecting information in mobile robotic systems. The problem of ensuring information security is formulated and the ways to solve it are considered. To ensure the information security of the system, a model for ensuring information security is proposed. One of the key aspects of ensuring information security is ensuring the confidentiality of information circulating in the system. As technical countermeasures, it is possible to use the organization of the system using police office model. The authors have developed a software simulator and conducted a number of experiments using methods of trust and reputation for analyzing the effectiveness of such a system organization. Interpretation of experimental results allows us to conclude that the methods used are appropriate.

How readable are data breach notifications?

Data breaches – broadly defined as incidents where protected data that is considered sensitive and confidential has been disclosed, accessed and/or altered in an unauthorised manner – present a growing threat to society and organisations. While much of the focus to date has been on technical countermeasures, particularly the ways to prevent and detect security threats associated with data breach incidents, we also need greater insights into the readability of the notification response used by firms to alert affected consumers after a suspected incident has taken place. Data breaches – where protected data that is considered sensitive and confidential has been accessed in an unauthorised manner – present a growing threat to society and organisations. While much of the focus to date has been on technical countermeasures, we also need greater insights into the readability of the notification response used by firms to alert affected consumers after a suspected incident has taken place. Stephen Jackson of the University of London examines ways in which we can judge how comprehensible breach notifications are and how we can go about improving them.

Development of Keshen ultra-deep and ultra-high pressure gas reservoirs in the Kuqa foreland basin, Tarim Basin: Understanding and technical countermeasures

The Keshen Gas Field in the Kuqa foreland basin, Tarim Basin, is a rare fractured tight sandstone gas reservoir with ultra-depth and ultra-high pressure. During its pilot period of gas field development, the development effect is poor with a low development well success rate, a low utilization rate of production capacity and a rapid decline of gas well productivity. In view of these problems, development experiments and technological researches were carried out continuously after the geological characteristics of gas reservoirs, productivity control factors, reservoir connectivity, seepage characteristics, gas and water relations and water invasion laws were studied thoroughly. And consequently, the development countermeasures of “well placement in high position, moderate stimulation and early-stage drainage” were prepared, and five matching development technologies were formed, such as description technology of ultra-deep complex structures, well pattern optimization technology for fractured tight sandstone gas reservoirs, fracture net acid fracturing technology for fractured tight sandstone reservoirs, dynamic monitoring technology for ultra-deep and ultra-high pressure gas wells, wellbore integrity management and evaluation technology for high pressure gas wells. The following remarkable application results were achieved in the process of gas field development. First, the drilling depth error of the target formation drops from 125 m to less than 30 m. Second, the utilization rate of production capacity in the Keshen 8 Block reaches 100%. Third, the average absolute open flow rate is increased by 5 times to 273 × 104 m3/d from 50 × 104 m3/d before the stimulation. Fourth, safe and smooth production under high temperature and high pressure conditions is realized in the Keshen Gas Field. In conclusion, the successful and efficient development of the Keshen Gas Field provides experiences for the development of similar gas reservoirs at home and abroad, and its development countermeasures and matching technologies have important guidance and reference significance.

Information Operations of Influence: Risks and Countermeasures

The topic’s pertinence. Operations of information influence are aimed at interfering in a system of national elections, forming public opinion and destabilizing the socio-political situation in a country. Goal setting: identification of a risk system of information influence operations and systematizing possible countermeasures. Theory. The problem of elections system security has technical and political dimensions. Possible technical risks can be divided into three groups that are connected, firstly, with the security of the elections support system, secondly, with the security of the voting process, and, thirdly, with the vote counting process. Political risks cover corruption and information influence operations aiming, among other things, at disseminating misleading information. Practice. Technical risks of the elections procedure comprise unsanctioned access to databases; software “impermeability”; its quality; dependence of electronic devices on the Internet connection; a virus or a malfunction in a software that can automatically delete a person from a voting register; phishing technology etc. Misleading information technology and dissemination of falsified information cover personalization of information; information targeting; the creation of “interest targets”; “information baits” for consumers, “feedback loops”, “filtering bubble” and “organic lift.” Propositions and conclusions. There are three packages of information operations countermeasures. The first package consists of tasks for public information policy. The second package aims at cooperating with information users and consumers. The third package contains technical countermeasures to combat information influence operations.

Acquisition of transgenic salt‐tolerant upland rice based on genetic algorithm and its resistance

SummaryGenetic algorithm is a search algorithm with “survival + detection” iterative process. Genetic algorithm is applied to study the gene optimization of rice yield increase to achieve the effect of increasing yield. The eco‐agricultural industrialization in China is still in its infancy, which requires technological innovation and institutional innovation of large‐scale eco‐economic optimization. This paper is devoted to the design of “three type” industrialization technology system of ecological agriculture resource saving, environment clean type, economic security type, and so on, and the construction of the new model of pollution abatement and recycling; the application of the transgenic technology is the development direction of advanced breeding technology, and it is the 4 investments of reducing pesticide, fertilizer, irrigation water, and labor force and the major technical countermeasures to promote the comparative benefit of grain. Super Hybrid Rice is a very good material for the transgenic technology, and the application of the transgenic technology is beneficial for super hybrid Rice to realize super High‐yield potential in large‐scale industrialized planting.

Analysis of Difficulties and Technical Countermeasures in Construction of Road and Bridge Tunnels

With the development of the times, people's economic level is improving, the urban construction is accelerated, the road, bridge and tunnel construction as the focus of the urban construction scale of construction projects and the construction quantity is also growing. Subsequently, people pay special attention to their quality problems. At the same time, there are many difficulties and technical problems waiting to be solved in the construction process. These difficulties and technical problems are the important factors influencing the quality of tunnel construction. Only strictly and comprehensively control it so that the roads, bridges and tunnels can be well and rapidly developed. Next, the paper will make a comprehensive analysis of the difficulties and technical countermeasures in the construction of road bridge tunnel.

Analysis of Difficulties and Technical Countermeasures in Construction of Road and Bridge Tunnels

With the development of the times, people's economic level is improving, the urban construction is accelerated, the road, bridge and tunnel construction as the focus of the urban construction scale of construction projects and the construction quantity is also growing. Subsequently, people pay special attention to their quality problems. At the same time, there are many difficulties and technical problems waiting to be solved in the construction process. These difficulties and technical problems are the important factors influencing the quality of tunnel construction. Only strictly and comprehensively control it so that the roads, bridges and tunnels can be well and rapidly developed. Next, the paper will make a comprehensive analysis of the difficulties and technical countermeasures in the construction of road bridge tunnel.

Deformation and Control Countermeasure of Surrounding Rocks for Water-Dripping Roadway Below a Contiguous Seam Goaf

To solve the technical problem of supporting a water-dripping roadway below contiguous seams at the Tuanbai coal mine, the deformation law of surrounding rocks for the roadway was studied using Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua in Three Dimensions (FLAC3D) numerical simulation. Then, a mechanical model of water-dripping rock using a bolt support was established, and further, technical countermeasures to control the deformation of the roadway with a bolt and cable support are proposed. The results show that the erosion of the water dripping on the roadway was substantial and showed notable changes over time during roadway excavation and mining work. These effects caused the road to heave slightly, but it tended to be stable during roadway excavation. Moreover, the erosion of the roof and two ribs increased exponentially, and the floor heave increased with significant displacement oscillation during mining. The anchoring length of bolts and the rock weakening from water dripping had noticeable effects on the surrounding rocks of the roadway. The logical parameters of the bolt spacing and tightening force (the bolt line spacing was 0.7–0.9 m and the tightening force exceeded 40 kN) of the bolt supports were studied and optimized. Finally, a support scheme for water dripping on the roadway at the Tuanbai coal mine is proposed. The observation data regarding the deformation of the surrounding rocks, monitoring of bolt and cable stress, endoscopy results of roof failure, and roof bed separation monitoring were used to verify the reasonableness of the scheme and ensure the requirements for support were met. The study results can serve as a reference regarding the support for water dripping on a roadway under similar conditions.

Assessment of Geohazards and Preventative Countermeasures Using AHP Incorporated with GIS in Lanzhou, China

This research investigates geohazards and preventative countermeasures for Lanzhou City, China. To investigate the factors related to the development of geohazards in Lanzhou, the regional geological conditions around Lanzhou were investigated. The geomorphology of the region is comprised of a loess landform underlying quaternary loess deposits. A large number of faults induced by strong neotectonic movements are present in the area. Therefore, earthquakes frequently occur around Lanzhou. Earthquakes cause numerous rock falls and landslides, with landslide masses found scattered on the upper middle level of the area’s mountains. When intense rainfall occurs, a lot of loose deposits are brought together along steep gullies, forming debris flows; hence, a disaster chain of earthquake–landslide–debris flow is formed. To evaluate the georisks around Lanzhou, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was employed to assess geohazards. The spatial distribution of the evaluated georisk levels was mapped using a Geographic Information System (GIS). Based on the assessed results, about 55% of the urban area and 44% of Gaolan County have high or very high-risk levels. The ratio of relatively high disaster risk levels is up to 31% of the total area. To mitigate these geohazards, both strategic decision making and technical countermeasures should be implemented.

A Methodology to Enhance Industrial Control System Security

The frequency and sophistication of cyber-threats towards Industrial Control Systems (ICS) continues to increase. This reality, coupled with the increased interconnectivity of ICS and enterprise networks and the utilisation of standard system platforms and operating systems, has raised the potential risk to both the security and safety of critical infrastructure. There is a growing awareness that the safety and security of ICS cannot be dealt with in isolation, it should be considered jointly. This paper proposes a methodology that harmonises safety and security within ICS environments. The findings also indicate that efforts to harmonise safety and security extends beyond deconflicting and implementing effective technical countermeasures - non-technical factors and the organisational context play an equally important part.

Review of IS Security Policy Compliance

An understanding of insider threats in information systems (IS) is important to help address one of the dangers lurking within organizations. This article provides a review of the literature on insider compliance (and failure of compliance) with information systems' policies in order to understand the status of IS research regarding negligent and malicious insiders. We begin by defining the terms, developing a new taxonomy of insiders, and then providing a comprehensive review of articles on IS policy compliance for the past 26 years. Grounding the analysis in the literature, we inductively identify four themes to foster Information Security policy compliance among employees. The themes are: 1) IS management philosophy, 2) procedural countermeasures, 3) technical countermeasures, and 4) environmental countermeasures. We propose that future research can draw upon these themes and use them as the building blocks of an indigenous IS security theory.

Origins of and countermeasures for the abnormal pressures in well production of the Ojarly gas field in the Right Bank of the Amu-Darya River, Turkmenistan

The Ojarly gas field, the major supplier of the Project Phase Ⅱ of the Right Bank of the Amu Darya River, is just small but valuable like a golden bean, although it has good reservoir properties and a high gas production capacity, the occurrence of continuous sharp decline of pressure in the well production shows a great difference from the previous well test program. In view of this, an integrated analysis method was established for the whole gas well production process to discover the three main reasons causing the abnormal well pressure. First, the formation energy and pressure dropped so fast that the wellhead pressure also fell over the period. Second, there was abnormal fluids pressure drop in the wellbore tube and throttling effect might occur in the production tube, so the pressure drop became abnormally increased. Third, due to the abnormally-increasing gas-yield pressure drop and unusually-decreasing gas productivity, the wellhead oil pressure dropped significantly. Also, through dynamic monitoring and in-depth analysis, it is also considered that due to the high density of drilling fluids and well-developed pores and caverns in the reservoirs, more and more barites separated from the fluids would be settled down covering the pay zones, so both the gas-generating capacity and production pressure significantly decreased. On this basis, some technical countermeasures were taken such as re-stimulation of reservoirs, removal of gas-producing channels, increase of seepage capacity, etc. In addition, by use of sand-flushing and acidizing, both the comprehensive skin factor and the production pressure drop were reduced to improve the well gas production capacity and maintain high productivity effectively. This study provides a technical support for long-term sustainable development and production of this gas field.

Risk Management of New Technologies

Nowadays businesses face multiple issues regarding new phenomena like cloud computing, which is a great business impetus: with the minimization of capital expenditure (CapEx) on IT infrastructure and personnel the efficiency can be improved. Technically this is not a new invention, but it is changing the approach to IT service, which has become outsourced, highly adaptive and scalable. Of course, the change in the technical landscape always implies security issues. Information security is not just a set of technical countermeasures: it is also a business requirement. It will help to avoid financial loss, avoid bad reputation or increase trust among clients.The article analyses business alignment of information security in the case of cloud services. It shows the results of research, where the theoretical and practical issues of risk assessment-based business decision support were analysed and proved. Its finding was that there are cases when we can do examination, but general automatized tools are inadequate. However specialized tools and sometimes third party certifications should give more support.

Method for reducing environmental, health, and safety risks in active pharmaceutical ingredient manufacturing based on multiobjective evaluation

This work presents a method for assessing and retrofitting the manufacturing processes of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) considering the risks caused by the environment, health, and safety (EHS), as well as economic and technical aspects. This method consists of four steps: (1) process mass analysis, (2) EHS risk evaluation, (3) generation of improvement options, and (4) multiobjective evaluation and interpretation. A new indicator is proposed as a base for risk evaluation, which considers the dynamic change in process risks as well as the technical countermeasures in the process. The multiobjective evaluation supports the identification of promising improvement options regarding the risk-reducing potential of EHS, economic performance, and the efforts of change management according to Good Manufacturing Practice. A case study was performed in an industrial API manufacturing plant, which includes charging, reaction, filtration, extraction, crystallization, centrifugation, crystal-form conversion, crystallization, filtration, and drying. By following the method step by step, a promising option could be identified that could effectively reduce EHS risks with reasonable efforts in the economic and regulatory aspects.

Managing saltwater intrusion in coastal arid regions and its societal implications for agriculture

Abstract. Coastal aquifers in arid and semiarid regions are particularly at risk due to intrusion of salty marine water. Since groundwater is predominantly used in irrigated agriculture, its excessive pumping – above the natural rate of replenishment – strengthen the intrusion process. Using this increasingly saline water for irrigation, leads to a destruction of valuable agricultural resources and the economic basis of farmers and their communities. The limitation of resources (water and soil) in these regions requires a societal adaptation and change in behaviour as well as the development of appropriate management strategies for a transition towards stable and sustainable future hydrosystem states. Besides a description of the system dynamics and the spatial consequences of adaptation on the resources availability, the contribution combines results of an empirical survey with stakeholders and physically based modelling of the groundwater-agriculture hydrosystem interactions. This includes an analysis of stakeholders' (farmers and decision makers) behaviour and opinions regarding several management interventions aiming on water demand and water resources management as well as the thinking of decision makers how farmers will behave. In this context, the technical counter measures to manage the saltwater intrusion by simulating different groundwater pumping strategies and scenarios are evaluated from the economic and social point of view and if the spatial variability of the aquifer's hydrogeology is taken into consideration. The study is exemplarily investigated for the south Batinah region in the Sultanate of Oman, which is affected by saltwater intrusion into a coastal aquifer system due to excessive groundwater withdrawal for irrigated agriculture.

Bottlenecks and needs in human-human and human-machine interaction - a view from and into the neurosurgical OR.

The number and complexity of user interfaces in the OR has been considerably increasing during the last years. Moreover, increasing cost and time pressure force surgeons and surgical nurses to perform different tasks in parallel. We analyzed the workflow of 25 neurosurgical procedures with a workflow analysis tool in order to analyze the present situation in the neurosurgical OR and to identify potential use-oriented risks and to develop first proposals for respective countermeasures. Application of the navigation system, the CUSA ultrasonic aspirator, and the PACS-PC was associated with errors and resulting potential risks. A number of different disruptive factors have been identified, the most prominent of those being intraoperative duty phone calls, longer absence of the circulating nurses or slipped off foot switches. Furthermore, the identified problems may lead to risks for patient, and also for staff by use errors, associated with an inappropriate cognitive workload of the surgeon or nurses. Organizational and technical countermeasures are necessary: to enhance communication, team trainings could be helpful, and the setup of a mailbox could reduce the number of intraoperative duty phone calls. Technical deficiencies have to be reduced, e.g. with more user-oriented design of devices, such as foot switches, or standard design for user interfaces. For further risk reduction in the case of use deficiencies, we propose the implementation of device interoperability and the use of a sterile integrated user interface in a networked OR.