Technical Control Research Articles

Lyda Caldas and women architects in Colombia: the landscape of Universidad del Valle in Meléndez

This article explores Lyda Caldas’ landscape design for Universidad del Valle to enquire about the position of women in Colombian architectural education and practice. It questions modern architecture, which emerged as a masculine discourse that, following ideals from the Enlightenment, assumed the superiority of western culture; after the Second World War, it became a vehicle for socio-economic and technical control in the Global South. As such, it established frameworks of practice that have excluded women and various minorities. Based on archival material and a series of formal and informal interviews, this article argues that the success of a few women architects in Colombia has been appropriated by the dominant discourse in academia to obscure discriminatory practices and the impact of socio-economic inequality on the career of less affluent women and ethno-racial minorities. The article promulgates the creation of a critical feminist discourse in order to challenge existing patriarchal and colonial structures that prevent women (and ethno-racial minorities) from having a greater impact on the country’s architectural history. A critical feminist discourse in Colombian architecture must go beyond the duality between men (male) and women (female), or the celebratory account of successful female architects by addressing the many female positions and subjecthoods found in the country.

Improving the contour of information protection in the context of a computer network

The study is aimed at the analysis and application of software and hardware information protection in a local computer network on the example of the case of the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia in the Sverdlovsk Region. The analysis of the existing composition and scheme of the network, as well as the risks that pose a potential threat to the considered local network of the organization, was carried out. The main types of means of protection are determined, considering the idea of processed information in the network and the specifics of the organization in the context of import substitution. The experience of implementing topical tools that are certified by the Federal Service for Technical and Export Control and the Federal Security Service and meet the requirements for information protection in an organization, identified because of an analysis of the requirements for the protection segment, is described. The main approaches to the design of the network and the location of the protection segment in it are determined. The task was set to develop an approach to the administration of information security tools in a local computer network.

Enhancing Therapeutic Processes in Videoconferencing Psychotherapy: Interview Study of Psychologists' Technological Perspective.

The COVID-19 pandemic caused a surge in the use of telehealth platforms. Psychologists have shifted from face-to-face sessions to videoconference sessions. Therefore, essential information that is easily obtainable via in-person sessions may be missing. Consequently, therapeutic work could be compromised. This study aimed to explore the videoconference psychotherapy (VCP) experiences of psychologists around the world. Furthermore, we aimed to identify technological features that may enhance psychologists' therapeutic work through augmented VCP. In total, 17 psychologists across the world (n=7, 41% from Australia; n=1, 6% from England; n=5, 29% from Italy; n=1, 6% from Mexico; n=1, 6% from Spain; and n=2, 12% from the United States) were interviewed. We used thematic analysis to examine the data collected from a sample of 17 psychologists. We applied the Chaos Theory to interpret the system dynamics and collected details about the challenges posed by VCP. For collecting further information about the technology and processes involved, we relied on the Input-Process-Output (IPO) model. The analysis resulted in the generation of 9 themes (input themes: psychologists' attitude, trust-reinforcing features, reducing cognitive load, enhancing emotional communication, and engaging features between psychologists and patients; process themes: building and reinforcing trust, decreasing cognitive load, enhancing emotional communication, and increasing psychologist-patient engagement) and 19 subthemes. Psychologists found new strategies to deal with VCP limitations but also reported the need for more technical control to facilitate therapeutic processes. The suggested technologies (eye contact functionality, emergency call functionality, screen control functionality, interactive interface with other apps and software, and zooming in and out functionality) could enhance the presence and dynamic nature of the therapeutic relationship. Psychologists expressed a desire for enhanced control of VCP sessions. Psychologists reported a decreased sense of control within the therapeutic relationship owing to the influence of the VCP system. Great control of the VCP system could better approximate the critical elements of in-person psychotherapy (eg, observation of body language). To facilitate improved control, psychologists would like technology to implement features such as improved eye contact, better screen control, emergency call functionality, ability to zoom in and out, and an interactive interface to communicate with other apps. These results contribute to the general perception of the computer as an actual part of the VCP process. Thus, the computer plays a key role in the communication, rather than remaining as a technical medium. By adopting the IPO model in the VCP environment (VCP-IPO model), the relationship experience may help psychologists have more control in their VCP sessions.

Surgical treatment of heart failure in China: towards the era of artificial heart

The number of patients with heart failure in China is large, and the proportion of patients with end-stage heart failure continues to increase. The clinical effect of guideline-directed medications therapy for end-stage heart failure is poor. Heart transplantation is the most effective treatment for end-stage heart failure. But it is faced with many limitations such as the shortage of donors. In recent years, the research and development of artificial heart in China has made great progress. Three devices have been approved by the National Medical Products Administration for marketing, and another one is undergoing pre-marketing clinical trial. Since 2017, more than 200 cases of ventricular assist device implantation have been carried out in more than 34 hospitals in China. Among them, 70 patients in Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences had a 2-year survival rate of 90%. The first patient has survived more than 5 years with the device. More efforts should be put into the training of standardized technical team and quality control. Further research should be carried out in the aspects of pulsatile blood flow pump, fully implanted cable-free device, and improved biomaterial with better blood compatibility.

Brief Training of Technical Bleeding Control Skills-A Pilot Study with Security Forces.

Uncontrolled external bleeding is a common cause of preventable death, and due to the environment in which these events often occur, e.g., in hostile environments, the state security forces are usually the first responders, and in many cases, if they are injured their partners provide the initial assistance. The tourniquet is a fast, effective, and easy-to-learn intervention, although there is a knowledge gap concerning training techniques. The objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of a bleeding control training program on a high-fidelity mannequin in a simulated critical situation in a law enforcement training environment. A quasi-experimental study was carried out with 27 members of the state security forces. They underwent brief theoretical-practical training and were evaluated via a scenario involving a critically ill patient in a hostile environment. The results showed that no member of the state security forces completed all the tourniquet placement steps, 26 (96%) prepared the tourniquet correctly, 21 (77.8%) placed it on the leg, and all the participants adjusted the band to the thickness of the injured limb and secured the windlass to the triangular flange of the device. However, only 23 (85.2%) of the participants placed it effectively. The participants, who were members of the state security forces, were able to effectively resolve a critical situation with active bleeding in a simulation scenario with a high-fidelity mannequin after completing theoretical-practical training.

Exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds in Paint Production Plants: Levels and Potential Human Health Risks.

A wide range of volatile organic solvents, including aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, and ketones, are used in the production of paints, and they comprise more than 30% of the ingredients of paints. The present study was designed to evaluate the occupational exposure to 15 volatile organic compounds (VOCs, including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, styrene, n-hexane, n-heptane, n-nonane, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, n-butyl acetate, n-octane, n-decane, dichlorofluoromethane, and acetone) in Iranian paint production factories and subsequently, the associated health risks. The samples were collected from the respiratory zone of workers using the NIOSH 1501 method, and their qualitative and quantitative characterization was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-flame ionization detector, respectively. The individual concentrations of VOCs ranged from 23.76 ± 0.57 µg m-3 (acetone) to 92489.91 ± 0.65 µg m-3 (m,p-xylene). The predominant compounds were m,p-xylene (up to 92489.91 ± 0.65 µg m-3), ethylbenzene (up to 91188.95 ± 0.34 µg m-3), and toluene (up to 46088.84 ± 0.14 µg m-3). The non-cancer risks of benzene, n-nonane, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, xylene, and ethylbenzene surpassed the reference value in most of the sectors. In addition, total lifetime risks of cancer were in the range of 1.8 × 10-5-3.85 × 10-3, suggesting that there was a risk of carcinogenesis in all studied sections, mainly due to ethylbenzene and benzene. Considering their high exposure concentrations and their associated non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks, biological monitoring of workers and the use of technical and modern engineering control measures are recommended.

WAYS OF OPTIMIZING TIME INDICATORS WHEN PLANNING THE TRANSPORTATION OF MILITARY UNITS BY RAIL TRANSPORT

The purpose of the work is to conduct an analysis of the organization of the continuity of military transportation in the conditions of the conduct of hostilities by the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Currently, the issue of readiness to move military units (units) in a short period of time, without violating their integrity, with the provision of the possibility of a sudden transition to the performance of assigned tasks, which is an integral component of military operations (combat operations), is important. Methods. The issue of optimizing time indicators when planning the transportation of military units by rail transport due to the clarification of time spent on loading and unloading operations. The results. The success of military transportation depends primarily on the quality of their planning, the organization of close cooperation between the military administration bodies and the administration bodies on the types of transport. Interaction with the management bodies on the types of transport is carried out on the issues of ensuring and regulating military transports, coordination of technical capabilities and control of preparations for carrying out transports. The Department of Military Communications on Railways, together with the management of railways, carries out timely provision of rolling stock transportation, continuous management of military transportation, measures are taken to accelerate the advancement of echelons in the area of responsibility, and control the saving of budget funds during the execution of military transportation. Practical significance. Today, the issue of creating groups of troops (forces) of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, rapid regrouping of troops and expansion of existing groups, ensuring high mobility and maneuverability of troops, and carrying out military transports within the established deadlines is an urgent issue.

Підвищення ремонтопридатності автотракторної техніки застосуванням раціональної кількості інструменту

The conducted systematic analysis of maintainability indicators allows establishing their connection with other reliability properties and classifying these indicators according to technical and economic criteria. On this basis, the technological component of maintenance and repair, which ensures the provision of spare parts, tools and means of technical condition control, was selected and investigated. Set of indicators that allow to evaluate and standardize the maintainability of means of transport most fully and in accordance with modern requirements is proposed.The dependence was obtained for determining the required number of tools in a set of spare parts, tools and accessories (STA), which takes into account the reliable characteristics of the machine and the characteristics of the process of restoring its operability under real operating conditions.The approach to calculations of rational sets of tool equipment for vehicle machinery is proposed on the example of the chassis of the domestic wheeled tractor KhTZ-17221, the corresponding calculations are performed. The conducted analysis shows that with the existing service system and the level of reliability of the KhTZ-17221 tractors in real operation conditions to ensure the readiness factor within 0.85-0.95, the presence of tools in the equipment kit has a significant impact.The analysis of the obtained dependence shows that in order to quickly eliminate the consequences of the failures of the KhTZ-17221 tractors, it is necessary to have a complete set of tools in the set of STA, provided for in the operating instructions. Otherwise, the operative time for eliminating failures increases, which leads to unjustified downtime of equipment and increased costs for consumers, especially during periods of agricultural work. When increasing the number of tools in the kit of STA to the level regulated by the factory documentation, while maintaining all other parameters, it is possible to increase the readiness factor in real operation from 0.84 to 0.92. That is, the presence of tools significantly increases the efficiency of vehicles using in real operation conditions.The obtained results can be used to improve maintainability indicators

Аналіз критеріїв використання пересувних діагностичних станцій для проведення обов'язкових технічних оглядів автомобілів

The article analyzes the criteria for using mobile diagnostic stations for mandatory technical inspections of cars. Mandatory technical inspection of passenger cars is available in all EU countries. In Ukraine, mandatory technical inspection for passenger cars was canceled in 2011. Currently, mandatory technical inspection is provided only for commercial vehicles: buses, trucks, licensed taxis.Having signed the association agreement with the EU in 2014, Ukraine undertook to return the technical inspection for all car owners. This requirement is contained in the 40th and 45th EU directives. The state must implement this obligation no later than five years after the entry into force of the agreement in full (until September 2022). However, armed aggression against the state postponed the resolution of this issue, probably until the end of the war.In total, there are more than 10 million cars in Ukraine. There are more than 800 technical control points in the registry that have the right to carry out technical inspections, which is clearly not enough. It can be assumed that when technical inspection is introduced, out of 10 million cars, half (5 million cars) need to be inspected immediately. At each point, at the rate of 5 million cars per year, there are about 6.25 thousand vehicles (520 per month, or 23-24 per day. This is quite a heavy load. In addition, as a result of hostilities, the number of points is even smaller. Good mobile diagnostic stations (МDS) are an alternative to stationary stations.The advantages of МDS are as follows: the operation of the station does not require a production room; the cost of the PDS is much lower than a stationary control point; availability of serial samples of mobile stations (for example, MANA); the possibility of carrying out checks at the locations of cars. In order to determine the expediency of using МDS of different designs during technical inspections of cars, they were compared according to economic criteria. These criteria take into account the peculiarities of using the МDS to check the cars of organizations and cars belonging to individual owners in different conditions (city or countryside).

Ecology, Anti-Christianity, and the Far Right

Ecology, Anti-Christianity, and the Far Right

ДО ПИТАННЯ УТОЧНЕННЯ КРИТЕРІЇВ ДОСТОВІРНОСТІ, ЯКІ ВИКОРИСТОВУЮТЬ ПРИ АВТОМАТИЗОВАНОМУ ПРОСТОРОВО-ЧАСОВОМУ КОНТРОЛІ ДАНИХ МЕТЕОРОЛОГІЧНИХ СПОСТЕРЕЖЕНЬ

In order to ensure a reliability of data on a state of surface layer of atmosphere, data of meteorological observations conducted on the network of the Hydrometeorological Service of Ukraine are subject to regular multi-level technical and critical control. The entire set of errors in data of meteorological measurements, according to a nature of their manifestation, are divided into two groups: 1) random errors associated with instantaneous pulsations of measured meteorological valuables and their distortion during their further collection and processing; 2) systematic errors, which depend on defect in a devices design, their technical condition, as well as errors caused by violation of measurement technique and an influence of local features on measured meteorological valuables. In order to separate measurement errors from the manifestation of natural features of weather processes, all observational data coming from meteorological stations are subject to regular critical control, during which their reliability, that is, suitability for further use, is established. There are two main types of critical control of measurement data – intra-station and spatio-temporal. The basis of intra-station control is an analysis of values of interrelated meteorological values measured on one station. This is done at hydrometeorological stations with a help of special computer programs. Spatial-temporal control consists in comparing averaged over a certain period of time (decade, month) values of spatial fields of meteorological variables around a station, the data of which is checked/controlled. Local distortions of the field of meteorological values under an influence of local natural factors can be partially eliminated if we compare not values of meteorological values themselves, but their deviations from a climatic norm. Carrying out manual spatio-temporal control is a long and routine work, especially when it comes to analyzing a change in time of data observational inconsistencies. This made it necessary to conduct a study on improving the method of automated spatio-temporal data control of meteorological observations, and to present obtained results in a form of a normative document to be implemented in the activitiy of hydrometeorological organizations of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine. Such research was carried out at the Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute for 2020-2022. The purpose of the publication is to present scientific and methodological foundations of development and main provisions of the normative document “Clarification of reliability criteria used during automated spatio-temporal control of data from meteorological observations of stations. Methodical recommendations”, as well as the computer program “MeteoControl”, which forms a database of non-connections and calculates statistical characteristics, are needed for analyzing the array of non-connections and making a decision on the feasibility of changing the reliability criteria. The developed regulatory document provides a number of recommendations for specifying reliability criteria of meteorological observation data, in particular: 1) specification of a reliability criteria for all meteorological variables that are determined on a network of stations should be carried out at least once every 5 years; 2) before clarifying reliability criteria, it is necessary to assess an extent to which a current reliability criteria reveal a data, as well as to establish how many stations and how often in recent years have discrepancies that exceed a current reliability criterion; 3) before making a decision to change a reliability criterion for all stations, it is advisable to find out how, in connection with an introduction of new reliability criterion, a number of stations that will require additional analysis will change, or vice versa – whose data will be considered reliable despite to their dubious or erroneous values.

Determination of Contractor Strategies in Delivering Construction Projects in Oman

Contractors are responsible to deliver construction projects as per contract. Past literature highlighted various implications of poor project delivery and as the ones who are responsible to deliver the project, contractors need to plan and strategise to ensure their projects are successfully delivered to the client. This article focuses on identifying the strategies adopted by Omani main contractors to deliver construction projects successfully. Using 48 strategies identified through literature review, a survey has been conducted with 108 main contractors in Oman with top grade level of Oman Chamber of Commerce and Industry (OCCI) to investigate the significant strategies adapted ensuring successful project delivery. The top grade level contractor is on the focus of this research because they are involved as main contractors for construction projects in Oman. Using factor analysis technique, the 48 strategies have been reduced into 28 sub-strategies which are grouped into 7 main strategies. The seven main strategies are: (1) People and subcontractor management, (2) Technology and innovative solutions adoption, (3) Quality, safety and environmental protection, (4) Develop technical capability, monitor and control, (5) Organisational efficiency and financial stability, (6) Legislative compliance and (7) Clients’ satisfaction. This research revisits the successful strategy for project delivery and restructures them to suit the practices in Oman. The strategy can be emulated by contractors in the country and perhaps other Middle East countries, as a way to expedite better construction performance.

Technical Performance Assessment and Quality Control of Ultrasound Device Monitors.

The purpose of this study was to investigate and evaluate the current technical performance of ultrasound imaging device displays. Altogether 53 ultrasound device displays were evaluated in two hospital districts of Finland. The performance of the displays was evaluated with tests and test patterns developed by American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM). Minimum, maximum and ambient luminances (Lmin,Lmax,Lamb) were measured. Ambient ratio (AR), luminance ratio (LR), [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] were calculated, and luminance uniformity, defined as deviation from the median (MLD), was evaluated. The results indicate that none of the measured displays fulfill the AAPM Task Group (TG) 270 maximum luminance recommendation for diagnostic displays. A majority (32/53, 60%) of the displays fail the AAPM TG270 acceptable level for secondary displays as well. Only 3 of 53 (6%) displays were at the acceptable level for diagnostic displays. Also, for most of the displays (41/53, 77%), [Formula: see text] was under the diagnostic acceptable level. Ambient ratios exceeded the acceptable limit in 31 of 53 (58%) displays. Luminance ratios, on the other hand, were within acceptable levels for the majority of displays (38/53, 72%). All devices passed the AAPM requirement for luminance uniformity (MLD). The results indicate that the maximum luminance and minimum luminance of most displays are not sufficient. AAPM, the Society for Imaging Informatics in Medicine and the American College of Radiology introduced the updated luminance [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] criteria in 2012. All ultrasound displays should at least fulfill the AAPM TG18 secondary display minimum criteria. Even so, 6 of 53 (11%) fail. The newest displays should be expected to fulfill the revised AAPM TG270 criteria as well. Display technology has developed, and therefore, monitor testing needs to be updated.

Effects of eliminating visual cues on kinetic and kinematic parameters in back tuck somersault: A comparison between artistic gymnasts and parkour athletes

Purpose The aim of this study was to compare the effect of vision (i.e., open and closed eyes) on the kinetic and kinematic parameters of the standing back tuck somersault (SBTS) in artistic gymnasts and parkour athletes. Methods Eleven male parkour athletes (age 22.53 ± 2.36 years; height 1.72 ± 0.08 m; weight 69.58 ± 3.72 kg) and seven male artistic gymnasts (age 21.96 ± 2.64 years; height 1.62 ± 0.02 m; weight 63.54 ± 1.35 kg) participated in this study. Each subject was asked to perform the SBTS in the same condition (i.e., first open-eyes then closed-eyes). 2D kinetic and kinematic analysis was conducted. Results The results showed significant interaction (i.e., vision and sport) obtained at the take-off angle (p < 0.05 and d = 1.992), horizontal displacement (p < 0.05 and d = 1.906) and technical execution (p < 0.05 and d = 1.972). This interaction indicates that when vision is permitted, artistic gymnasts and parkour athletes were similar in all kinetic and kinematic parameters, and technical execution (p > 0.05). However, the elimination of vision during SBTS only affected parkour athletes (i.e., landing angle, ground reaction force, vertical velocity and technical execution, p < 0.05 and d >1.20) while artistic gymnasts remain unchanged. Conclusions We conclude that the specificity of the practice in each of the two sports disciplines influences the kinetic and kinematic control of the SBTS and suggests that with closed-eyes, the integration of afferent information relating to the vestibular and proprioceptive systems is different and specific to each discipline’s goal. Artistic gymnasts seem to be better skilled in the mechanical and technical control of the SBTS than parkour athletes.

Quantum computing in controlling railroads

The paper discusses the main possibilities of using quantum computing and technologies in railway management, highlighting the most promising options and proposals for their application. One of the main objectives of the RZD "Russian Railways" is the research and implementation of quantum telecommunications as the basis for building promising network services. By focusing on improving solutions in the field of automation of railway transport process management, and taking into account the over-growing and changing needs of customers, RZD also wants to trans-form to digitalization and use quantum computing to create flexible management models, optimization of the structure and decision-making processes and the use of quantum computers both in information systems and in technical control systems. The study first identifies areas where the development of information technologies in railway transport is a must. Then the strategies and programs to digitalis these fields are discussed, how they are implemented is shown and finally a comparison is then made with other experiences from different agencies around the world. The Study concludes that the creation of quantum information systems with a contactless neuro-computer interface will solve several problems like the performance of duties by railway personnel, monitoring of significant objects of critical information and technical infrastructure, and public services. It is advisable to use quantum technologies and calculations in railway transport in the following main directions: the creation of a quantum telecommunication network; the introduction of quantum computing in the improvement of Blockchain technologies; use of quantum technologies to solve complex optimization problems.

Technical control of multistage pump balance ring

Technical control of multistage pump balance ring

A PILOT SAMPLE FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF PUMPS HYDRAULIC DRIVE OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY BY PRESSURE PULSATION COEFFICIENT

The analysis of the manufactured means for monitoring and diagnosing the technical condition of the hydraulic pump of agricultural machinery has shown that the main devices for determining its working properties are expensive and demanding to carefully observe the rules of operation and cleanliness of the working fluid flowmeters. The need to diagnose pumps directly during the operation of machines forces us to look for other ways to diagnose pumps without connecting flow meters, for example, amplitude-phase diagnostic methods based on pressure pulsation parameters in the pressure line. (Research purpose) The research purpose is developing a prototype of a diagnostic tool that provides monitoring of the technical condition of hydraulic pumps during operation using modern element base of electronic devices. (Materials and methods) Studied the current state of the issue and equipment for the diagnosis of hydraulic units by the stato-parametric method. We have proposed a new method of continuous diagnostics using an embedded electronic device for monitoring operation parameters and evaluating pressure pulsation indicators generated by the pump. A prototype of the device was developed and experimentally determined the dependence of the pressure pulsation parameters and the hydraulic pump supply coefficient. We considered the issue of reducing labor costs in the express diagnostics of the hydraulic unit due to the introduction of such electronic devices. (Results and discussion) They have shown that as a result of the introduction of modern electronic means of technical control, it is possible to significantly simplify and speed up diagnostics, as well as automatically record the parameters and operating modes of hydraulic units of agricultural machinery. (Conclusions) Proved the possibility of diagnosing hydraulic pumps by the pulsation coefficient and justified the need to increase the controllability of hydraulic drives by installing points for connecting pressure sensors.

A Systemic Review of the Cybersecurity Challenges in Australian Water Infrastructure Management

Cybersecurity risks have become obstinate problems for critical water infrastructure management in Australia and worldwide. Water management in Australia involves a vast complex of smart technical control systems interconnected with several networks, making the infrastructure susceptible to cyber-attacks. Therefore, ensuring the use of security mechanisms in the control system modules and communication networks for sensors and actuators is vital. The statistics show that Australia is facing frequent cyber-attacks, most of which are either undetected or overlooked or require immediate response. To address these cyber risks, Australia has changed from a country with negligible recognition of attacks on critical infrastructure to a country with improved capability to manage cyber warfare. However, little attention is paid to reducing the risk of attacks to the critical water infrastructure. This study aims to evaluate Australia’s current cybersecurity attack landscape and the implemented controls for water infrastructure using a systematic literature review (SLR). This study also compares Australia in the context of global developments and proposes future research directions. The synthesis of the evidence from 271 studies in this review indicates the importance of managing security vulnerabilities and threats in SCADA water control systems, including the need to upgrade the contemporary water security architecture to mitigate emerging risks. Moreover, human resource development with a specific focus on security awareness and training for SCADA employees is found to be lacking, which will be essential for alleviating cyber threats to the water infrastructure in Australia.

ІНДУКОВАНА ПЕРЕБУДОВА КРИСТАЛІЧНОЇ СТРУКТУРИ ТА АКУСТИЧНИЙ ВІДГУК В НАПІВПРОВІДНИКАХ НА ОСНОВІ ТЕЛУРИДУ КАДМІЮ ДЛЯ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ В ОПТОЕЛЕКТРОНІЦІ ТА АКТУАЛЬНИХ НАПРЯМАХ НАПІВПРОВІДНИКОВОЇ ТЕХНІКИ (ОГЛЯД)

The reliability and competitiveness of modern semiconductor electronic technology are determined by the level of existing technologies. These requirements set the task of increasing the efficiency of methods for obtaining and post-growth processing of semiconductor materials and structures, research and control of their properties at all stages of manufacturing and operation of products. The question of the quality and maximum reliability of a wide range of various structures and devices for multipurpose purposes, in particular, opto, photoelectronics, sensors, etc., and sometimes the need to use it at the most achievable physical and technical parameters, or in extreme conditions, is becoming increasingly important. The solution to these problems is based on a comprehensive study of the processes of defect formation, failure and destruction of semiconductor structures and devices based on them. In modern conditions, for this purpose, in particular, the method of acoustic emission (AE) is used, based on the registration, theoretical processing of acoustic pulses that arise as a result of the formation, local changes and destruction of the structure of the material under external load. The most widespread practical application in various branches of semiconductor electronics have found materials based on CdTe, given, in particular, basic data on methods and sources of acoustic response induced by external influences. This method makes it possible to obtain information about the state of a solid in the process of deformation, in particular, to detect in a non-destructive way the presence or appearance of dislocations and microcracks. The AE process allows you to determine the mechanical stresses and deformations at which there is a transition from elastic to plastic deformation (yield strength) of the crystal and subsequent destruction. AE, which occurs during the deformation of a solid in local areas, in particular, under mechanical loads, ultrasound, laser irradiation, radiation exposure and in other cases, may have a thermomechanical nature and occur as a result of heterogeneous heating, for example, during the flow of electric current through a heterogeneous medium. Mechanical, thermomechanical or thermobaric stresses appear in crystals under appropriate phase transformations, in particular, during melting during laser irradiation. Thus, AE is an effective non-destructive method for identifying the initial stages of degradation and subsequent destruction of semiconductor materials, structures and devices under various external influences. The main purpose of this review is to distribute AE from macro objects (in technical diagnostics and control of industrial and domestic structures) to micro-objects for materials and structures of low-dimensional electronics, to expand the scientifically conscious application of AE in experimental and practical work in various semiconductor materials and structures on the example of CdTe-based semiconductors (wide- and narrow-band).

Development of technological principles of technical control of bus bodies during operation based on passive safety conditions

The object of this study is the permissible limits of aging of bus bodies during operation and the formation of appropriate recommendations to control them based on the conditions of compliance of the body with passive safety rules. According to the current method, the new model of the bus is checked for compliance with passive safety by a destructive method. However, during operation, the physical and mechanical properties of the body deteriorate until the moment of non-compliance with the requirements of passive safety. Therefore, the principles of technical control of bus bodies under the conditions of passive safety by non-destructive methods, the implementation of which became possible during the operation of buses, have been developed. 3 implementation options have been proposed. In the first variant, visual control is complemented by a measuring tool – an ultrasonic thickness gauge for measuring the thickness of the frame pipes. This method has not previously been used in the certification of vehicles. The second option involves checking the mechanical properties during repairs on a breaking machine. It is proved that during the restoration repairs of buses, the endurance limit of the steel elements of the body frame is reduced by 1.14–3.33 times. In the third variant, the methodology for modeling and calculating the stressed-strained state of the body was improved based on the method of finite elements, taking into account the effects of corrosion and fatigue strength of the metal of the frame. When modeling, the deformation of the body racks exceeded the permissible values by 1.5–2.0 times. This non-destructive method makes it possible to check the bus for compliance with passive safety requirements during operation, which was previously impossible. The scope of practical application is the introduction of research results into the real practice of operating buses at the legislative level. The results are suitable for monitoring the technical condition of buses by non-destructive methods during operation