Technical Design Considerations Research Articles

A Practical Approach to IP Live Production

Serial digital interface (SDI) infrastructure has been a fundamental building block for video and audio communications within studios for many years. Meanwhile, the bandwidth of generic Internet Protocol (IP) networks has continued to increase along with falling costs, such that 10 Gbit/sec infrastructure is now commonly available. Exploiting this high-bandwidth commodity infrastructure, an IP network could be deployed in the studio to form an IP live production system. This paper explores the technical requirements, design considerations, and standards approaches for IP live production to be able to deliver business benefits compared to current SDI technology whilst retaining familiar SDI-based production practices. This paper also describes a sample implementation of an IP-based audio-video router showing how the discussed technologies can be applied to realize the same functionality as a conventional SDI router.

Considering the switch: Challenges of transitioning to non-lead hunting ammunition

In this issue of The Condor: Ornithological Applications, Haig et al. (2014) summarize negative impacts of lead ammunition and fishing tackle on birds and discuss strategies for mitigating risks to wildlife and human health. Their Review raises an important set of questions for hunters, wildlife managers, and conservation scientists. Effective mitigation will require careful understanding of technical, economic, and social dimensions of the problem. Here, I focus on challenges specific to adopting non-lead ammunition for hunting, particularly for large game animals. I discuss limitations of using the ban on lead ammunition for waterfowl hunting as an analog for reducing lead use for other types of hunting, explain important technical considerations in design and use of non-lead ammunition, and point out areas where effective non-lead alternatives are still lacking. I suggest that currently available economic analyses of the cost of non-lead alternatives are inadequate and do not recognize wide variation in hunter behavior. These considerations have strong implications for designing effective outreach and predicting responses of hunters asked to consider non-lead alternatives. Enforcing outright bans on using lead ammunition for all types of hunting, as recently enacted in California, may prove even more challenging than similar restrictions for waterfowl hunting. Despite this, I propose that major reductions in exposure of wildlife and people to lead bullet fragments are achievable, particularly through outreach and incentive programs that focus on the most commonly used types of firearms for big game hunting—high velocity modern rifles. Bullets from these widely used rifles typically produce the most lead fragments and have the best selection of effective non-lead options available at this time. Efforts to change hunter behavior must recognize the true costs and challenges of changing to non-lead ammunition. Likewise, hunters should recognize and accept their important role in wildlife conservation and work to embrace effective alternatives to lead as they become available.

Design considerations of IEEE 802.15.4m low-rate WPAN in TV white space

This article provides an overview of technical design considerations for IEEE 802.15.4m LRWPAN operating in TVWS. We summarize and discuss TVWS regulatory requirements and LRWPAN applications, the two major driving forces motivating the formation of the new IEEE 802.15.4m standard. These forces define the criteria necessary for consideration during IEEE 802.15.4m system design to meet regulatory requirements and optimize performance. First, system design is presented from the perspective of LR-WPAN channelization with reference to the TV channel plan. Next, design considerations for network architecture and topology are discussed by relating the architecture requirement in TVWS regulations to that in the legacy IEEE 802.15.4 standard. Third, the PHY and MAC layer designs, which are crucial for meeting the criterion of optimizing LR-WPAN performance to support potential applications, are studied. In the PHY layer, the existing design in IEEE 802.15.4 is listed and discussed with regard to its applicability and reusability in TVWS. In the MAC layer, two functional entities, the TVWS operation-enabling feature and the dynamic frequency-band switching mechanism, are discussed with respect to their necessity and practicality for performance enhancement.

A Large Hadron Electron Collider at CERN Report on the Physics and Design Concepts for Machine and Detector

The physics programme and the design are describedof a new collider for particle and nuclear physics,the Large Hadron Electron Collider (LHeC),in which a newly built electron beam of 60 GeV, to possibly 140 GeV, energy collides with the intense hadron beams of the LHC. Compared to the first ep collider, HERA,the kinematic range covered is extended by a factor of twenty in thenegative four-momentum squared, Q2, and in the inverse Bjorken x,while with the design luminosity of1033 cm-2 s-1 the LHeCis projected to exceed theintegrated HERA luminosity by two orders of magnitude. The physics programme is devoted to an explorationof the energy frontier, complementing the LHC andits discovery potential for physics beyond the Standard Modelwith high precision deep inelastic scatteringmeasurements. These are designed toinvestigate a variety of fundamental questions in strongand electroweak interactions. The LHeC thus continues the path of deep inelasticscattering (DIS) into unknown areas of physicsand kinematics. The physics programme also includes electron-deuteron and electron-ionscattering in a (Q21/x)range extended by four orders of magnitudeas compared to previous lepton-nucleus DIS experimentsfor novel investigations of neutron's and nuclear structure, the initial conditions of Quark-Gluon Plasma formationand further quantum chromodynamic phenomena.The LHeC may be realised either as a ring-ring or as a linac-ringcollider. Optics and beam dynamicsstudies are presented for both versions, along with technical designconsiderations on the interaction region, magnets includingnew dipole prototypes,cryogenics, RF, and further components.A design study is also presented of a detector suitableto perform high precision DIS measurements in a widerange of acceptance using state-of-the art detectortechnology, which is modular and of limited size enablingits fast installation. The detector includestagging devices for electron, photon, protonand neutron detection near to the beam pipe.Civil engineering and installation studies arepresented for the accelerator and the detector.The LHeC can be built within a decade and thusbe operated while the LHC runs in its high-luminosity phase.It so represents a major opportunity for progress in particle physicsexploiting the investment made in the LHC.

Design of an intelligent system for speech monitoring and treatment of low and excessive vocal intensity

A number of people, and especially children, suffer from speech problems such as vocal intensity that is too low or is often excessive, and this is one of the behavioral problems that may be encountered in people with an intellectual disability. It may also occur alongside aggressive behavior which produces disturbances, and which is objected to by others. People with this behavior may often be unaware of their problem. To limit these negative outcomes, an intelligent system has been designed to monitor speech intensity outside the clinic, to provide the patient with information, and to control the treatment of excessive or low vocal intensity without the need for continuous therapeutic follow-up in a speech pathology clinic. The use of this intelligent system proves to be effective because of its many features. The technical design considerations, the system features, and a system evaluation will be discussed.

Principles of Biomimetic Vascular Network Design Applied to a Tissue-Engineered Liver Scaffold

Branched vascular networks are a central component of scaffold architecture for solid organ tissue engineering. In this work, seven biomimetic principles were established as the major guiding technical design considerations of a branched vascular network for a tissue-engineered scaffold. These biomimetic design principles were applied to a branched radial architecture to develop a liver-specific vascular network. Iterative design changes and computational fluid dynamic analysis were used to optimize the network before mold manufacturing. The vascular network mold was created using a new mold technique that achieves a 1:1 aspect ratio for all channels. In vitro blood flow testing confirmed the physiologic hemodynamics of the network as predicted by computational fluid dynamic analysis. These results indicate that this biomimetic liver vascular network design will provide a foundation for developing complex vascular networks for solid organ tissue engineering that achieve physiologic blood flow.

Daniel A. Vallero, P. Aarne Vesilind, Socially Responsible Engineering: Justice in Risk Management

Daniel A. Vallero, P. Aarne Vesilind, Socially Responsible Engineering: Justice in Risk Management

The ISL Rapid Fire Railgun Project RAFIRA Part I: Technical Aspects and Design Considerations

This paper reports on the progress made within the rapid fire railgun (RAFIRA) project recently launched at the ISL. The goal of this project is to investigate the multishot capacity of the armature technology developed at ISL. This technology is characterized by the use of multiple metal fiber brush armatures. The project bases on results mainly obtained with the railgun EMA3 at ISL (muzzle velocity v <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">o</sub> les 2 km/s, applied energy per shot E <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">prim</sub> < 1 MJ, I = 3 m, regular cal. = 15 mm times 30 mm). These results are characterized by good contact performance with respect to friction, rail erosion and contact transition in the range up to 2 km/s. The paper summarizes the main results in single shot mode and introduces preliminary experiments with respect to multishot applications. Subsequently technical aspects about loading and switching technologies for a multishot system are discussed and last but not least concrete design considerations for the medium caliber system RAFIRA are presented.

LBNP: Past Protocols and Technical Considerations for Experimental Design

Lower body negative pressure (LBNP) has been used for decades to simulate orthostatic stress and the effects of blood loss in humans. Since the definitive review of LBNP in 1974, new applications have been developed and research has revealed conflicting cardiovascular and neurohormonal responses during and after LBNP. A search of the literature was conducted for 1964-2007 using the Web of Science and the search terms "cardiovascular system," "orthostasis," "spaceflight," and "methodologies" to identify publications in English that describe human studies where LBNP was used to simulate orthostasis. Publications cited in the earlier review were excluded, leaving a total of 215 articles for consideration. We divided the reported protocols into eight categories based on the pressure, pattern, and duration of the stimulus: 1) mild, constant, short; 2) mild, constant, long; 3) mild, ramp, short; 4) mild, ramp, long; 5) moderate-to-strong, constant, short; 6) moderate, constant, long; 7) moderate-to-strong, ramp, short; and 8) strong, ramp, long. The review showed that these protocols stimulate different reflexes and can be used to produce particular responses. Based on the review, we developed guidelines for using LBNP in a predictable and reproducible manner. Variables that must be controlled include subject characteristics, procedures, and environmental conditions as well as specifications for the LBNP chamber and seal positioning. An understanding of the many technical details of such experiments and the nature of elicited cardiovascular and neurohormonal responses is required to design optimal protocols to address specific research questions.

Misconceptions Students Bring to Qualitative Research

This paper explores graduate students’ misconceptions about qualitative research and demonstrates how a learner‐centered approach can support formative adjustments in instructional design and delivery of a qualitative research course. Among the qualitative data sources used in the study was students’ work in the course, as well as observations made by the instructor. A two‐stage analysis process, using NVivo software, generated two broad categories of students’ misconceptions: technical skills and design considerations. An examination of the depth of students’ work provided insight into how they approached and corrected misconceptions. Among the implications of these findings is the need for qualitative research instructors to continually anticipate, monitor, and actively respond to students’ misconceptions to counter negative effects of students’ faulty thinking. An instructor who gives little forethought to the issue of systematically and formatively adjusting course content to resolve learning dissonance may be hindering student learning and encumbering the development of future qualitative researchers. On one level, students’ misconceptions become a diagnostic tool to help the instructor correct students’ flawed thinking; on a higher level, an in‐depth exploration of the origins of the misconceptions can engage educators in curriculum reform efforts to promote cross‐curricular building of research competencies. Rather than supporting the divisions between qualitative and quantitative research, graduate reform should promote a learner‐centered systemic approach to formative improvements, thus strengthening cohesion among all forms of research methodology.

Digital Libraries: Philosophies, Technical Design Considerations and Example Scenarios

Digital Libraries: Philosophies, Technical Design Considerations and Example Scenarios

Digital Libraries: Philosophies, Technical Design Considerations and Example Scenarios

Digital Libraries: Philosophies, Technical Design Considerations and Example Scenarios

Book Review-Digital Libraries: Philosophies, Technical Design Considerations and Example Scnearios

Book Review-Digital Libraries: Philosophies, Technical Design Considerations and Example Scnearios

1.13-Gbit/lightwave transmission system

A new high capacity lightwave transmission system has been developed using GaAs semicustom logic arrays and a DFB single-mode laser, and is presently in production. The architecture of this product is designed for in-service upgrade of a 565-Mbit/s product. This paper reviews the technical characteristics and design considerations of the Rockwell LTS-21130 lightwave transmission system.

Rockwell 135 Mbit/s lightwave system

A new intermediate-capacity digital lightwave system has been developed using digital gate array technology, hermetically sealed optical hybrids, and decision feedback equalization of the lightwave fiber. This paper reviews the technical characteristics and design considerations of the Rockwell LTS-135 lightwave transmission system.

Sampling membrane potential, membrane resistance and electrode resistance with a glass electrode impaled into a single cell

A method is demonstrated to measure membrane resistances and membrane potentials of single cells during impalement by a single glass microelectrode. The intention was to develop a procedure which would provide data almost continuously. Therefore, a frequency-dependent voltage divider network has been chosen to represent the basic electrical properties of the electrode and cell membrane, and used to explore its voltage response to a current stimulus, consisting of two rectangular pulses of different widths. It can be shown that the resolution of the method can be improved by inverting this stimulus so that each polarization becomes a relaxation and vice versa. In order to generate, analyze and display this signal continuously, a device has been designed which has been called ‘Electrophysiological Monitor, (ElM2)’. ElM2 provides a current stimulus as input into a standard bridge network and can analyze the summed response of the electrode and cell by a set of sample-hold amplifiers. It then decodes and displays the data continuously, as membrane potential (Em), input resistance of the cell (Rinp) and the electrode resistance (Re) respectively. From Rinp the membrane resistance (Rm) can be deduced. The validity of the method has been examined by measuring these parameters in frog muscle cells. Technical design considerations, the accuracy and possible pitfalls with the suggested procedure are discussed.

Symposium on Retinal Diseases: Transactions of the New Orleans Academy of Ophthalmology

This book consists of the manuscripts submitted by the nine contributing speakers at the 1976 spring symposium sponsored by the New Orleans Academy of Ophthalmology. There are three major sections: vitreous surgery, diabetic retinopathy, and macular disease. This ambitious project appears to have resulted in deficient coverage of all three subjects. The first nine chapters on vitreous surgery contain discussions on office screening procedures, indications for surgery, and ultrasound evaluation. While two of the more popular instruments are not represented, there is overemphasis on instrumentation and technique and, unfortunately, a lack of surgical results. Providing rather heavy reading, but important to all ophthalmologists is the opening chapter on diabetic retinopathy, which discusses the technical design and ethical considerations of randomized clinical trials. The remaining eight chapters are of variable quality and include such topics as techniques of focal and panretinal photocoagulation, pituitary ablation, management of traction detachments, and discussions on

Reconstruction in patients with oral and pharyngeal cancer

The nasolabial skin flap has proved very useful in reconstruction of anterior intraoral defects after ablation for cancer. The technique allows immediate single-stage reconstruction with local tissue. Minimal functional or cosmetic deformity results at the donor site. Fifty-five consecutive patients who underwent anterior intraoral reconstruction with 68 nasolabial flaps were followed up for 1 to 10 years. Only two flaps were total failures. Three flaps had partial tissue loss. Successful reconstruction without complication was obtained with 93 percent of the flaps. Technical refinements and considerations in flap design are presented.

Symposium on Retinal Diseases: Transactions of the New Orleans Academy of Ophthalmology

This book consists of the manuscripts submitted by the nine contributing speakers at the 1976 spring symposium sponsored by the New Orleans Academy of Ophthalmology. There are three major sections: vitreous surgery, diabetic retinopathy, and macular disease. This ambitious project appears to have resulted in deficient coverage of all three subjects. The first nine chapters on vitreous surgery contain discussions on office screening procedures, indications for surgery, and ultrasound evaluation. While two of the more popular instruments are not represented, there is overemphasis on instrumentation and technique and, unfortunately, a lack of surgical results. Providing rather heavy reading, but important to all ophthalmologists is the opening chapter on diabetic retinopathy, which discusses the technical design and ethical considerations of randomized clinical trials. The remaining eight chapters are of variable quality and include such topics as techniques of focal and panretinal photocoagulation, pituitary ablation, management of traction detachments, and discussions on

Colliery build prototype roof bolter. — A review of geological, operational, technical and maintainence considerations for roof bolter design; and an outline of the final design : Holz, P Coal Min. and Processing, V11, N8, Aug. 1974, P43 & 50

Colliery build prototype roof bolter. — A review of geological, operational, technical and maintainence considerations for roof bolter design; and an outline of the final design : Holz, P Coal Min. and Processing, V11, N8, Aug. 1974, P43 & 50