Technical Classification Research Articles

Cypriot Ceramics: Reading the Prehistoric Record. By Jane A. Barlow, Diane L. Bolger, and Barbara Kling.

List of Figures List of Tables Acknowledgments Preface Foreword Bibliographic Abbreviations Introduction I. Toward Definition of the Late Chalcolithic in Cyprus: The Monochrome Pottery Debate II. Independent Variables? A Flexible Classification of Late Neolithic and Chalcolithic Pottery III. Early Red Polished Ware and the Origin of the Philia Culture IV. Reading the Prehistoric Record: A View from the South in the Late Third Millennium B.C. V. Beyond Regionalism: Toward an Islandwide Middle Cypriot Sequence VI. New Light on Red Polished Ware. 51 VII. The Classification of Middle Bronze Age Painted Pottery: Wares, Styles...Workshops? VIII. Problems of Definition of Local and Imported Fabrics of Late Cypriot Ware IX. Canaanite Pottery from Hala Sultan Tekke: Traditional Classification and Micro Colour Analysis (MCA) X. Red Lustrous Wheelmade Ware: A Product of Late Bronze Age Cyprus XI. A Preliminary Investigation of Systems of Ceramic Production and Distribution in Cyprus During the Late Bronze Age XII. Material and Technical Classification of Base Ring Ware: A New Fabric Typology XIII. The Pot Calls the Kettle Reddish Brown (5YR 3/4): Distinguishing among Late Cypriot Monochrome Wares XIV. Handmade Burnished Wares of the Late Bronze Age: Toward a Clearer Classification System XV. Late Bronze Age Grey Wares in Cyprus XVI. Cypriot Bronze Age Pottery and the Aegean XVII. LC IIC to LC IIIA without Intruders: The Case of Alassa-Pano Mandilaris XVIII. A Terminology for the Matte-Painted, Wheelmade Pottery of Late Cypriot IIC-IIIA XIX. Cypriot Pottery of Aegean Type in LC II-III: Problems of Classification, Chronology and Interpretation XX. Proto-White Painted Pottery: A Classification of the Ware XXI. Regional Classification of Cypriot Terra Cottas XXII. Techniques of Village Pottery Production XXIII. Ethnoarchaeological Evidence of Variation in Cypriot Ceramics and Its Implications for the Taxonomy of Ancient Pottery XXIV. The Principles of Cypriot Bronze Age Pottery Classification XXV. Ceramic Variability: Measurement and Meaning Index

Technical classification of the clay mineralogical composition of paddy soils using multivariate analysis in reference to rice production

Abstract Clay mineralogical analysis of paddy soils in Nagasaki Prefecture indicated the presence of smectite, vermiculite, clay mica, chlorite, 2:1 mineral-chlorite intergrade, and kaolin mineral. The application of Q-mode factor analysis to the paddy soils using the contents of 6 minerals in the clay fraction and the clay content of the soil as variables enabled to classify 71 paddy soils into 4 groups including 10 subgroups. Group I (23 soils) was dominated by smectite, group II (14 soils) was high in intergrade or vermiculite followed by kaolin mineral, group III (20 soils) was dominated by kaolin mineral, and group IV (14 soils) was characterized by a low clay content. The groups were correlated with the rice yields of 1982, 1983, 1985, and 1986. A high positive correlation was observed with the year with optimum weather conditions, and the yield generally increased in the order of group IV < III, II < I soils. The yield of the group I soils varied from year to year, depending on the weather conditions, while the yield of the other groups was not appreciably different between the years but varied considerably within the groups. The distribution of the groups in the prefecture was related to the regional differences in rice productivitiy.

A soil technical classification system for Pinus radiata (D. Don) plantations. II. A basis for estimation of crop yield

The Technical Classification is a system for encoding soil attributes according to parent rock; texture profile; depth to and type of impeding layer; texture, condition, and weathering of surface horizons; and nature and colour of the subsoil. The encoded data may then be used as a basis for soil-based silvicultural management decisions, such as prediction of wood yield, fertilizer prescription, thinning schedules, trafficking for off-road equipment, and placement of roads. The objective of this paper is to examine the suitability of the classification as a basis from which to estimate the yield of wood from Pinus radiata plantations. Data were collected from trees and soil profiles on 181 sites in New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria and Tasmania. All but one of the attributes (texture profile) of the Technical Classification were significantly related to wood volume as single factors at the 5% level of significance. The combined effect of soil attributes in explaining the variation in wood volume across the sites was analysed by backward stepwise elimination of variables from a multiple analysis of variance model. When summed, the parameter estimates for each soil attribute gave an estimate of wood volume produced at age 11 years. The model included the attributes: parent rock, soil depth, impeding layer, texture of surface soil, surface condition, and an interaction between texture profile and weathering of surface soil horizons. The attributes subsoil texture and subsoil colour were not significant in explaining the variation in wood volume in the data set under test. The model accounted for 75% of the variation in wood volume. The addition of rainfall did not improve the variation accounted for by the model. By comparison, the Great Soil Group classification accounted for 32% of variation in wood volume. The Factual Key classification at the level of principal profile form accounted for 53% of the variation in wood volume. We conclude that the Technical Classification is suitable as a basis from which to estimate the yield of wood from Pinus radiata plantations.

A soil technical classification system for Pinus radiata (D. Don) plantations. I. Development

A technical classification system for soils of Pinus radiata plantations is presented. The soil attributes used were mainly from published data and classes were established on an a priori basis from information and experience of plantation forestry with this species. The system is designed for field use and does not require laboratory analyses; it uses factors that are not affected by the presence of the forest species; the classes are coded so as to produce data suitable for computerized information systems. The attributes used are parent rock, texture profile, depth to and nature of any impeding layer, texture and condition of the uppermost 10 cm of soil, character of surficial horizons according to paler subsurface or exposed subsoil, and the condition and colour of the subsoil. A parent rock classification has been devised according to soil-forming potential; this reduces rock identification to 12 main classes so as to facilitate field recognition. The classification is aimed at assisting soil-based silvicultural management of P. radiata forests, providing a basis for transferring technology between forests, and at accumulating specific resource information for inclusion in forest management information systems.

Use of a Technical Soil Classification System in Evaluation of Corn and Soybean Response to Deep Tillage

AbstractCrop response to soil management practices is determined in part by soil properties. Soil classification systems provide a readily available measure of soil properties. If information about crop response to soil management practices can be transferred between locations based on soil classification information, this will aid in the adoption of optimum management practices. As a test of the usefulness of soil classification information in transfer of response information, a technical soil classification system was used to evaluate corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) response to deep tillage across a range of soil, climate, and management conditions. Three deep tillage systems—subsoiling under the row, subsoiling under the row plus bedding, and chisel plowing—were compared with a shallow tillage system, disking only, in 16 experiments with corn and 13 with soybeans on North Carolina farms. Soils in the fields were classified according to a technical soil classification system adapted from the Fertility Capability Classification (FCC) system. Response to deep tillage varied significantly among soil groups in the technical classification system. Yield increases due to deep tillage varied by soil group from 36 to 3% with corn, and from 25 to −2% with soybeans. A general recommendation based on results across all soils would have led to nonoptimum choices of tillage practices on half of the soil groups. Response was related to texture and thickness of Ap and E horizons, and texture of Bt horizons. The largest yield increases occurred on soils with sandy Ap and E horizons over loamy Bt horizons. No significant yield responses occurred on soils with loamy Ap horizons overlying clayey Bt horizons. The technical soil classification system was found to have considerable potential as a basis for transfer of tillage response information.

Study on technical classification of Chinese lignites, bituminous coals, and anthracites

We present an account of the background, principles and requirements for the classification of Chinese coals. A great deal of experimental work has been carried out on a wide variety of rich coal resources in China. Studies have been conducted on classification parameters for coals with low, medium or high metamorphic degree. Using correlation, discriminant, and cluster analyses, the technique of optimal sections, etc., a large number of test data were computer-analyzed in order to determine classification parameters of coals by type for coal resources in China. Our result is a comprehensive and standardized system of technical classification of Chinese coals.

The Use of the Library of Congress Classification: Proceedings of the Institute on the Use of the Library of Congress Classification Sponsored by the American Library Association, Resources and Technical Services Division, Cataloging and Classification Section, New York City, July 7-9, 1966. Richard H. Schimmelpfeng, C. Donald Cook

<i>The Use of the Library of Congress Classification: Proceedings of the Institute on the Use of the Library of Congress Classification Sponsored by the American Library Association, Resources and Technical Services Division, Cataloging and Classification Section, New York City, July 7-9, 1966</i>. Richard H. Schimmelpfeng, C. Donald Cook

The all-union scientific research institute of technical information, classification and coding (VNIIKI), in cooperation with the standards press has prepared for subscription a multivolume edition of Foreign Standards Index

The all-union scientific research institute of technical information, classification and coding (VNIIKI), in cooperation with the standards press has prepared for subscription a multivolume edition of Foreign Standards Index

Mooney Viscosity Changes in Freshly Prepared Raw Natural Rubber

Abstract In the course of investigations carried out in connection with the technical classification of natural rubber, large permanent increases of Mooney viscosity of the order of 30 to 40 units have been observed when freshly prepared raw or masticated rubber is stored under conditions of low relative humidity. The rate of change and the extent of the increase are both affected by the relative humidity of storage, and the effects are most pronounced in the region below about 30 per cent relative humidity. The rate of change in dry air increases with decreasing thickness of the sample and with rise of temperature, although these effects are masked somewhat by oxidative breakdown on prolonged storage at temperatures higher than about 30° C. Mooney values continue to increase long after the rubber has reached constant weight on drying; the removal of acetone-soluble and nitrogeneous nonrubber components and of oxygen does not prevent the changes from taking place. The effects are only partially reversed by subsequent storage at high relative humidity, and there is evidence to suggest that the hardening is associated with the development of a cross-linked benzene-insoluble gel structure throughout the rubber.

Vulcanizing Variability of Natural Rubber in Pure-Gum and Carbon Black Compounds

Abstract The history of the ACS 1 compound and its use by natural-rubber producers to assess the variability of plantation sheet and crepe is described. Using modulus at a fixed cure as a criterion of vulcanizing properties, the large variation found in the ACS 1 compound is greatly reduced by the addition of carbon black, but there is good correlation between moduli in the presence and in the absence of black. Detailed results of tests for a range of properties are presented for Red, Yellow, and Blue technically classified rubber in compounds loaded with MPC, HAF, and SRF blacks, and with different accelerators. Some of these properties show a wider range of variation than modulus, and they also indicate that technical classification based on modulus in the ACS 1 compound is justified by the behavior of the black-loaded compounds, both in regard to the level of vulcanizate properties, curing times, and scorch characteristics.

Mooney Viscosity Changes in Freshly Prepared Raw Natural Rubber

Abstract In the course of investigations carried out in connection with the technical classification of natural rubber, large permanent increases in Mooney viscosity of the order of 30 to 40 units have been observed when freshly prepared raw or masticated rubber is stored under conditions of low relative humidity. The rate of change and the extent of the increase are both affected by the relative humidity of storage, the effects being most marked in the region below about 30 per cent relative humidity. Rate of change in dry air increases with decreasing sample thickness and with increasing temperature, although the effects are masked somewhat by oxidative breakdown on prolonged storage at temperatures higher than about 30° C. Mooney values continue to increase long after the rubber has reached constant weight on drying; the removal of acetone soluble and nitrogenous non-rubber components and of oxygen does not prevent the changes taking place. The effects are only partially reversed by subsequent storage at high relative humidity, and there is evidence to suggest that the hardening is associated with the development of a cross-linked benzene-insoluble gel structure throughout the rubber. The rate of mill-breakdown of dry stored rubber is greater than for fresh rubber, but in comparisons using a fixed breakdown procedure, the hardened rubber still has a higher Mooney value after mastication. Rubbers hardened by dry air storage exhibit slightly improved vulcanized properties in a pure-gum mix even after the additional breakdown required to reach normal stock viscosity levels. Fluctuation of temperature and humidity in commercial smokehouses and drying sheds may well account for part of the variability of natural rubber as measured by Mooney viscosity determinations on the freshly prepared product, and different conditions of storage will add a further contribution to the total hardness variation experienced by the consumer.