Technical Cashew Nut Shell Research Articles

Chitosan associated with technical cashew nut shell liquid in supplements for grazing beef steers: nitrogen balance and rumen metabolism

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of the chitosan (CHI) and technical cashew nutshell liquid (CNSLT) on nitrogen metabolism and ruminal fermentation on pasture system. Five steers (5 × 5 Latin square); kept of Marandu grass and supplemented daily by up to 0.4% BW. The experimental diets were: CON (mineral supplement); PRO (protein supplement); CHI supplementation; CNSLT supplementation and CC (CHI + CNSLT supplementation). Animals supplemented with CNSLT showed a reduction of pasture intake. The combination CC increased the intake of supplement. Steers supplemented with the combination of CNSLT, and CHI showed a higher supplement intake. The ruminal pH for the animals that received the combination of CNSLT and CHI, showed the lowest values. CHI decreased rumen acetate concentration, and increased propionate. Animals fed CC had a higher concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and a reduced value for purines. CNSLT increased the excretion of total purines, microbial nitrogen synthesis and crude protein. Animals that received CC showed higher urinary excretion of N compared to the other treatments. The CHI + CNSLT proved to be favourable, with a higher total concentration of SCFA and positive effect on nitrogen balance.

Effect of technical cashew nut shell liquid on growth, physicochemical and fatty acid composition of lamb meat

The cashew nut shell liquid is one natural antioxidant rich in phenolic lipids, and when detoxified (technical CNSL or tCNSL), it can be added as a natural antioxidant and energy source in the diets of ruminants. The tCNSL was added to the lambs' diet replacing ground corn to evaluate its effect on meat quality. A total of 40 Dorper × Santa Inês crossbred male lambs with a mean age of five months and initial body weight of 27.0 ± 0.5 kg were distributed in a randomized blocks design with four treatments [tCNSL inclusion at 0 (control), 0.75; 1.5 % and 2.25 % in dry matter (DM)] with 10 lambs per treatment. The tCNSL showed high (P < 0.05) antioxidant activity. Adding the tCNSL in lamb diet up to 1.5 % of DM improved the DMI, energy intake and growth performance of the lambs (P ≤ 0.05). The redness coloration and saturation index, the concentrations of vaccenic acid and the sum of trans-fatty acids of the meat increased linearly (P ≤ 0.05) by tCNSL inclusion in lamb diets. The lamb meat concentrations of oleic and rumenic acid ∑MUFAcis and ∑MUFA/∑SFA ratio reduced linearly (P ≤ 0.05), and hypocholesterolemic and hypercolesterolemic (h: H) ratio tended to be linearly reduced (P ≤ 0.10) due tCNSL diets inclusion. The inclusion of tCNSL in lamb diets did not affect (P > 0.05) the total fatty acids intake, feeding efficiency, meat quality parameters, such as pH, cooking loss, color indexes lightness (L*) and yellowness (b*), water holding capacity (WHC) and shear force (WBSF) and chemical composition (moisture, dry matter and crude ash). The tCNSL feed supplements are an alternative to synthetic additives in the lamb diet. Dietary tCNSL supplementation at 0.75 % in the diet of lambs, replacing ground corn, improves DMI, energy intake, performance, and meat coloration. In addition, the inclusion of the tCNSL changes the profile of fatty acids in meat because it increases vaccenic acid and consequently ∑MUFAtrans, and reduces ∑MUFAcis, h:H index and ∑MUFA of meat of the lamb.

Superhydrophobic Mn(II)-coordinated technical cashew nut shell liquid-based bactericidal and corrosion-resistant advanced polyurethane coatings

A facile route has been reported to formulate mesoporous and covalently tethered superhydrophobic (160°) metal (Mn(II)) coordinated bio-polyurethane (PU) films/coatings. Technical cashew nut shell liquid-Formaldehyde (TCNSL-F) pre-polymer was used to prepare three different metal-coordinated polyurethane {Mn(II)TCNSL-F-PU20/25/30} films/coatings by using toluene diisocyanate (TDI) (20 %, 25 %, and 30 % w.r.t. polyol) as chain extender. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analyzes the chemical structures and changes in functional groups (-OH, >CO, -NCO), while X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns reveal the amorphous nature of these films. The coordination with metal ions improves the chemical resistance, swelling ability (pH 4, 7.4, and 10), physicomechanical properties (scratch resistance (2.2 lb), impact resistance (150 lb/in.), bending (1/8 in.), adhesion, and gloss (98 GU) of the final coatings. Thermogravimetric analysis and its derivative (TGA and DTA) demonstrate the relatively high thermal stability (up to 200 ℃) and flame retardancy with a limited oxygen index value of 27.58. Optical microscopy, field emission scanning electron (FE-SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images confirm the development of a well-patterned spherical nanostructure within the resin. The N2 adsorption/desorption studies reveal that Mn(II)TCNSL-F-PU25 has a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area of 340.783 m2/g with a 3–3.2 nm pore diameter. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) demonstrates (3.5 wt% NaCl solution) a superior anticorrosion performance, protective capabilities, and compactness to a metal-coordinated substrate. The high impedance, solvent resistance, and low capacitance of coatings support the potential protective capabilities of the coating for the given immersion times. In addition, antibacterial activity ascertains the inhibition ability of the coordinated films against various bacterial strains i.e., E. coli, S. aureus, K. pneumonia, and B. subtilis. The formulated Mn(II)-coordinated PU has potential to become multi-functional surface-protective material.

Epoxy-free polyphenalkamine one-pack sustainable coating from technical cashew nut shell liquid: fabrication and electrochemical studies for anti-corrosive applications

Phenalkamines (PhAA) are commonly used as curing agents for epoxies and polyureas. This study reports the polymerization and crosslinking of virgin PhAA resin and its conversion to anti-corrosive coatings for commonly used mild steel substrate. In this work polyphenalkamine (PolyPhAA) resin was prepared in four different ratios via., one-step reaction between technical cashew nut shell liquid, aldehyde, and amine through an environment-friendly route without any catalyst. The coating properties were compared with trivial PhAA-cured-epoxy coatings. Standard spectral techniques were performed to confirm the formulation of PolyPhAA. X-Ray diffractionand scanning electron microscopy confirmed the amorphous behavior and nano-roughness of the coating surface. PolyPhAA2 (with 1:2:1) coatings depicted excellent hydrolytic stability up to 16 h, anti-icing ability (−15 to −18 °C for 24 h) and strong adhesion with the substrate. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and open circuit potential measurements revealed the formation of stable, well-adhered coating with a uniform impedance value in 106 Hz range, throughout the 40 days of immersion studies. Apart from expressing excellent corrosion protection ability, PolyPhAA2 coating showed high reflectiveness, hydrophobic character (contact angle 120°–135°), mechanical robustness, thermal stability (>300 °C), and chemically resistance. The in-expensive, sustainable, environment-friendly, and non-toxic one pack coatings could be an alternative to petroleum-based two-pack epoxy coatings in various engineering applications.

The Mobility of the Cap Domain Is Essential for the Substrate Promiscuity of a Family IV Esterase from Sorghum Rhizosphere Microbiome

Metagenomics offers the possibility to screen for versatile biocatalysts. In this study, the microbial community of the Sorghum bicolor rhizosphere was spiked with technical cashew nut shell liquid, and after incubation, the environmental DNA (eDNA) was extracted and subsequently used to build a metagenomic library. We report the biochemical features and crystal structure of a novel esterase from the family IV, EH0, retrieved from an uncultured sphingomonad after a functional screen in tributyrin agar plates. EH0 (optimum temperature [Topt], 50°C; melting temperature [Tm], 55.7°C; optimum pH [pHopt], 9.5) was stable in the presence of 10 to 20% (vol/vol) organic solvents and exhibited hydrolytic activity against p-nitrophenyl esters from acetate to palmitate, preferably butyrate (496 U mg-1), and a large battery of 69 structurally different esters (up to 30.2 U mg-1), including bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-terephthalate (0.16 ± 0.06 U mg-1). This broad substrate specificity contrasts with the fact that EH0 showed a long and narrow catalytic tunnel, whose access appears to be hindered by a tight folding of its cap domain. We propose that this cap domain is a highly flexible structure whose opening is mediated by unique structural elements, one of which is the presence of two contiguous proline residues likely acting as possible hinges, which together allow for the entrance of the substrates. Therefore, this work provides a new role for the cap domain, which until now was thought to be an immobile element that contained hydrophobic patches involved in substrate prerecognition and in turn substrate specificity within family IV esterases. IMPORTANCE A better understanding of structure-function relationships of enzymes allows revelation of key structural motifs or elements. Here, we studied the structural basis of the substrate promiscuity of EH0, a family IV esterase, isolated from a sample of the Sorghum bicolor rhizosphere microbiome exposed to technical cashew nut shell liquid. The analysis of EH0 revealed the potential of the sorghum rhizosphere microbiome as a source of enzymes with interesting properties, such as pH and solvent tolerance and remarkably broad substrate promiscuity. Its structure resembled those of homologous proteins from mesophilic Parvibaculum and Erythrobacter spp. and hyperthermophilic Pyrobaculum and Sulfolobus spp. and had a very narrow, single-entry access tunnel to the active site, with access controlled by a capping domain that includes a number of nonconserved proline residues. These structural markers, distinct from those of other substrate-promiscuous esterases, can help in tuning substrate profiles beyond tunnel and active site engineering.

Density Functional Theory Study of the Molecular Interaction between Selective Phenolic Compounds and Glycerol-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents

In this work, the global scalar properties, including the highest occupied orbital energy (HOMO), lowest unoccupied orbital energy (LUMO), global softness (S), hardness (η), electronegativity (χ), and electrophilicity index (ω) of the different salts of choline chloride [CHCL], tetra butyl ammonium bromide [TBAB], tetra methyl ammonium chloride [TMAC], tetra butyl phosphonium bromide [TBPB], tetra butyl ammonium chloride [TBAC] with glycerol [GLY], and these different combinations of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) with cardanol, were predicted using density functional theory in Gaussian 03 software (DFT theory). Furthermore, the sigma profile and sigma potential of all the studied DESs, technical cashew nut shell liquid (Tech.CNSL), natural cashew nut shell liquid (Natural.CNSL), and their phenolic compounds such as anacardic acid, cardanol, cardol, and 2-methyl cardol were generated using COSMO-RS model in COSMOThermX software in order to understand the molecular behavior of different salt combinations with glycerol for the removal of phenolic compounds from their mixtures in CNSL without affecting the individual compound structural configuration at the molecular level. Finally, the best DES was screened for the removal of selective phenolic compounds of cardanol from CNSL via the DES-based extraction process.

Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles for Cardanol-Sustained Delivery System.

Cardanol, principal constituent of the technical cashew nut shell liquid, has applications as antioxidant and antibacterial, and these properties may be enhanced through encapsulation. In the present study, we isolated and purified cardanol, and nanoparticles (NPs) were produced by polyelectrolyte complexation using polysaccharide systems with chitosan, sodium alginate, and non-toxic Arabic gum, because they are biocompatible, biodegradable, and stable. We characterized the NPs for morphological, physicochemical, and antioxidant activity. The micrographs obtained revealed spherical and nanometric morphology, with 70% of the distribution ranging from 34 to 300 nm, presenting a bimodal distribution. The study of the spectra in the infrared region suggested the existence of physicochemical interactions and cross-links between the biopolymers involved in the encapsulated NPs. Furthermore, the NPs showed better antioxidant potential when compared to pure cardanol. Thus, the encapsulation of cardanol may be an effective method to maintain its properties, promote better protection of the active ingredient, minimize side effects, and can target its activities in specific locations, by inhibiting free radicals in various sectors such as pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and biomedical.

Chitosan combined with technical cashew nut shell liquid improves in vitro ruminal parameters and gas production kinetics

The objective was to evaluate the inclusion of chitosan (CHI) and technical cashew nut shell liquid (CNSLt) as natural feed additives in cattle diets on nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and in vitro gas production kinetics. We conducted a completely randomized design with 5×4 factorial arrangement, with 20, 35, 50, 65, and 100% Tifton 85 hay and four additives, monensin (200 mg/kg DM), CNSLt (500 mg/kg DM), CHI (500 mg/kg DM), and CNSLt+CHI (500 mg/kg DM/each). Dry matter (DM) and [...]

Self-emulsifiable Bioactive Derivatives of Technical Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (tCNSL) Developed to Control Aedes aegypti Populations

Self-emulsifiable Bioactive Derivatives of Technical Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (tCNSL) Developed to Control Aedes aegypti Populations

Cashew nut shell liquids: Antimicrobial compounds in prevention and control of the oral biofilms

ObjectiveThe aim was to evaluate the antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of natural (n-CNSL) and technical (t-CNSL) cashew nut shell liquid against streptococci and enterococci related to dental caries and chronic apical periodontitis, respectively. Material and methodsMinimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined to assess the antimicrobial effect of both CNSLs (n-CSNL and t-CNSL) against S. oralis ATCC 10557, S. sobrinus ATCC 6715, S. parasanguinis ATCC 903, S. mutans UA 159 and E. faecalis ATCC 19433. The antibiofilm activity was evaluated by total biomass quantification, colony forming unit (CFU) counting and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, cytotoxic effect of the substances was evaluated on L929 and HaCat cell lines by MTS assay. ResultsThe n-CNSL and t-CNSL showed inhibitory and bactericidal effect against all strains tested in this study, with MIC and MBC values ranging from 1.5 to 25 μg/mL. Overall, both CNSLs showed significant reduction in biomass quantification and enumeration of biofilm-entrapped cells for the strains analyzed, in biofilm formation and preformed biofilms (p < 0.05). In biofilm inhibition assay, the t-CNSL and n-CNSL showed reduction in biomass and CFU number for all bacteria, except in cell viability of S. parasanguinis treated with t-CNSL (p > 0.05). Indeed, SEM images showed a reduction in the amount of biomass, bacterial cells and changes in cellular morphology of S. mutans. ConclusionIn conclusion, both substances showed effective antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against the strains used in the study, except in viability of S. parasanguinis cells treated with t-CNSL.

Sulphonates' mixtures and emulsions obtained from technical cashew nut shell liquid and cardanol for control of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).

Aedes aegypti is the main mosquito vector of dengue, zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever diseases. The low effectiveness of vector control options is mainly related to the increased insect's resistance and to the toxicity of products used for non-target organisms. The development of new environmentally friendly and safer products is imperative. Technical cashew nut shell liquid (tCNSL), mostly composed by cardanol (C), is an abundant by-product of the cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) production chain, available at low cost, and with proven larvicidal activity. However, chemical modifications in both tCNSL and cardanol were required to increase their water solubilities. Our objectives were to synthesise and characterise sustainable, low-cost and easy-to-use multiple function products based on tCNSL, cardanol, and the sulphonates obtained from both; and to evaluate all these products efficacy as surfactants, larvicidal, and antimicrobial agents. None of the sulphonates presented antimicrobial and larvicidal activities. tCNSL and cardanol were successfully emulsified with sodium technical cashew nut shell liquid sulphonate (NatCNSLS, complex mixture of surfactants). The emulsions obtained presented larvicidal activity due to the presence of tCNSL and cardanol in their composition. Our results showed that the tCNSL+NatCNSLS mixture emulsion was an effective larvicide and surfactant multiple function product, with high availability and easy-to-use, which can facilitate its large-scale use in different environments. Graphical abstract.

Characterization and application of a selective coating for solar collectors from of the cashew nut shell liquid

Solar energy is the most promising energy source, due to its great availability and applicability in thermal energy applications. However, researchers still experience technological and economical challenge, since many systems that use this energy still have low efficiency and high cost. In this way, the development of new materials and technologies to increase the efficiency of solar thermal collectors is both a challenge and a necessity. In this context, the objective of this work is to obtain and analyze selective surfaces for solar thermal collectors, using cashew nut shell liquid. The cashew nut shell liquid can be classified as technical or natural, depending on the mode of extraction of cashew liquid. An experimental bench was built to simulate a flat plate solar collector under real operating conditions. For comparative purposes, the tests were performed between the cashew nut shell liquid and the commercial surface (MRTiNOX). In order to verify the structure morphology and the chemical composition of the surface, analyzes were performed by scanning electron microscopy. In order to identify the presence of components after the sintering process, the infrared analysis technique was used. To analyze the surface absorbance, the ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy absorbance technique was used. With the tests in real conditions, it was possible to perform the temperature measurements, and later, with the energy balance, the absorptivity, emissivity, and efficiency were calculated. The technical cashew nut shell liquid presented efficiency of 42.86%, while the MRTiNOX, 41.8%. In contrast, natural cashew nut shell liquid obtained efficiency of 31.28%. Thus, the use of technical cashew nut shell liquid, a low-cost regional product, was presented as a viable and satisfactory solution for cost reduction in solar thermal collectors.

Technical cashew nut shell liquid associated with non-protein nitrogen sources in high-grain diets for ruminants: intake and digestibility of nutrients, ruminal fermentation, and microbial protein synthesis

This study aimed to evaluate the association of technical cashew nut shell liquid (tCNSL) and two sources of non-protein nitrogen (NPN), dry matter intake (DMI), the partial and total apparent digestibility coefficient of nutrients, ruminal fermentation, microbial synthesis, and blood characteristics. Four Holstein steers (438 kg ± 17.14 kg) fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannula were used. Diets had (in DM basis) 135 g kg?1 of crude protein and 746 g kg?1 of total digestive nutrients. The roughage to concentrate ratio was 30:70. The experimental design was a 4 x 4 Latin square with 14-day experimental periods. The non-protein nitrogen sources used were livestock urea (U) and slow-release urea (SRU) (Optigen® II). The treatments consisted of diets containing U or SRU associated or not with tCNSL. The tCNSL was added to the diet in a proportion of 300 mg kg?1 of concentrate. DMI and ruminal, intestinal and total apparent digestibility coefficients of nutrients were not affected by experimental diets. The association of sources of NPN and tCNSL did not affect pH, ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N), plasma urea nitrogen (PUN), and microbial synthesis of animals consuming high-grain diets.

Chemical transformations in technical cashew nut shell liquid and isolated mixture of cardanols, evaluation of the antioxidant activity and thermal stability of the products for use in pure biodiesel

Biodiesel demand is increasing all over the world. The maintenance of oxidative stability is extremely important to biodiesel market, from the point of view of the quality of the fuel as the economic amount involved. In the present work, we synthesized new antioxidant candidates for biodiesel from chemical transformations in alkyl phenols present in technical cashew nut shell liquid (t-CNSL) and, more specifically, in cardanols isolated from t-CNSL. This raw material is viable, easy accessed and low cost. Five chemical transformations were performed in both t-CNSL and cardanols with yields from 50% to 92%. The starting materials and their respective derivatives were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and IR. Antioxidant activity and thermal stability of the products were evaluated. The induction period for pure biodiesel was 6.35 h and the addition of 0.5% (w/w) of cardanols increased to 7.37 h. Two products presented excellent antioxidant activity, epoxidized cardanols (4) and hydrolyzed cardanols (6). They increased the induction period to 15.05 h and 18.62 h, respectively. The oxygenated derivatives also showed better thermal stability than the starting materials.

Characterising Technical Cashew Nut Shell Liquid using Maldi-ToF MS

Background: Various techniques have been applied for detecting anacardic acid, cardanol, cardol, and 2-methylcardol and their degrees of unsaturation in a complex mixture of a highly corrosive cashew nut shell liquid found in the cashew (anacardium occidentale) nut shells. However, very little has been reported on the applicability of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the same. The aim of this paper is to report the application of this technique for identifying those components in technical cashew nut shell liquid obtained by a hot-roasting process. Methods: The cashew nut shell liquid analyte was diluted in acetone before adding a matrix of 2,5- dihydroxybenzoic acid, which contained acetone in a volumetric ratio of 1:2. This was followed by doping the analyte with either sodium or silver trifluoroacetate. Results: The mass spectra obtained by both sodium trifluoroacetate and silver trifluoroacetate dopants revealed existence of well-resolved peaks ascribed to cardanol and cardol in the analyte. It was further observed that the peaks corresponding to 2-methyl cardol and anacardic acid in the analyte could only be detected by using sodium trifluoroacetate dopant. The results have further revealed the possibility of the material to contain traces of other components between 0.3 and 23%. Peaks associated with those components may have been overlapped with peaks ascribed to the phenolic components. Conclusion: The results therefore suggest that this technique may be applicable for characterising the composition of technical cashew nut shell liquids when proper sample preparation is done and appropriate solvents, dopants and matrices are used. Keywords: Anacardic acid, cardanol, cardol, 2-methyl cardol, Maldi-ToF, saturation.

Aumento das doses dietéticas de líquido de casca de castanha de caju na digestibilidade ruminal e intestinal de nutrientes em novilhos alimentados com uma dieta rica em grãos

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da inclusão do líquido da casca da castanha de caju (LCCt) na dieta de bovinos alimentados com dietas ricas em grão, sobre a ingestão e o coeficiente de digestibilidade ruminal e total dos nutrientes; as características de fermentação ruminal, eficiência de síntese microbiana no rúmen e parâmetro sanguíneo, através do nitrogênio ureico plasmático. Foram utilizados quatro novilhos da raça Holandesa (445 ± 23,39 kg de peso vivo) providos de cânula ruminal e duodenal, recebendo uma dieta com 144 g kg-1 de proteína bruta e 799 g kg-1 de nutrientes digestíveis totais, com uma relação volumoso:concentrado de 15:85. O delineamento experimental foi o quadrado latino 4 x 4 com 10 dias de períodos experimentais. As dietas foram compostas de 0, 300, 600 e 1200 mg de LCCt na matéria seca (MS) do concentrado. A ingestão e os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente total dos nutrientes, com base na MS, não foram influenciados pela inclusão de LCCt na dieta. O coeficiente de digestibilidade ruminal (CDR) do extrato etéreo apresentou resposta quadrática, em que os animais que consumiram 0 e 300 mg LCCt d-1 apresentaram menores valores de CDR. O uso do LCCt não influenciou o nitrogênio amoniacal no rúmen, o nitrogênio ureico plasmático e a eficiência de síntese microbiana. No entanto, houve tendência de maior pH ruminal quando os animais consumiram o LCCt.

Cashew tree wood flour activated with cashew nut shell liquid for the production of functionalized composites

This work is aimed at the one-step chemical modification of the surface of cashew wood flour particles using the technical grade cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL). The goal is to develop an alternative way to introduce chemically active sites on the surface of the particles, which allows the addition of new functionalities to such particles. The influence of time and temperature and catalyst on the substitution of lignocellulosic hydroxyls with cardanol/cardol urethane derivatives was evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and contact angle measurements. The mechanical behavior of the modified particles in polypropylene composites was also evaluated by mechanical testing and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. The FTIR, thermogravimetry, and contact angle results indicated changes on the particle surface, and the mechanical and thermomechanical behavior of the mercerized and modified particles in the composites was found to be similar. These results point that the CNSL approach is a viable way to chemically modify cashew wood flour particle surfaces, while maintaining their properties.

English

Anacardium occidentale L. is a tree native to Brazil, which is rich in phenolic lipids. Nowadays, the cashew bark (Cashew Nut Shell Liquid) has received great attention in the pharmaceutical industry, due to its economy, abundance and important chemical compounds. Net of cashew nut shell is classified according to the method of production of: (1) net of the shell of natural cashew nut (60-65% anacardic acid; 15-20% cardol and 10% of cardanol) and (2) liquid from the technical cashew nut shell (60-65% of cardanol, 15-20% cardol and 10% of polymeric material). This work aims to report the pharmacological properties of liquids from cashew nut shells. Results suggest that both liquids have antifungal, antibacterial, antiparasitic, anti-tumor, antiulcerogenic, molluscicides, antimutagenic and antioxidant activities. Natural cashew nut liquid is non-genotoxic, whereas technical liquid is genotoxic in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, although there is no evidence of their mutagenic effects on eukaryotic cells. In conclusion, the excellent antioxidant and non-mutagenic activities of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL)&nbsp; provide opportunities for CNSL in the cosmetic and/or pharmaceutical industries, but continuous study is needed to allow safe and efficacious preparations. &nbsp; Key words: Cashew liquid, cosmetics, pharmacological, pharmaceutical, preparation.

The impact of technical cashew nut shell liquid on thermally-induced trans isomers in edible oils.

The effects of technical cashew nut shell liquid (TCNSL) on the trans isomerization of edible oils during heating are investigated. Edible oils were subjected to thermal treatment at various heating times and temperatures. Our results show that the addition of TCNSL to edible oils at the appropriate concentration during heating suppresses trans fatty acid formation and induces formation of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers. A concentration of 0.2% TCNSL demonstrates the best ability to inhibit formation of trans-oleic acid, trans-linoleic acid, and trans-linolenic acid isomers as well as increase the formation of 9 t,11 t-CLA and 10 t,12 t-CLA isomers. Our analysis indicates that the presence of 0.2% TCNSL in corn oil does not significantly reduce the acid value, but may significantly lower the peroxide value. TCNSL is also observed to have better function compared to Vitamin E (VE) and tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), indicating that it may be considered an effective additive in edible oils.

Effect of technical cashew nut shell liquid on rumen methane emission and lactation performance of dairy cows

Technical-grade cashew nut shell liquid (TCNSL) is a by-product of the cashew nut industry in tropical countries, and is known to exhibit a wide range of biological activities, including inhibitory effect against gram-positive bacteria. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of TCNSL (73.3% cardanol, 16.4% cardol, and 3.0% methylcardol) on rumen methane emission, nutrient digestibility, dry matter intake, and milk yield and composition in dairy cows. Eight multiparous Holstein cows were used in a crossover design trial with two 21-d experimental periods. The diet was based on corn silage and alfalfa haylage and was formulated to meet or exceed the energy and metabolizable protein requirements of the cows. Treatments were control (no TCNSL supplementation) or 30g/cow per day of TCNSL. Rumen carbon dioxide emission was not affected by TCNSL. Treatment had no effect on methane emission (542 vs. 511±35.3g/cow per day, respectively) and methane emission intensity (15.0 vs. 13.9±0.58g/kg of energy-corrected milk, respectively) and tended to decrease methane emission per kilogram of dry matter intake (20.2 vs. 18.6±1.04g/kg, respectively). Dry matter intake (average 26.9±1.00kg/d), milk yield (40.0±1.73kg/d), and milk composition were not different between treatments. The TCNSL had no effect on N losses in urine and feces and total-tract apparent digestibility of nutrients, except digestibility of neutral detergent fiber tended to be increased compared with the control. Plasma urea and glucose concentrations were not affected by TCNSL. Concentration of milk C18:0 tended to be decreased (17%) by TCNSL compared with the control. In this study, TCNSL did not alter absolute methane emission in the rumen, but tended to decrease it by 8% per kilogram of dry matter intake. The TCNSL had no effect on milk yield and composition in dairy cows.