Technical Aspects Research Articles

Optimal Deployment of DGs, DSTATCOMs and EVCSs in Distribution System using Multi-Objective Artificial Hummingbird Optimization

Distribution systems have a lot of obstacles to deal with, like increasing load demands, environmental issues, operating limits, and infrastructure development limitations. On the other hand, the number of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) has grown significantly in recent years and is likely to continue due to concerns over the environment and fossil fuel shortages. Due to the increasing use of PHEVs, distribution systems were not built to accept them, requiring planners to create parking lots that support PHEV charging. To address these issues, in this study, optimal planning of distributed generation (DG) and electric vehicle charging stations (EVCS) in radial distribution systems by the maiden application of a novel Pareto-based multi-objective artificial hummingbird optimization (MOAHO) algorithm is addressed. Three technical aspects of the distribution system are improved by optimal planning of various types of DGs and EVCSs: active power loss reduction, total voltage deviation minimization, and voltage stability improvement. The Pareto-based MOAHO is employed to generate the optimal front between the three competing objectives and later TOPSIS method is employed for selecting the most compromised solution from the optimal front. The proposed methodology is tested on IEEE-33, IEEE-69 bus radial distribution test systems. To validate the efficacy of the MOAHO algorithm, the simulation outcomes of the proposed methodology are generated using a multi-objective non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA2), particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO), grey wolf optimization algorithm (GWO) and compared with the outcomes of the MOAHO algorithm.

Cardiac Surgery 2023 Reviewed.

We reviewed the cardiac surgical literature for 2023. PubMed displayed almost 34,000 hits for the search term "cardiac surgery AND 2023." We used a PRISMA approach for a results-oriented summary. Key manuscripts addressed the mid- and long-term effects of invasive treatment options in patient populations with coronary artery disease (CAD), comparing interventional therapy (percutaneous coronary intervention [PCI]) with surgery (coronary artery bypass graft [CABG]). The literature in 2023 again confirmed the excellent long-term outcomes of CABG compared with PCI in patients with left main stenosis, specifically in anatomically complex chronic CAD, but even in elderly patients, generating further support for an infarct-preventative effect as a prognostic mechanism of CABG. For aortic stenosis, a previous trend of an early advantage for transcatheter (transcatheter aortic valve implantation [TAVI]) and a later advantage for surgical (surgical aortic valve replacement) treatment was also re-confirmed by many studies. Only the Evolut Low Risk trial maintained an early advantage of TAVI over 4 years. In the mitral and tricuspid field, the number of interventional publications increased tremendously. A pattern emerges that clinical benefits are associated with repair quality, making residual regurgitation not irrelevant. While surgery is more invasive, it currently generates the highest repair rates and longest durability. For terminal heart failure treatment, donor pool expansion for transplantation and reducing adverse events in assist device therapy were issues in 2023. Finally, the aortic diameter related to adverse events and technical aspects of surgery dominated in aortic surgery. This article summarizes publications perceived as important by us. It cannot be complete nor free of individual interpretation, but provides up-to-date information for patient-specific decision-making.

Evaluating the feasibility of direct contact membrane distillation and nanofiltration in ground water treatment through a techno-economic analysis

This study delves into the realm of water treatment by conducting a comprehensive techno-economic evaluation of direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) and nanofiltration (NF) processes. While previous research has explored the technical aspects of membrane distillation (MD) and nanofiltration, there remains a notable gap in economic analyses. Our research aims to bridge this gap by assessing the financial feasibility of employing MD and NF technologies for water desalination. Specifically, we scrutinize the performance of hydrophobic microporous flat sheet membranes crafted from polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) supported by non-woven polypropylene (PP) in desalinating brackish water through DCMD and NF processes. By varying operating conditions such as flow rate and feed temperature, we evaluate the membrane's efficacy. Employing an analytical model based on heat and mass transfer equations, we predict process performance across diverse scenarios. Our model demonstrates a high level of accuracy, with flux predictions deviating by less than 10% when utilizing the Knudsen-molecular mechanism model. Furthermore, through a detailed design and economic analysis of industrial-scale units for both processes, we reveal that the cost of permeated water is lower with NF compared to DCMD. Specifically, our calculations indicate a water cost of 1.34 USD/m3 for DCMD at a feed temperature of 65 °C with an 80% recovery rate, positioning it as a competitive option among conventional desalination methods. Notably, our financial assessment highlights that steam cost constitutes the primary expense in DCMD operations, contingent upon heating value and fuel prices. Noteworthy findings suggest that natural gas emerges as the most cost-effective fuel for steam production in a DCMD plant. This study underscores the economic viability and potential cost efficiencies associated with NF over DCMD in water treatment applications.

Me, us and IT

The adoption and pedagogical use of technologies such as virtual worlds to support teaching and learning, and research in higher education involves a complex interplay of technical, organisational and personal factors. In this paper, eighteen educators and researchers provide an overview of how they perceive a virtual world can be used in education from the perspective of themselves as individuals ‘me’, their educational organisations and as members of the Australian and New Zealand Virtual Worlds Working Group (VWWG) community of practice ‘us’, as well as the complex technology that underpins this learning environment ‘IT’. Drawing on Linstone’s (1981, 1984) Technical, Organisational and Personal (TOP) multiple perspective concept as the framework for analysis, the authors discuss their perspectives of how the personal, organisational and technical aspects of teaching through the use of virtual worlds have impacted on their teaching and research in higher education. The potential of employing the TOP framework to inform future research into the use of technologies such as virtual worlds in teaching and learning is explored.

Mining Heritage Reuse Risks: A Systematic Review

Mining heritage reuse refers to the practice of repurposing former mining sites and their associated structures, landscapes, and communities for new uses, which plays a critical role in the green transformation of countries that are heavily reliant on mining resources. Nonetheless, repurposing closed mining sites comes with its own set of risks. Given these complexities, conducting a comprehensive risk analysis is imperative. Adhering to the PRISMA guidelines, this study established a systematic review for assessing risks in mining heritage reuse. We meticulously screened literature from Web of Science (WoS), Engineer Village (EI), and Wiley, ultimately focusing on 12 pertinent articles. Our findings categorize the repurposing of mining heritage into six distinct sectors: renewable energy, agriculture, residential developments, tourism, forestry, and underground laboratories. Analysis of the extant literature reveals a predominant focus on the environmental and technical aspects of risks, with less attention paid to the social dimensions of risks. A key contribution of this review is the introduction of the Public–Private Partnership (PPP) model and a multi-hazard approach to examining risks associated with mining heritage reuse. Consequently, future research on the risks of repurposing mining heritage is recommended to incorporate assessments of social-level risks and the interplay among various risk factors.

Perspective on the human dimension in energy modelling: Structural analysis

The complex and diffuse nature of the human dimension makes it difficult to identify and integrate into energy modelling. The human dimension concept in energy modelling has resulted in a broad spectrum with different nuances and meanings that have been used interchangeably, which could lead to misperceptions and misunderstandings. This study combines a set of methodologies to reflect aspects of the human dimension in energy modelling systematically. The selected methods include structural analysis, word clouds and co-occurrence networks based on bibliometric information. Recent research efforts have centred on identifying and characterising the factors of the human dimension. As a result, the human dimension in energy modelling is conceptualised by variables that encompass instead of having a comprehensive framework. The more closed concept to the human dimension in energy modelling is development; together with the current state around demand, they can serve as a reference framework or a bridge to integrating variables of the human dimension with the technical and financial aspects of recent energy models.

Synthesis of the European ALARA network 20th workshop ‘ALARA for interventional radiology and nuclear medicine’

The European as low as reasonably achievable(ALARA) network regularly organises workshops on topical issues in radiation protection (RP). The topic of the 20th workshop was: ‘ALARA for interventional radiology (IR) and nuclear medicine (NM)’. The objective was to examine the challenges faced when applying the optimisation principle (ALARA) in IR and NM and to consider how ALARA could be better implemented for patient and staff exposures. This memorandum provides a synthesis of the workshop sessions, and recommendations coming from the working groups discussion. Parallels are drawn with the recommendations arising from the 13th EAN workshop on ‘ALARA and the medical sector (2011)’ to consider how the optimisation challenges in IR and NM have evolved over the past decade. Current levels of exposure are presented along with operational practice and the challenges and opportunities for improvement, both in monitoring and practice. Whilst RP challenges remain, the application of ALARA appears more established in IR compared with experiences reported in 2011. The application of ALARA to emerging technologies in the NM setting is in need of further development to ensure that RP is considered at all stages in the development process of new radiopharmaceuticals. Besides the obvious technical and operational aspects, the importance of education and training, human factors and broadly the RP ‘culture’ were deemed fundamental to the success of the application of ALARA and where further emphasis is needed. All concerned parties, medical physics experts (MPEs), radiation protection experts, clinical staff, manufacturers and regulators have a role to play in the application of ALARA and this is discussed in the memorandum. Many of the recommendations from the 13th EAN workshop remain applicable today and overlap with the recommendations arising from the 20th workshop. This should prompt attention given that the use of IR and the development of novel radiopharmaceuticals for NM is only anticipated to increase with time.

Empowering Art and Design Education via a Flexible Curriculum

This concept paper explores the need to apply a more flexible and personalized curriculum approach in art and design education. This approach aims to foster student creativity, empower learning freedom, and focus on the uniqueness of individual students. Literature highlights reveal several weaknesses in the conventional curriculum such as flexibility, emphasis on technical aspects, and a lack of interdisciplinary. Reforms in art education need to emphasize the integration of other disciplines, technology, and creative elements in the learning approach. A rigid curriculum structure can hinder the development of creativity and innovation. Therefore, students need more space to explore alternative and creative approaches in learning art and design. Self-directed learning has a huge positive impact on creative thinking and problemsolving skills, gives students the freedom to pursue their interests and inclinations, improves resilience, and encourages innovative thinking. A balance between student autonomy and educational goals is important. Students need to understand the learning objectives and be given the opportunity to choose a project that interests them. Formative assessment, a supportive learning environment, and collaboration between students are essential in achieving this balance. Taking into account the above recommendations, art and design education can become more dynamic, relevant, and can foster creativity and innovation among students. This is important in facing the era of advancing globalization and rapid digitalization. Therefore, a more flexible and student-centered curriculum approach is a positive step in advancing art and design education. Keywords: art education, flexible curriculum, student creativity, self-learning and educational innovation

PETRAS: a socio-technical framework for Internet of Things research and development

This paper presents a case application of a socio-technical framework for Internet of Things (IoT) research and development in the United Kingdom. Applying a socio-technical system approach to IoT, this paper seeks to provide a clear understanding of the interplay between technical and non-technical aspects of IoT research and development. It describes the socio-technical requirements for IoT design and development and provides the current snapshot of research in the United Kingdom to meet these requirements. Finally, the paper provides useful information on how to conceptualize IoT research within human-centered contexts and a useful guide for centre design and evaluation to those developing new research centres or seeking to reinvigorate existing ones.

Assessment of organizational factors affecting utilization of Monitoring and Evaluation results in delivering government programs: A case of Ministry of Education and Sports (MoES), Uganda

The field of Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) is often restricted to the technical aspects of conducting M&E. However, it is increasingly being acknowledged that organizational factors of entities are regularly more influential as far as mainstreaming the adoption and utilization of M&E is concerned. This study sought to assess the organizational factors affecting utilization of M&E results, specifically by analyzing how information availability, information processing skills and organizational culture affect utilization of M&E results in MoES. The study methodology entailed grounded theory and quantitative research methods and covered a sample of 191 respondents. The study’s key findings, among others, include: M&E information is often stored as manual paper records which subjects the information to wastage through poor handling and physical deterioration; and, poorly presented M&E results have a negative effect on their utilization. The study generated a number of recommendations, which inter alia include MoES should: design and implement a mind–set change programme for all staff of the Ministry to embracing and utilize of M&E results; design and implement regular capacity building and retooling programmes for all staff involved in the generation and utilization of M&E results; and, migrate its M&E records and management procedures from paper–based systems to digital systems. The study's conclusions inform various government MDAs about the relevance of using M&E results for planning, budgeting, and policy making. The study findings will enable MoES appreciate the need for installation of appropriate information management systems necessary for improved uptake of M&E results utilization. The study suggests a number of areas for further investigation, such as, examining the influence of political direction and choices on the application and usefulness of M&E results in government organizations, and analyzing the impact of information dissemination on demand and utilization of M&E results in Government agencies.

The Development of the Municipal Registry of People with Diabetes in Porto Alegre, Brazil.

Background/Objective: Diabetes registries that enhance surveillance and improve medical care are uncommon in low- and middle-income countries, where most of the diabetes burden lies. We aimed to describe the methodological and technical aspects adopted in the development of a municipal registry of people with diabetes using local and national Brazilian National Health System databases. Methods: We obtained data between July 2018 and June 2021 based on eight databases covering primary care, specialty and emergency consultations, medication dispensing, outpatient exam management, hospitalizations, and deaths. We identified diabetes using the International Classification of Disease (ICD), International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC), medications for diabetes, hospital codes for the treatment of diabetes complications, and exams for diabetes management. Results: After data processing and database merging using deterministic and probabilistic linkage, we identified 73,185 people with diabetes. Considering that 1.33 million people live in Porto Alegre, the registry captured 5.5% of the population. Conclusions: With additional data processing, the registry can reveal information on the treatment and outcomes of people with diabetes who are receiving publicly financed care in Porto Alegre. It will provide metrics for epidemiologic surveillance, such as the incidence, prevalence, rates, and trends of complications and causes of mortality; identify inadequacies; and provide information. It will enable healthcare providers to monitor the quality of care, identify inadequacies, and provide feedback as needed.

Technical and Economic Aspects of Environmentally Sustainable Investment in Terms of the EU Taxonomy

Removing impurities that occur in landfill gas, from sulphur and silicon compounds, is crucial for the energetic use of biogas in a cogeneration unit for energy purposes. The aim of this study was to analyse the shaped activated carbon, examining its structure and elemental composition as part of the biogas purification. The qualitative study of the purified landfill gas performed in this study showed a significant overshoot of hydrogen sulphide at 304.1 ppm with respect to the gas engine manufacturer’s requirements, while the calculated hydrogen sulphide reduction efficiency was 24.58%. Examination of the surface of the spent carbon and its pores with a scanning microscope revealed a high level of clotting by sulphur compounds, which prevents proper reduction of this compound and reduces the efficiency of the treatment plant. Replacement of the activated carbon bed with a new one showed a hydrogen sulphide value of 7.5 ppm in the purified gas and a calculated reduction efficiency of 97.9%. The results of the study confirmed that continuous monitoring of the quality of the purified gas is necessary to control the adsorption properties of the activated carbon and can be used for the operation of gas engines in cogeneration units. The landfill gas treatment method described in this paper constitutes an environmentally sustainable project within the meaning of the EU regulation on the establishment of a framework to promote and facilitate this type of investment in terms of its financing and operation. The topic of the work fits into three key areas of broad research and implementation activities. The first, technological, is the transition to a low-carbon, sustainable and resource-efficient closed-loop economy; the second, environmental, pollution prevention and control. The third area is economics and finance in terms of making financial products available designed to reduce climate change and reporting on these activities.

Unlocking technology acceptance among South African employees: A psychological perspective

Orientation: The study delves into technological acceptance within South African organisations, identifying psychological factors influencing employees’ willingness to adopt technology. Barriers to technology adoption are explored, emphasising the universal relevance of identified psychological constructs.Research purpose: To understand the psychological barriers influencing successful technological adoption in South African organisations.Motivations for the study: High failure rates in tech-implementation projects are linked to employee resistance, revealing a crucial gap in understanding psychological dynamics. Recognising human factors as pivotal to technological success, there is a need to transcend technical aspects, exploring individual experiences during organisational transitions.Research approach/design and method: Using a qualitative approach with non-random snowball sampling, 17 South African employees were interviewed in a semi-structured manner. Thematic analysis revealed specific categories of psychological barriers.Main findings: Identified barriers proved to be the antithesis of positive psychological constructs, including lack of psychological safety, lack of organisational trust, lack of psychological availability, negative emotions, low self-efficacy and low frustration tolerance. The presence of these barriers, hindering participants’ willingness to adopt new technologies.Practical/managerial implications: Organisations are advised to prioritise fostering a culture of psychological safety and trust, transparent communication and positive emotional experiences during technology adoption at the individual level. Training programmes enhancing self-efficacy and promoting mindfulness practices can mitigate barriers.Contribution/value-add: This research stresses the significance of the role of psychological factors in inhibiting an employee’s technological acceptance, providing practical guidance for industrial psychologists, HR professionals and change managers. The need to consider individual experiences during technological transitions, has universal implications across diverse workplaces.

Prevention of Vascular Access Device-Associated Hospital Onset Bacteremia and Fungemia: A Review of Emerging Perspectives and Synthesis of Technical Aspects.

Significant events impacting healthcare over the last several years have been associated with escalating rates of healthcare-associated infections. This has resulted in increased efforts to reinstitute well-established and evidence-based infection prevention practices, particularly for central line associated bloodstream infections. However, implementation of prevention initiatives beyond central lines has not received the same level of acknowledgement and response as being a considerable risk to patients. This article, authored by infection prevention, infectious disease, and vascular access professionals, provides emerging perspectives and technical aspects associated with the complete lifecycle of a vascular access device. The intent is to provide insight and perspective into enhancing current IP practices in the acute care hospital setting. This will also help prepare hospitals for upcoming broader surveillance and intervention activities aimed at reducing Hospital Onset Bacteremia and Fungemia (HOB) associated with all types of vascular access devices.

ТЕХНИКО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ И СОЦИАЛЬНЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ СИСТЕМЫ "УМНЫЙ ДОМ" ДЛЯ РАБОТНИКОВ АГРОПРОМЫШЛЕННОГО КОМПЛЕКСА РОССИИ

Ensuring the efficient operation of agricultural enterprises depends on many factors, including the availability of qualified specialists. An important condition for attracting personnel to rural areas is the creation of comfortable social and living conditions. The Smart house system makes it possible to create comfortable social and living conditions for young professionals to live in rural areas. At the same time, these systems are complex and expensive, so their implementation requires a comprehensive study of technical, economic and social aspects. The article presents the Smart House concept for a rural residential building with an area of 150 m2 in the Krasnoyarsk Region of the Russian Federation. An important issue is the development of a methodology for assessing the economic efficiency of a project. Efficiency criteria should consider not only cost indicators, but also assessment of social effects. A list of qualitative parameters has been compiled and a methodology for their calculation is given. Calculation of efficiency indicators has been carried out. According to the results of a feasibility study for the use of the automated Smart House system, the reduction in operating costs is 460 thousand rubles/year. By saving on electricity bills and reducing the risk of economic losses, as well as improving the standard of living of rural specialists, it is possible to recoup additional costs within 2 years. Net present value for 3 years will be 118 thousand rubles.

Human right to be forgiven

The article examines in detail the concept of “a person’s right to be forgotten” as an important aspect of a natural person’s right to information about himself, which allows a person to demand the removal or destruction of his personal information. The question is also devoted to the main aspects of the history and development of the “right to be forgotten” concept. The author states that a significant contribution to the regulation of the right to be forgotten within the framework of the legislation on personal data protection was made by the European Union. After all, EU Regulation 2016/679 defines the conditions for obtaining this right, the conditions for fulfilling requests to delete information about yourself, and the circumstances under which this right may be limited. However, this Regulation does not take into account the entire amount of personal information, which complicates the process of realizing the human right to be forgotten. It has been determined that different countries develop their own approaches to the right to be forgotten. It was found that the current legislation of Ukraine provides for two stages of “forgetting”: a court decision and filing a complaint for violation of the terms of consent to the processing and storage of personal data. At the same time, the decision of the European Court, which became key in the world judicial practice regarding the human right to be forgotten, was considered. In addition, the balance between the right to be forgotten and freedom of information is described. The public interest and ethical aspects in the context of the right to be forgotten are studied. The need for transparency and a balanced approach to the researched law is substantiated. The technical aspects of the human right to be forgotten and the challenges they generate are also described. The complexity of technical data deletion and the challenges of data caching and indexing have been studied. The general aspects of ensuring the security and protection of data during deletion are identified, as well as the impact of artificial intelligence and automation on the human right to be forgotten.

Перешкоди впровадженню теплових насосів у централізованому теплопостачанні

Today, heat pumps are recognized as one of the technologies that most contribute to the decarbonization of almost all spheres of modern society life, especially industry and energy. The integration of heat pumps into district heating is considered as an implementation of renewable energy technology that will enable the European Union (EU) to achieve its ambitious energy and climate policy goals for developing sustainable society. The purpose of this article is to analyze and systematize the EU experience in overcoming obstacles to the introduction of heat pump technologies in district heating and to determine the possibilities of its application in Ukraine. It was found that it is impossible to ensure the universal integration of heat pumps into district heating for all EU members, and an individual analysis is required for each EU country, taking all technical and environmental aspects into account. Obstacles to the large-scale implementation of heat pump technologies into district heating are of a complex nature. Complex obstacles require an integrated approach that simultaneously removes these obstacles and includes direct incentives, indirect taxes, technical standards, building codes, education, etc. An analysis of the experience of the EU countries (financial support, education and training, preferential tariffs for electricity for heat pump operation, EU regulations on energy efficiency of buildings, the EU directive on renewable energy sources, etc.) made it possible to identify obstacles to the widespread implementation of heat pumps in district heating. The main such obstacles are the high initial cost of heat pump equipment, the high cost of electricity, the high cost of connecting to electricity and heat networks, insufficient government incentives, the lack of domestic production of heat pumps and highly qualified personnel for their implementation. The proposed main preventive measures to overcome these obstacles are the creation of a State Program to stimulate the introduction of heat pumps; legislative support aimed at accelerating the introduction of heat pumps; creation of financial incentives for their implementation; state stimulation of production of heat pump equipment and professional training of operating personnel. This article is aimed at discussing directions for the formation of effective legislative and regulatory measures for comprehensive stimulation of the large-scale introduction of heat pumps in the district heating in Ukraine. Keywords: heat pumps, renewable energy sources, district heating, implementation, obstacles, overcoming.

Creative Movement and Anti-Gentrification: Learning from Los Tjihapit Market's Coffee in Bandung

The phenomenon of gentrification, driven by the presence of the creative class, is a consequence of the global implementation of the Creative City concept. Bandung has adopted this concept, and one of the areas developed by the creative class is the Cihapit Market area. This article examines how the "creative" community, specifically Kopi Pasar Los Tjihapit, sustains its business amidst gentrification through a placekeeping strategy. Participatory qualitative descriptive research methods were employed to explore the role of architectural space as part of the placekeeping strategy. Five strategies were identified: 1) zoning to support maintenance, 2) collaboration spaces for various partnerships, 3) space flexibility through collective decision-making, 4) collaborative spaces to encourage community involvement, and 5) coordination of all aspects to preserve the public market character. In conclusion, the success of creative placekeeping strategies in architectural spaces combines non-technical aspects such as community enthusiasm with technical aspects such as the arrangement of physical architectural elements.

Chemical Experimentation for Solar Pain Reliever

The Solar Pain Reliever is a cutting-edge device that combines renewable energy and therapeutic relaxation. By harnessing the power of the sun, the Solar Pain Reliever utilizes small solar panels to convert sunlight into heat energy to provide gentle and comforting heat therapy. This innovative device offers an eco-friendly alternative to traditional massagers by reducing reliance on electricity grids. The project is a result of thorough research on menstrual and general abdominal pain, its remedy, need for a solution, market survey and technical aspects like use of renewable energy, chemical experimentation, electrical design and ergonomics of product design. It is designed to provide users with a soothing massage experience, relieving muscle tension and promoting relaxation. Its versatile nature allows for indoor and outdoor use, catering to individual preferences and providing flexibility in various settings. With an emphasis on sustainability, it encourages eco-conscious living while enhancing personal well-being. In summary, the Solar Pain Reliever offers a subtle and sustainable solution for relaxation. The product provides users with a therapeutic heat and massage experience while attempting to minimize environmental impact. Keywords: Solar Energy, Electric Energy, Power generation, therapeutic experience

Securing the Industrial Backbone: Cybersecurity Threats, Vulnerabilities, and Mitigation Strategies in Control and Automation Systems

Industrial Control and Automation Systems are the invisible workhorses of modern industry, managing critical infrastructure and manufacturing processes. The increasing convert of IT and OT networks has exposed ICAS to a growing range of cybersecurity threats. This paper explores the current landscape of cybersecurity threats and vulnerabilities plaguing ICAS. It delves into the technical aspects of these vulnerabilities, ranging from network weaknesses to human error. Additionally, the paper proposes a comprehensive set of mitigation strategies that can be implemented to bolster the security posture of ICAS. These strategies encompass network segmentation, access control, vulnerability management, incident response planning, and ongoing security awareness training. Finally, the paper highlights the importance of adhering to industry security standards and fostering a culture of cybersecurity within organizations.