TEC Modules Research Articles

Renewable energy integration for sustainable cold storage: Designing a solar PV operated thermoelectric cool chamber

Thermoelectric coolers utilizing peltier effect offer a promising solution for cooling applications. This study elaborates the design and optimization of a TEC-operated cool chamber and evaluation of developed thermoelectric cool chamber. A number of elements need to be carefully considered during the design process, including heat load assessment, TEC module selection and effective heat dissipation techniques. Appropriate TEC modules are chosen based on estimated cooling load, temperature difference achieved, power consumption, maximum cooling capacity of each TEC and heatsink. The solar photovoltaic operated thermoelectric cool chamber comprises essential components such as SPV Panel, solar charger controller, battery, PWM controller, TEC module with heat sink, and insulated box (TCC unit). The design considerations involve estimating total power consumption and determining the number and ratings of solar panels, batteries, and power conditioning devices to ensure reliable electricity supply. The system operates on SPV-generated power, utilizing MPPT charge controllers to maximize power output. Pulsed width modulation (PWM) systems efficiently regulate power distribution to thermoelectric modules, optimizing performance. The thermoelectric cool chamber was developed of 40 L water capacity. It was observed that, the chamber and water temperature in developed thermoelectric cool chamber was reduced from initial temperature by 11.85°C and 11.56°C, respectively after 24 hours. The chamber and water temperature after 24 hours were 13.31°C and 13.49°C, respectively. The performance evaluation showed that the chamber’s cooling efficiency was influenced by factors such as cooling load and water volume. This comprehensive approach enables the development of an effective and sustainable thermoelectric cooling system suitable for various applications.

Realizing high-efficiency thermoelectric module by suppressing donor-like effect and improving preferred orientation in n-type Bi2(Te, Se)3

Thermoelectric materials have a wide range of application because they can be directly used in refrigeration and power generation. And the Bi2Te3 stand out because of its excellent thermoelectric performance and are used in commercial thermoelectric devices. However, n-type Bi2Te3 has seriously hindered the development of Bi2Te3-based thermoelectric devices due to its weak mechanical properties and inferior thermoelectric performance. Therefore, it is urgent to develop a high-performance n-type Bi2Te3 polycrystalline. In this work, we employed interstitial Cu and the hot deformation process to optimize the thermoelectric properties of Bi2Te2.7Se0.3, and a high-performance thermoelectric module was fabricated based on this material. Our combined theoretical and experimental effort indicates that the interstitial Cu reduce the defect density in the matrix and suppresses the donor-like effect, leading to a lattice plainification effect in the material. In addition, the two-step hot deformation process significantly improves the preferred orientation of the material and boosts the mobility. As a result, a maximum ZT of 1.27 at 373 K and a remarkable high ZTave of 1.22 across the temperature range of 300–425 K are obtained. The thermoelectric generator (TEG, 7-pair) and thermoelectric cooling (TEC, 127-pair) modules were fabricated with our n-type textured Cu0.01Bi2Te2.7Se0.3 coupled with commercial p-type Bi2Te3. The TEC module demonstrates superior cooling efficiency compared with the commercial Bi2Te3 device, achieving a ΔT of 65 and 83.4 K when the hot end temperature at 300 and 350 K, respectively. In addition, the TEG module attains an impressive conversion efficiency of 6.5% at a ΔT of 225 K, which is almost the highest value among the reported Bi2Te3-based TEG modules.

Investigating the thermal performance of air-cooling system integrated with TEC modules: Transient numerical simulation

The current study represents a developed 3-D numerical transient model to a complete indirect non-evaporative cooling system integrated with an assisted TEC unit using OpenFOAM V.9 source code. The TEC model was developed using a hand-written code as a source added to the energy equation. The primary air temperature was a criterion to compare between three cases of environment's temperature: low mode (299 K), medium mode (309 K), and high mode (319 K). A new dimensionless factor called by Heat Flux Ratio (HFR) is derived to evaluate the thermal performance. In addition, wall heat flux and temperature difference along the vertical air channel were the parameters used for comparison. The complete system was constructed and validated according to number of experimental and theoretical studies from literature. Furthermore, all cases were tested under five different air inlet velocities: 0.75 m/s, 1 m/s, 1.25 m/s, 1.5 m/s, and 1.75 m/s. Results show that HFR values increase as time increases. In addition, it was found that HFR increases with the reduction in the velocity. Moreover, it was found that higher temperature difference can be reached at the lowest velocity (0.75 m/s) while the minimum difference would be at the highest velocity (1.75 m/s) with the error between modes doesn't pass (2.5%). On the other hand, the highest wall heat flux approached at the highest velocity (1.75 m/s) and vice versa where the error doesn't exceed (2.85%) between the modes. Finally, the validation shows good and acceptable agreement in COP values of the system with both experimental and theoretical works form literature where the error is ranged between (20.3% and 3.64%).

Heat transfer performance of thermoelectric cooling integrated with wavy channel heat sink with different magnetic distances

AbstractThermoelectric cooling (TEC) reverses the electrical energy to temperature caused by the Peltier effect, where a temperature difference occurs between two conductors, that is, hot and cold junctions. This article presents the enhanced heat transfer of a TEC module using a TEC1‐12710 model integrated with a wavy channel heat sink using ferrofluid as a coolant under continuous and pulsating flows, where the differences in the distance of the magnetic field are considered. Square permanent magnets measuring 30 mm × 20 mm × 4 mm (width × length × height) are used to transmit a magnetic field to the heat sink and then tested under a magnetic distance of 10–30 mm. The test is performed at a water flow rate from 0.0083 to 0.028 kg/s and supplied with a constant TEC voltage of 12 V. By applying a magnetic field to the TEC module with a magnetic distance of 20 mm and a ferrofluid concentration ratio of 0.015%, the cooling efficiency increases by approximately 18.64%. Hence, using pulsating flow may improve thermal efficiency by approximately 23%. The results show an exponential increase in the cooling efficiency when both passive and active cooling techniques are used.

Design of a Liquid Jamming Gripper

We present the design of a universal gripper based on the principle of liquid jamming. The phase change behavior of a mineral oil subjected to cooling is used for adaptive gripping and release of objects. The mineral oil is enclosed in a soft, compliant membrane molded into a spherical shape. The membrane with the liquid easily adapts to the shape of the object to be picked up. A thermoelectric cooling system is designed with a conductive spreader immersed in the oil to quickly cool the liquid held in a membrane. Once the membrane gripper conforms to the shape of the object partially enclosing it, the liquid is cooled below the phase change temperature, thus freezing the liquid and hardening the gripper around the object and effectively gripping it. We describe the design methodology of the gripper, part selection, and mechanical design. A proprietary controller developed by Venture Corporation is used for controlling the TEC module and the controller is based on a simple PID optimized using Ziegler–Nichols tuning for the P, I, and D values. The hardware is evaluated and the basic gripping functions on different odd-shaped objects are demonstrated. An invention disclosure has been submitted to the NUS IP office (ILO).

A general White–Box strategy for designing thermoelectric cooling system

AbstractThermoelectric cooling (TEC) is critically important in thermal management of laser modules or chips and potentially for personalized thermoregulation. The formulae for efficiency in standard textbooks can only describe the performance of a TEC module with ideal thermal conditions, that is, fixed terminal temperatures, but are unable to deal with a real TEC system where heat transfer at its interfaces with the heat source and sink are finite and with thermal resistances. Here, we define the TEC system‐level performance indices, that is, the maximum cooling power, temperature difference, and coefficient of performance, by introducing a set of explicit formulae. The external heat transfer conditions are taken into account as dimensionless thermal resistance parameters. With these formulae, the TEC system performances are evaluated elegantly with errors well within ±5% over broad operating conditions. We further optimize the cooling power and the coefficient of performance in practical scenarios and establish a general White–Box design procedure for TEC systems, which enables a transparent design process and straightforward analysis of performance bottlenecks. A set of cooling experiments are performed to validate the analytical model and to illustrate the dependence of system design on realistic thermal conditions. By choosing the suitable TEC module parameter under given external heat transfer conditions, the cooling power can be improved by more than 100%. This work sheds some light on the integral design of TEC systems for broad applications to take full advantage of the advanced thermoelectric materials in the cooling field.image

A Review on Peltier Device and Heat Dissipation of It’s Hot Surface Using Fins

Abstract: The branch of thermal science is widely involved in refrigeration theory used at many places like Air Conditioners, Air Cooler, Refrigerator, etc. Refrigeration cycles and their concept were newly introduced in early 1834 and after that in 1913 refrigerators for possible to use for home applications and at various places. When it comes to cooling mainly the refrigeration process comes in mind for the solution, But Peltier effect which is reverse of seebeck effect is also well known for cooling as portable cooling in compact size is possible by TEC Module as Peltier devices generates heating at one side and cooling at other side when there is a voltage difference between two dissimilar metals. TEC Module of various ampere gives various ranges of temperature at different voltages and current. Different models of TEC Module (Peltier device) are mainly varied in terms of current as no. of P-N junctions remains same as voltage and current can be modified. The heat generated in at one side of Peltier device is extremely high and if that heat is not dissipating then TEC module will be damaged and won’t be possible to bring back in working conditions. So, in Heat Transfer the theory of extended surface is mainly important for heat dissipation. So different geometry of fins is being used such as rectangular fins, Annular fins, Trapezoidal fins, Inversely Trapezoidal fins, etc. The shape and thickness of fins are the most important factors affects heat dissipation. Another thing needed to be taken in account is analysis on material composition of fins which is affected by the term thermal conductivity of the materials. Keywords: Peltier Device, Thermoelectric Module, Heat Dissipation, Fins, Peltier Effect, Refrigeration, Heating, Portable cooling, and heating.

Experimental and numerical evaluation of a two-stage indirect/thermoelectric assisted direct evaporative cooling system

The performance of a novel two-stage indirect/thermoelectric assisted direct evaporative cooling (i.e. IEC/TDEC) system is studied by using experimental and numerical simulation methods. In the IEC/TDEC system, the outdoor air is firstly pre-cooled in the first stage cross-flow regenerative IEC to make full use of the nature cooling source, and then further cools down in the second stage TDEC. An experimental set up is designed and built to investigate the influences of main operation parameters (i.e. operating current and number of TEC modules, inlet temperature, humidity and velocity of primary air, the mass flow rate ratio of regenerative air to primary air in the IEC, and also the mass flow rate of cooling water in the TDEC) on the system performance. It is found that the outlet air temperature and relative humidity could be conditioned to meet the comfort demand by adjusting the influential operating parameters. The dew point efficiency could be higher than unity, and the air moisture content increases or decreases dependent on given working conditions. The numerical model of the IEC/TDEC system is established, and validated by comparing with experimental results. The numerical results agree well with experimental results with relative errors within ±10%. Then, the working parameters of TEC modules and several mass flow rate allocation ratios of air are optimized theoretically by using the numerical model. Analytical results show that in the premise of a certain dew point efficiency, a maximum coefficient of performance can be obtained by adjusting the operating current and number of TEC modules. Moreover, the inlet velocity of primary air and two main mass flow rate allocation ratios of air can be optimized to achieve higher system performance.

Numerical investigation of a new combined energy system includes parabolic dish solar collector, Stirling engine and thermoelectric device

According to new findings, the use of clean energy sources such as solar energy to supply energy (both electricity and heat) to human societies is essential. On the other hand, choosing the appropriate technology to convert solar energy into useful energy in the form of individual or combined systems is a fundamental issue. Individual solar energy systems have inherently low performance. However, their use in hybrid energy systems with other energy generation devices is key solution and shows high performance. The present work provides the performance of a new combined energy system composed of the parabolic dish solar collector (PDC), Stirling engine (SE) and thermoelectric device (TD) under various parameters. Sun is the main source of energy in this system, where, sunlight is focused on the PDC focal point by the parabolic shaped mirrors. Thus, the useful thermal power is produced by PDC and then feeds to the SE. The operating fluid of the engine is heated by this heat and converted into mechanical energy. Then, the mechanical energy is converted into electricity by a generator connected to the SE and the excess heat is lost from the engine. The exhaust of the SE transferred to the TEG hot end and produces further electricity. In addition, the TEC module absorbs the cooled environment heat and produces cooling energy (by consuming electricity from the TEG). Therefore, the proposed combined process provides the electricity, heat and cooling. The paper is based on the following three scenarios: (1) the system performance is evaluated under constant climatic conditions, (2) climate data from five various cities in Europe and Asia are used for system operation and (3) this scenario presents the general comparison between the two different hybrid energy systems driven by PDC and linear Fresnel reflector (LFR). In addition, multi-objective optimization is provided to obtain the optimal performance of the developed hybrid system. The optimization results showed that, the optimum total output electricity and overall efficiency were 26.21 kW and 39.17%, respectively. It was also found that, average daily useful power generated by PDC in Moscow on 14-June is 373.97 W/m2, which is about 11.1%, 1.55%, 33.3% and 14.23% more than Tehran, Beijing, Geneva and Kiev, respectively. Furthermore, increasing the temperature of PDC absorber improves the performance of SE and TD and subsequently improves the overall operation. Also, in terms of the PDC numbers, the system in the cities of Tehran, Beijing and Moscow has a better justification compared to the other two cities (Geneva and Kiev).

Numerical Investigation of a Novel Plate-Fin Indirect Evaporative Cooling System Considering Condensation

An indirect evaporative cooling system combining with thermoelectric cooling technology (i.e., TIEC system) is proposed, in which a counter-flow plate-fin indirect evaporative cooler is inserted with thermoelectric cooling (i.e., TEC) modules. In hot and humid climate, condensation may occur on the dry channel surface of the cooler. For the TIEC system, with the aid of TEC technology, the surface temperature of the dry channel can be much lower than that of a traditional indirect evaporative cooler, thus, the condensation from the primary air is more likely to take place. A numerical model of this novel TIEC system is developed with specifically taking condensation from primary air into account. Detailed performance analysis of the TIEC system is carried out. Analytical results found that the condensation from primary air reduces the dew point effectiveness by up to 45.0% by weakening the sensible heat transfer but increases the coefficient of performance by up to 62.2% by increasing the latent heat transfer, under given conditions. The effects of main operating conditions, such as the electrical current I and number n of TEC modules, inlet temperature Tp,i, humidity ratio RHp and velocity Vp of the primary air, and the mass flow rate ratio x of secondary to primary air, are investigated under non-condensation and condensation states. It is shown that condensate is more easily produced under higher I, n, Tp,i, RHp, x and lower Vp.

A novel strategy of enhancing sky radiative cooling by solar photovoltaic-thermoelectric cooler

According to the characteristics of photovoltaic power generation and radiative cooling, a novel strategy of PVRC-TE (incorporation of radiative cooling with solar photovoltaic-thermoelectric cooler) system that enhancing sky radiative cooling by solar photovoltaic-thermoelectric cooler was proposed. Photovoltaic cells convert part of the sun’s radiation into electricity, reducing the solar incidence and heat absorption, and enhancing diurnal radiant cooling. At the same time, PV cells drive TEC module to generate cooling energy. The system makes full use of the characteristics of PV cells and radiative cooling, promotes each other, and realize 24-h all day operation. A mathematical model is established, and its performance is analyzed and parameterized by the validated model. The influences of design parameters and the common environmental effects on the performance of system, such as ambient temperature, wind speed, relative humidity and sunshine hours are included in the study. Taking Hefei city as an example, the influence of different meteorological parameters on the system performance is discussed. The simulation results show that the area with drought and long sunshine time in middle latitude is more suitable for high performance system. In PVRC-TE system, the area of photovoltaic and radiant cooling has the best geometric ratio. When the ratio of photovoltaic and radiation cooling area is 1, the maximum cooling energy gain in a day of the system is 285.57 MJ/m2.

A novel hybrid and interactive solar system consists of Stirling engine ̸vacuum evaporator ̸thermoelectric cooler for electricity generation and water distillation

This paper introduces a novel hybrid and interactive solar system to generate electricity and produce desalinated water. The system consists of a Stirling engine driven by concentrated solar radiation and cooled by saline water. Also, the system consists of an evacuated evaporator chamber to evaporate the saline water and thermoelectric cooler, driven by Stirling engine, to condensate the distilled water. The novelty of the system is in its positive interactivity since each component and product enhances the performance and productivity of others. The rejected heat from both the cold side of Stirling engine and the hot side of the TEC modules is used to heat the saline water before entering the evaporator. Also, the cold side of the TEC modules is used to enhance the condensation and hence the desalination rate. The importance of the second enhancement technique relays in the fact that many applications do not suffer from the absence of hot evaporative heating sources but suffer from the absence of condensation cool surfaces. A steady-state mathematical model has been proposed and validated by being compared with published data. The results show that at an optimized design point (solar radiation of 700 W/m2, wind speed of 5 m/s, swept volume of 210 cm3, dish diameter of 2.68 m, etc.), the overall efficiency of the system was 65.8% with a net output power of 506 W and desalinated water of 28 kg/day. Including the TEC system has enhanced the condensation rate from 2.93 kg/day to 34.14 kg/day and the efficiency from 22.84% to 54.87%. Also, the two preheating effects (rejected heat from Stirling engine and from TEC modules) enhance the desalination rate from 2.93 kg/day to 11.74 kg/day and efficiency from 22.84% to 34.53%. Combining both enhancement techniques increase the desalination rate from 2.93 kg/day to 40.96 kg/day and efficiency from 22.84% to 64.44%.

Electric vehicle battery thermal management system with thermoelectric cooling

An experimental investigation is performed on an advanced battery thermal management system for emerging electric vehicles. The developed battery thermal management system is a combination of thermoelectric cooling, forced air cooling, and liquid cooling. The liquid coolant has indirect contact with the battery and acts as the medium to remove the heat generated from the battery during operation. Forced air assisted heat removal is performed from the condenser side of the thermoelectric liquid casing. Detailed experiments are carried out on a simulated electric vehicle battery system. Experimental results reveal a promising cooling effect with a reasonable amount of power dissipation. Moreover, the experimental test shows that the battery surface temperature drops around 43 ºC (from 55 ºC to 12 ºC) using TEC-based water cooling system for a single cell with copper holder when 40 V is supplied to the heater and 12 V to the TEC module.

폴리머 도파로 브라그 격자를 이용한 단일 파장 가변 광섬유 레이저의 출력 특성 연구

본 논문은 폴리머 광 도파로 기반의 브라그 격자(Polymer waveguide Bragg grating: PWBG) 파장 필터를 광섬유 레이저 공진기 내부에 삽입하여 단일 파장 가변 레이저를 구현하고, 주위 온도 및 공진기 내부의 편광 상태의 변화에 대한 출력 특성을 연구한 결과에 대해 보고한다. 레이저 공진기 내부에 있는 PWBG 파장 필터에 0 mW에서 100 mW의 전력을 인가해 주었을 때 레이저에서 발진하는 파장은 1548.24 nm에서 1531.95 nm까지 약 16.29 nm를 가변할 수 있었으며, 이 때 slope efficiency는 약 -0.16 nm/mW였다. 레이저 공진기 안의 편광을 적절하게 조절하면 모든 파장 가변 범위에서 35 dB 이상의 SMSR(side mode suppression ratio)을 얻을 수 있었다. 레이저 공진기 외부의 온도가 변화하면 발진하는 파장이 변하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 PWBG 파장 필터를 이용하여 안정된 파장 가변 레이저를 구현하기 위해서는 PWBG 파장 필터의 온도 안정화가 필요하며, 또한 편광에 대한 영향을 최소화하기 위해서는 레이저 공진기를 편광유지 광섬유로 구성해야 한다. We report the characteristics of a single-wavelength-tunable fiber laser using a polymer waveguide Bragg grating (PWBG) wavelength filter. The output of the laser depends on environmental conditions, such as temperature and polarization states in the laser cavity. Wavelength tuning can be achieved, about 16.29 nm from 1548.24 nm to 1531.95 nm, according to the electric power applied to the PWBG wavelength filter. The achieved efficiency slope is about -0.16 nm/mW. A side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR) of more than 35 dB can be obtained by adjusting the polarization state in the laser cavity. A stable wavelength-tunable fiber laser can be achieved using the PWBG wavelength filter with a TEC module and a polarization-maintaining fiber.

Experimental Validation of the Optimum Design of an Automotive Air-to-Air Thermoelectric Air Conditioner (TEAC)

The optimization of thermoelectric air conditioners (TEAC) has been a challenging topic due to the multitude of variables that must be considered. The present work discusses an experimental validation of the optimum design for an automotive air-to-air TEAC. The TEAC optimum design was obtained by using a new optimal design method with dimensional analysis that has been recently developed. The design constraints were obtained through a previous analytical study on the same topic. To simplify the problem, a unit cell representing the entire TEAC system was analytically simulated and experimentally tested. Moreover, commercial TEC modules and heat sinks were selected and tested based on the analytical optimum design results.

Environment Protection by Using a Solar Thermo-Electric Refrigerator for Cooling

The food eaten by people in their daily life must be preserved in good conditions. Therefore and for a better environment protection, the classical refrigeration systems that use a refrigerant had been removed and a solar thermo-electric cooler based on alternative energy sources was adopted. The solar energy was used in order to produce electrical energy, while the thermo-electric energy was responsible for the thermal transfer between the cooling room and the TEC modules, significantly reducing the temperature of the cold room and food products, respectively. The operation of the solar refrigerator was observed during the time of cooling one kilogram of pork meat and one litre of milk. In the case of cooling meat, the minimum temperature achieved was 1.8 ºC, respective 0.2 ºC when refrigerating milk. Considering the food refrigeration rated optimum temperature (0-4 ºC), the analysis of the experimental results highlighted the possibility of preserving meat and liquids in proper conditions by using a solar thermo-electric refrigerator, which is an ecological equipment with the pollution rate extremely low, almost null.

Experimental and theoretical study of an integrated thermoelectric-photovoltaic system for air dehumidification and fresh water production

The main objective of this study is to present an integrated thermoelectric–photovoltaic renewable system to dehumidify air and produce fresh water. The system is combined with a solar distiller humidifying ambient air to enhance distillate output to meet the specified fresh water needs for a residential application. A model is developed to simulate the air dehumidification process using thermoelectrically cooled TEC channels. Experiments were performed to validate the developed model results. It is found that the model predicted well the variation in the air temperature along the channel with a maximum relative error in air temperature less than 2.4%. In addition, the simulation model predicted well the amount of water condensate produced by the integrated system with a maximum relative error of 8.3%. An optimization problem is formulated to design and set the integrated system optimal operation to produce 10 L of fresh water per day meeting the fresh water needs of a typical residential. Using five TEC channels of a length of 1.2 m and an area of 0.07 × .05 m2 integrated with 1.2-m2 solar distiller that recirculates a constant air mass flow rate of 0.15 kg s−1 is capable of meeting water demand when air mass flow rate through each TEC channel is optimally set at 0.0155 kg s−1. The associated optimal electrical current input to the TEC modules varied depending on the month and is set at 2.2 A in June, 2.1 A in July and 2.0 A in August, September and October. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Parallel Evaluation of Single Stage and Multistage TE Coolers and Analysis using Specific TEC Modules

This paper presents the parallel evaluation of different types of thermo-electric coolers and analysis of two single , two and three stages TEC modules .Thermo-electric coolers consist of an array of semiconductor pellets which are either n-type or p-type. They are connected electrically in series and thermally in parallel. The principle used here is that the current supplied brings about a temperature change. Performance of the various types of thermo-electric coolers depends on many parameters such as cooling capacity, current required, heat pumped in sink at the cold side , temperature difference, number of pellets and the geometry of the array of pellets. In this paper we have compared the performance of a series of thermo-electric coolers with different number of pellets and with increase in the number of stages .We observe that by comparing the various types of thermo electric coolers such as 1MC04-004-05 with 1MC04-007-12 which has 8 and 14 pellets respectively the current required decreases from 1.43A for former to 0.61A for the latter, the cooling capacity increases with the increase in the number of pellets and geometry of the thermo-electric cooler. For the thermo electric cooler 2MC04-039-08 and 2MD04-138-12 with increase in pellets, the cooling capacity increases from 0.76W to 1.89W.Also, with the increase in the number of stages, for 2MD06-138-15 compared with 3MDC06-155-15, the current required to drive the cooler decreases from 0.83A to 0.74A, hence providing improved performance. Also, the graphical analysis for the following TEC modules with respect to certain parameters have been given: 1MC04-004-05, 1MC04-070-05, 2MC04-021-05, 2MC04-039-08, 3MC04-044-05 and 3MC04-046-05.These results can be used to provide guides for the design and application of thermo-electric coolers.

F231 小型ループヒートパイプの研究 : リザーバ制御による動作特性向上(ヒートパイプ)

This paper presents an experimental study to investigate the effectiveness of using a thermoelectric converter to control the loop heat pipe operating temperature. The compensation chamber (CC) was controlled at the set point temperature by cooling and heating the TEC module, of which one side is attached to the CC and the other side is connected to the evaporator through a thermal strap. The test results show that the TEC can control the operating temperature to the set point temperature. The power saving by using the TEC was also demonstrated.