Fabric Tear Strength Research Articles

A research on the effect of various laser fading parameters on physical and surface properties of denim fabric

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of various laser processing parameters on the mechanical, air permeability, handle, and surface properties of denim fabrics. The parameters were chosen as laser resolution, laser density and the pixel time. In addition, the effect of washing cycle on laser faded denim fabrics was also examined. After laser fading and washing processes, fabric weight, air permeability, circular bending rigidity, bending length, coefficient of friction, tensile strength, tearing strength, and abrasion resistance of denim fabrics were measured. Furthermore, the colour differences between the unwashed and washed denim fabrics were determined and SEM analysis was carried out and the obtained results were evaluated statistically.

Effect of Weave Parameters on the Tear Strength of Woven Fabrics

ABSTRACT The fabric tear strength is an important parameter in textile material, ever since it is close to relate to the service of the fabric. Tear strength of the fabrics depends on the flexibility of the yarn in fabric structure. In this research, the tear strength of 11 cotton woven fabrics is analyzed based on the weave parameters such as crossing over firmness factor (CFF), Floating Yarn Factor (FYF), Fabric Firmness Factor (FFF) and weave factor (P1).

Influence of Weave Parameters on Woven Fabric Tear Strength

The influence of weave on woven fabric tear strength is analysed in this paper. Brierlay’s factor Fm, Milašius’ factor P and P’ and modification of parameter P made by the authors (P’weft) were used in the investigations presented. Woven fabrics of 100 % viscose multifilament yarn manufactured from the same yarns and with the same density but with seven different weaves (plain weave, weft rib 2/2, warp rib 2/2, twill 2/2, twill 3/1, basket weave 2/2 and 4 healds sateen) were used for the investigations. It was stated that the well-known weave parameters of Brierley Fm and Milašius P and P’ cannot be used for the prediction of the tear strength of all kinds of weaves without any limitations. All parameters presented can be used for the strength prediction of a weave when they are divided into two groups – a rib-based group and twill-based group. Prediction of the tear strength for rib-based weaves in the weft has to be carried out using parameter P’weft, where the influence of parameters P1 and P is varied.

Investigation of the tearing properties of a new airship envelope fabric based on experimental and theoretical methods

In the present work, a new phenomenal model is proposed for modeling and simulating tearing mechanical properties on an airship envelope fabric. The greatest advantage of the phenomenal model is that such model is capable of calculating the tearing strength of a plain weave fabric by simply uniaxial tearing tests rather than the expensive and complex pressurized cylinder tests. The geometric progression technique is employed to calculate the stress distribution on the crack tip. The stress transfer coefficient Q is derived to be 0.9656. Three types of SEN (single-edge-notched) specimens were researched by the uniaxial tearing tensile tests. The effects of specimen width and the crack length ratio on the tearing strength of the airship envelope fabric are studied thoroughly. A good agreement between such model and experimental data is obtained, and the deviation is lower than 5%. Meanwhile, compared with the new phenomenal model and the Thiele’s formula, this new phenomenal model is verified to be more accurate while calculating the tearing strength of a plain weaving airship envelope fabric in the uniaxial tearing tensile load.

Modelling the Effect of Weave Structure and Fabric Thread Density on Mechanical and Comfort Properties of Woven Fabrics

Abstract The paper investigates the effects of weave structure and fabric thread density on the comfort and mechanical properties of various test fabrics woven from polyester/cotton yarns. Three different weave structures, that is, 1/1 plain, 2/1 twill and 3/1 twill, and three different fabric densities were taken as input variables whereas air permeability, overall moisture management capacity, tensile strength and tear strength of fabrics were taken as response variables and a comparison is made of the effect of weave structure and fabric density on the response variables. The results of fabric samples were analysed in Minitab statistical software. The coefficients of determinations (R-sq values) of the regression equations show a good predictive ability of the developed statistical models. The findings of the study may be helpful in deciding appropriate manufacturing specifications of woven fabrics to attain specific comfort and mechanical properties.

The effect of recycled fibers on the washing performance of denim fabrics

In this study, denim fabrics were produced with yarns obtained from cotton fibers (CO), recycled cotton fibers obtained from yarn wastes (r-CO), and fibers produced from recycled PET bottles (r-PET). Enzyme and stone washing processes were applied systematically on these fabrics. Mass per unit area, breaking force, elongation at max force, tear strength, air permeability, and circular bending rigidity of fabrics were measured. The findings showed that r-CO fiber has negative effect on tear and breaking force. Breaking force, elongation at max force, and tear strength values of the fabrics increased depending on the increase in r-PET content. However, fabric handle was negatively affected associated with the r-PET ratio due to the increase in stiffness. Mass per unit area, breaking force, air permeability, and circular bending rigidity values of fabrics decreased after the washing processes. The effect of fibers on enzyme- or stone-washed fabrics showed a change according to finished fabrics. It can be said that fabrics containing r-PET are more resistant than cotton and recycled cotton in various aggressive denim washing methods such as bleaching or different washing process conditions such as rising temperature, and time.

Modelling the properties of pigment‐printed polypropylene nonwoven fabric using the Box–Behnken technique

The aim of this study was to develop statistical models for the effect of binder concentration and curing temperature and time on the air permeability, tear strength, tensile strength, and crocking fastness of pigment‐printed nonwoven polypropylene fabric. The design and analysis of the experimental work were carried out using Minitab® statistical software according to the Box–Behnken design of response surface methodology. Models were successfully developed. It was found that binder concentration improves the wet crocking and tensile strength while having a negative impact on all other responses. Increase in curing temperature and time affects the fabric tear strength negatively but has a positive effect on wet crocking fastness and fabric tensile strength. It could be concluded that pigment prints of good dry crocking fastness may be obtained on polypropylene nonwovens without deterioration in the mechanical strength and air permeability to a commercially unacceptable level. However, further work is required to improve the wet crocking fastness properties.

Improving the dyeability of cotton with tannin-rich natural dye through pretreatment with whey protein isolate

Cotton fabrics were pretreated with whey protein isolate (WPI) to improve their dyeability toward a tannin-rich natural dye obtained from Xylocarpus granatum bark. Comprehensive studies were conducted on these fabrics assessing their dyeability, color fastness, physical characteristics, and ultraviolet protection level. All dyed samples were reddish-brown with a significant enhancement in the sample color strength (K/S) being observed for the pretreated samples. This is due to insoluble complex formation between WPI and tannin, stabilized through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Dyeing at elevated temperatures and with longer times resulted in higher color strength values. Acidic pH values favor dye absorption with pH 5 yielding the highest color strength, probably due to tannin forming complexes with proteins most efficiently near the protein isoelectric point. Padding cotton with WPI at only 0.35% solid content afforded dyed fabrics having an approximately 50% increase in the K/S value in comparison to untreated fabrics. The color strength of the WPI-treated cotton was enhanced relative to that treated with soy protein isolate (SPI), under the same dyeing conditions. For protein-treated cotton fabrics, except for color fastness to light and crocking, all other fastness properties (washing, water, sea water, perspiration and hot pressing) were rated as good to excellent. After protein pretreatment, the tensile strength and tearing strength of fabrics were slightly reduced whereas a small increase in fabric stiffness was obtained. Measurements of the ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) indicated better fabric shielding against ultraviolet radiation on treatment with either natural dye or WPI.

Influence of Starch-Degrading Enzyme on Properties of Cotton Fabrics in <i>In Situ</i> Bleaching Process

Enzymes including starch-degrading enzymes and glucose oxidase are used in one-bath process to desize and bleach cotton fabrics. The effect of enzyme concentration on pretreatment efficiency, especially bleaching of cotton fabrics has been investigated by innovatively focusing on glucose conversion ratio of desizing products. The results showed that the starch sizing materials of cotton fabrics were completely removed by starch-degrading enzymes. The conversion ratio of glucose in desized liquor increased with concentration of glucoamylase. Consequently, whiteness of cotton fabrics bleached in one-bath process was also improved, and an increase of 7% in whiteness of bleached fabrics was observed. The fabric tear strength was decreased. However, the loss ratio could be controlled below 15%. The properties of softness and adsorption of bleached cotton fabrics were satisfactory.

Effect of Wrinkle Free Finishing of Cotton Twill Fabric

Wrinkle free finishing is a widely used functional finishing process to produce wrinkle-resistant cotton fabrics at the expense of tearing strength of fabrics. In this research, full factors and orthogonal experiments were carried out to invesitgate the mechnism between the wrinkle recovery and tearing strength of cotton fabrics. Wrinkle recovery angle (WRA) was tested by AATCC Test Method 66–2003. Fabric tearing strength, interwoven resistance, and yarn strength were tested before and after resin treatment by a tensile testing machine. By full factors experiment, it was found that the specimen could achieve its best wrinkle-free performance at 110°C curing temperature, 2.5 minutes curing time, 80% pick-up percentage and 60g/l resin concentration considering fabric tearing strength. It is found out that after resin treatment in optimum condition, it could effectively improve the WRA and at the same time with the minimum lose of tearing strength of fabric.

Investigation of the Effect of Different Plasma Treatment Condition on the Properties of Wool Fabrics

In this study, oxygen and nitrogen plasma treatment was carried out on wool fabrics during 5, 10 and 15 minutes at low (LF) (40 kHz) and radio (RF) (13.59 MHz) frequency. Then the effect of plasma treatment on tear strength, contact angle, whiteness and yellowness index of wool fabrics was investigated. In addition, the hydrophility of plasma treated samples was analyzed after the washing. The physical and chemical properties of wool fabrics treated with oxygen and nitrogen plasma were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). According to the results, nitrogen plasma treatment improved the tear strength of samples. Furthermore, plasma treatment increased the yellowness of samples while decreasing the whiteness index of samples. The hydrophility of samples decreases with plasma treatment and with the increase in plasma treatment time. Moreover, SEM results showed that the plasma treatment caused to occur deformations on the surfaces. Lastly, EDX results showed that the amount of oxygen and nitrogen increased in the surfaces after oxygen and nitrogen plasma treatment.

Effects of TiO₂ and curing temperatures on flame retardant finishing of cotton.

The performance of flame retardancy of cotton cellulose can be influenced by curing conditions. In this study, cotton cellulose was imparted durable flame retardant properties by a reaction between a flame retardant agent (Pyrovatex CP New) and a cross linking agent (Knittex CHN), in the presence of catalysts phosphoric acid and titanium dioxide (TiO2). After treating cotton fabrics at different curing temperatures for different curing time, its flame retardant performance was evaluated by 45° fabric flammability standard test method. For cotton fabrics cured at 150 and 170°C, good flame retardant characteristics were retained even after three home laundering cycles. The use of TiO2 as a co-catalyst in the treatment improved the flame retardant properties and reduced the loss of tearing strength of cotton fabrics. No significant negative effect in the whiteness index was observed, as compared with conventional flame retardant treatment.

Effects of Needle-Punch Depth on Properties of PET/LPET/Kevlar Nonwoven Geotextiles

Geotextile has been commonly used in civil and geotechnical engineering applications, and the majority of geotextiles is made of nonwoven fabrics. Therefore, this study combines crimped polyester (PET) fibers, recycled Kevlar unidirectional selvage fibers, and low-melting-point PET (LPET) fibers to form PET/Kevlar/LPET nonwoven geotextiles, and then examines how various neelde-punch depths influence mechanical properties of the resulting nonwoven geotextiles. The tensile strength, tearing strength, bursting strength, and static puncture resistance of the nonwoven fabrics increase as a result of an increase of 0.3 cm to 0.5 cm in needle-punch depth. However, an increase of 0.5 cm to 0.7 cm causes a slight decrease in all aforementioned properties.

Nonwoven Fabrics Made by Using Recycled Polyester Fiber to Reinforce Low-Melting-Point Polylactide: Processing Technique and Property Evaluation

Polymeric material, which is commonly used in packaging, has been widely applied due to the fact that it is lightweight and chemical resistant. Being non-degradable, polymeric waste can thus only be eliminated by burning, and subsequently, there is a rising need for degradable polymeric material to manage this manner of disposal. This study thus uses degradable, low-melting-point polylactide (LMPLA) fibers and recycled polyester (RPET) fibers to make nonwoven fabrics for packaging. The tensile strength, tear strength, and air permeability of the nonwoven fabrics are then tested. The experiment results show that a 40% of RPET fibers can effectively promote the mechanical properties of the LMPLA nonwoven fabrics.

Effect of Elastane Denier and Draft Ratio of Core-Spun Cotton Weft Yarns on the Mechanical Properties of Woven Fabrics

Elastane percentage in the core-spun cotton yarn of a specific linear density can be affected in two ways: either by changing the elastane denier or the draft ratio. The purpose of this study was to find out whether different mechanical properties of fabrics woven from such yarns simply depend upon the elastane percentage or whether the method of achieving a desired elastane percentage has specific effects. It was found through regression analyses that both the elastane denier and the draft ratio are almost equally important for fabric tear strength and stretchability, whereas the fabric tensile strength is predominantly influenced by the elastane denier while the fabric recovery after stretch is mainly influenced by the elastane draft ratio.

Comparative study on appearance and performance of garments made from low-torque ring, conventional ring and open-end spun yarn fabrics using subjective and objective evaluation methods

Low-torque ring yarn spinning is a modified-ring spinning technology with the false-twisting devices attached on the conventional ring spinning machine. The introduction of the false-twisting operation gives low-torque yarn a new fiber and yarn configuration, and thus causes different characteristics of low-torque yarn fabric from that of conventional ring and rotor yarn fabrics. In this paper, a comparative study has been carried out to evaluate the performance of jeans and trousers produced by low-torque yarns to conventional ring and rotor yarns. The results from the objective measurements of fabric performance indicate that the tensile and tear strength of low-torque ring yarn fabrics in the weft direction is similar to or only slightly lower than that of fabrics using conventional ring yarns with a normal twist level as the weft yarns, but they are much higher than that of the fabrics using rotor yarns. Compared to the fabrics produced from conventional ring and rotor yarns, the low-torque ring yarn fabrics exhibit higher compression energy (WC) and lower mean deviation of friction (MMD) and achieve higher values in fabric Numeri and Fukurami. The subjective evaluation of jeans and trousers through wear trials further confirms that low-torque yarn jeans have significant advantages of a better appearance in jean smoothness, less ‘small snake’ patterns, a more prominent slub effect and better overall quality than the conventional ring and rotor yarn jeans. The low-torque yarn trousers also show better luster, smoothness appearance and overall quality than the conventional ring and rotor yarn trousers.

Studies on Dimensional Stability of Indian Tassar Silk Fabrics by using Butane Tetra Carboxylic Acid (BTCA)

This article attempts to study the influence of 1,2,3,4-Butane tetra carboxylic acid (BTCA)treatment on the properties of tassar silk fabric. Indian tassar (Anthrea mylitta D) silk fabrics have been treated with BTCA, a non-formaldehyde cross-linking agent, in the presence of sodium hypophosphite monohydrate as the catalyst and non-ionic polyethylene emulsion as the softener. Fabric shrinkage (dimensional stability) in the warp and weft directions shows significant improvement after treatment and also, a 10% improvement in the fabric crease recovery is observed. Although the single yarn strength is not significantly affected, the elongation of yarn decreases by 15%. Similarly, the fabric tensile strength and air permeability properties are the least affected, but the fabric tearing strength significantly increases after treatment with BTCA. The treatment displays promising results for tassar fabrics, which are inherently susceptible to shrinkage issues.

Modelling tearing behavior of durable press finished woven fabric

Tearing strength is one of the most important and critical properties related to durable press finished cotton woven fabric. In the past, modelling of tearing strength of cotton woven fabrics was based on untreated cotton woven fabric but not in durable pressed finished fabric. In this paper, a mathematical model was established to demonstrate the tearing strength mechanism of durable press finished cotton woven fabrics by dimensional analysis based on yarn diameter, cover factor, Young’s modulus and fabric elongation. The proposed model agreed well with experimental results and the proposed model can be used for optimizing durable press finishing process of cotton woven fabric.

Modelling the properties of pigment‐dyed polyester/cotton sheeting fabrics by response surface methodology

The aim of this study was to model the effect of pigment, binder and fixer concentrations on the rubbing fastness, crease recovery, tear strength and stiffness of pigment‐dyed polyester/cotton sheeting fabrics. The design and analysis of experiments were carried out using Minitab® statistical software according to the central composite design of response surface methodology. It was found that an increase in the binder concentration significantly improves the dry rubbing fastness, crease recovery and stiffness of the fabric, with a corresponding decrease in fabric tear strength, without significantly affecting the wet rubbing fastness. An increase in the fixer concentration significantly improves both the dry and wet rubbing fastness and crease recovery, with a decrease in fabric tear strength and stiffness. The effect of binder and fixer concentrations on crease recovery was not linear and there was significant negative interaction between these factors for dry rubbing fastness. The effect of pigment concentration was not found to be statistically significant for the types and range of concentrations of pigment, binder and fixer used in this study.

Protective Performance of Environmentally Stressed Fabrics Containing Melamine Fiber Blends

In this study, the mechanical properties critical to the protective performance of firefighter turnout gear were evaluated for environmentally stressed outer shell (OS) fabrics containing melamine fiber blends. Environmental stress factors that affect the durability of turnout gear include temperature, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, moisture, abrasion, and laundering. The effect of fiber blend, fabric construction, and finishing processes including water repellent coatings and pigmented melamine-containing OS fabrics were also studied. Melamine-containing OS fabrics show comparable thermal protective performance and have superior tear resistance when compared to the traditionally used polyaramid blends. This study reveals that the thermal protective protection (TPP) rating of fabric assemblies incorporating environmentally stressed OS fabrics containing melamine fiber blends is well above the NFPA minimum TPP requirement of 35 cal/cm2. However, the tear strength (measured using ASTM D 5587 standard test method) of all melamine-containing OS fabrics exposed to environmental stresses was observed to have significantly deteriorated, and most OS fabrics, depending on fiber blend and fabric structure, would fail to meet requirements of NFPA 1971 standard. The study thus suggests that environmental stressing has a more detrimental impact on the tear strength than the thermal protective performance of OS fabrics. Deterioration in tear strength of all UV exposed OS fabrics is largely due to photodegradation of constituent fibers. Changes in tear strength of OS fabrics subjected to thermal exposures and laundering is cumulative effect of loss in tensile strength of single yarns and dimensional stability of the fabric itself. Furthermore, finishing treatments affect performance properties of fabric by increasing fiber packing factor in yarn, changing yarn crimp and yarn spacing thereby making dimensional changes to the fabric. Surface coatings alter tear resistance of fabric by influencing yarn slippage and fabric rigidity. Fabrics dyed with black and dark blue dyes cause less UV degradation of fibers than bright yellow and brown dyes.