Team Formation Research Articles

Founding Team Formation Process and its effect on Firm Performance - Evidence from India

Founding Team Formation Process and its effect on Firm Performance - Evidence from India

The Role of Leadership in Decision Making and Team Building

The role of leaders in decision making is very important and strategic. In a study, it was revealed that leaders have a distinctive leadership style, which often becomes a pattern in decision making. Usually, a manager uses several different leadership styles in the decision-making process. The leadership style used by a leader or manager can determine the strengths and weaknesses of the decision maker. Even with the same information, decisions can be made with different leadership styles. This explains why different managers can make different decisions. This article was conducted through a literature study with a qualitative approach. The researcher collected data sources by accessing various literature, information, and other sources available in the library collectionLeaders play an important role in building effective teams. In building a team, leaders must strive for a common vision and maintain fairness and norms of reciprocal relationships in their minds. Leaders should design the formation of effective work teams by considering the ideal team composition. Each individual in the organization must have the awareness that "teamwork" and "network" are important things to build in the team. Leaders must be able to direct their team to remain solid, help each other, be the mediator when problems occur, find solutions when facing problems, and exchange ideas with each other.

Influence of Project Teams on Performance of Nairobi County Government Health Center Projects in Kenya

Purpose: The aim of the study was to examine the influence of project teams on performance of Nairobi County Government health centre projects in Kenya.
 Methodology: This study will use of a descriptive research design. The study will target 15 completed healthcare projects byNMS. The target population for the study will therefore be 399 project management employees. The sample size will be derived from the target population using Yamane’s sample size determination formula. 1.9975. The 200 respondents will be chosen with the help of stratified random sampling technique. The study’s primary data will be obtained using semi-structured questionnaires. Quantitative and qualitative data will be generated from the closed-ended and open-ended questions, respectively. Qualitative data will be analyzed on thematic basis and the findings provided in a narrative form. Inferential and descriptive statistics will be employed for analysis of quantitative data with the assistance of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 25). The study results will be presented through use of tables and figures.
 Findings: The study revealed that there was a significant relationship between project team communication and performance and Nairobi County health projects. It was further concluded that the size of the project team membership is effective and team members are constituted based on skills and abilities. The study also found that team members have order and ranks and formal organization never gets the way on how the job gets done. There is a policy framework that guides the formation of project team in the county and the project team has a clear vision. It was also showed that project team has a clear mission and the project team has a clear definition of the task to be performed. It was also concluded that project team development contributes to the productivity of the employees and training contributes to the development of project teams.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study was anchored on the human capital theory which was developed by Schutz (1961) and the theory of constraints which was propounded by created by Eliyahu Goldratt in 1984. It is recommended to establish a well-defined project structure with clearly defined roles, ensuring that each team member understands their responsibilities and how they contribute to the overall project goals. Regular communication and updates on roles and responsibilities should be maintained throughout the project lifecycle. It also recommended that project team should be comprise people with skills, expertise and diversity.

Optimizing Public Services: Reconstructing the Discordant Relationship between Local Leaders to Foster Harmony (A Case Study of Indonesia)

The position of the deputy regional head is often seen as only a complement to the regional government structure, where the position of the deputy regional head is not taken into account often due to the lack of duties and authority in the role given to the deputy regional head. The position of the deputy regional head is not strictly regulated in the law. No. 23 of 2014 concerning Regional Government. This causes the duties and powers of the Deputy Regional Head to become less clear and is often seen as only a complement or a complementary symbol of the regional government structure and this has a great impact on increasingly disharmonious relations between the Regional Head and the Deputy Regional Head, especially in the administration of government. This research methodology uses normative analysis techniques, which involves examining the law and linking it to the symptoms of the electoral process. This research is qualitative in nature, the data collection process involves a literature study, which includes gathering information from books, journals, laws and regulations, and other scientific works that are considered relevant to research. This study aims to investigate the optimization of public services by reconstructing disharmony relationships between heads regions and deputy heads in Indonesia, with a focus on increasing harmony between the two. To achieve the desired harmony, things such as open communication, intense collaboration, and the formation of a solid team must be carried out. By building a harmonious relationship, regional heads and deputy heads can work more efficiently, make better decisions, and implement more targeted policies. This will improve the quality of public services, improve the image of local government, and increase public trust in the government.

Knowledge Management System for Handcrafted Reog Ponorogo Products

Reog is one of the distinctive cultural practices of Ponorogo. Typically, this art is performed in an open space with many entertainers. Reog Ponorogo enthusiasts will primarily purchase trinkets and handicrafts. Numerous artisans in Reog Ponorogo are members of Micro, Small, and Medium-Sized Enterprises (MSMEs). However, because of the global Covid-19 pandemic, Reog Ponorogo artisans have encountered numerous challenges, beginning with the procurement of raw materials, and continuing through the production process and marketing. This even put them out of business with the Reog artisans. A knowledge Management System (KMS) is one of the technologies that can be utilized to surmount the problem under these conditions. Knowledge Management System (KMS) is a centralized database utilized to organize, store, and disseminate organizational knowledge with employees and customers. In this study, the KMS was developed to assist MSME actors in acquiring information and knowledge concerning MSME Products in Reog Ponorogo Handicrafts. Currently, information about Reog Ponorogo is widely available in print and digital media, but it is not governed by a comprehensive information management system. Therefore, building KMS for Reog Ponorogo Handicraft MSMEs is still necessary. In this research, a modified variant of the Knowledge Management System Life Cycle (KMSLC) was used to develop the KMS. This research was conducted in multiple phases, including infrastructure evaluation, team formation, knowledge capture, and KMS design. This study contributes to the creation of a knowledge management system for MSME Reog Ponorogo artisans based on the life cycle of knowledge management systems. This study's findings serve as the basis for the Reog Ponorogo craft knowledge management system. Further research can concentrate on developing the Reog Ponorogo UMKM KMS on Android and iOS mobile phones, enhancing the KMS user interface, and granting both experts and UMKM administrative access to the KMS.

Identifying Soccer Players' Playing Styles: A Systematic Review.

Identifying playing styles in football is highly valuable for achieving effective performance analysis. While there is extensive research on team styles, studies on individual player styles are still in their early stages. Thus, the aim of this systematic review was to provide a comprehensive overview of the existing literature on player styles and identify research areas required for further development, offering new directions for future research. Following the PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews, we conducted a search using a specific strategy across four databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus). Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to the initial search results, ultimately identifying twelve studies suitable for inclusion in this review. Through thematic analysis and qualitative evaluation of these studies, several key findings emerged: (a) a lack of a structured theoretical framework for player styles based on their positions within the team formation, (b) absence of studies investigating the influence of contextual variables on player styles, (c) methodological deficiencies observed in the reviewed studies, and (d) disparity in the objectives of sports science and data science studies. By identifying these gaps in the literature and presenting a structured framework for player styles (based on the compilation of all reported styles from the reviewed studies), this review aims to assist team stakeholders and provide guidance for future research endeavors.

Day of Rage: Forensic journalism and the US Capitol riot

This article examines how video journalism produced by the elite press is using forensic techniques and aesthetics as part of the effort to reinvent journalistic authority in a fragmented media and political sphere. I first discuss some earlier moments in which news coverage of events adopted a media-forensic epistemology and style, and then turn to the formation of the New York Times Visual Investigations team, a group at the leading-edge of this type of journalism today. I provide an analysis of one of the team’s investigative reports, a 40-minute account of the January 6 Capitol riot assembled from vernacular video, surveillance footage, police bodycam video, and other non-news source materials. In both its formal aspects and its subject matter, the piece represents an important example for understanding an emerging form of forensic journalism. While the January 6 Capitol riot was not the first time news coverage of a violent event adopted a forensic style and epistemology, the forensic-media coverage of the riot represents a unique conjuncture. A new convergence of media-technological developments and journalist practices shaped how the storming of the Capitol was experienced, investigated, and covered as a media event.

Comparing computational algorithms for team formation in the classroom: a classroom experience

Throughout recent years, several researchers have proposed computational tools and algorithms to support team formation in the classroom. The result is that team formation algorithms have been widely applied in classroom environments to create well-balanced teams. One of the challenges in designing algorithms for automatic team formation is designing an appropriate function to estimate team performance, which is used as part of the optimization algorithm that divides students into teams. This function (referred to as a team evaluation heuristic) serves as an approximation to team performance, which is a complex phenomenon that is difficult to quantitatively assess in many settings and that cannot be accurately calculated prior to the task at hand. Despite showing their relative success compared to traditional and manual team formation strategies (manually employed by lecturers and teachers), there is a lack of research comparing team evaluation heuristics in a real classroom setting. Such a comparison would help teachers, practitioners, and system designers to appropriately select the most suitable team formation algorithms. In this article, we present an experimental evaluation that was carried out in a Bachelor’s Degree Program in Tourism that compares two team evaluation heuristics based on Belbin and Myer-Briggs. The experimental evaluation was carried out by means of an intelligent, extensible team formation tool whose optimization is based on an integer linear model that can be extended to support different team evaluation heuristics.

Peculiarities of procedural decision-making during pre-trial investigation of high-profile offences a sexual nature committed against children

Based on the analysis of regulatory legal acts and investigative and judicial practice, certain peculiarities of procedural decision-making during pre-trial investigation of high-profile criminal offences of a sexual nature committed against children have been highlighted, namely, with regard to: the formation of an investigative team or an investigative and operational team; the application of security measures; the conduct of criminal proceedings in a closed court session; and the application of measures to ensure criminal proceedings.
 It has been noted that for a comprehensive, complete and impartial pre-trial investigation of high-profile criminal offences, including sexual offences committed against children, the need to establish an investigative team is provided for at the regulatory level. In addition, the law provides for the possibility for an investigating judge or court to decide to conduct criminal proceedings in a closed court session during the entire trial or a separate part of it in the case of a criminal offence against sexual freedom and sexual inviolability of a person (Article 27(2)(2) of the CPC of Ukraine). Court practice has shown examples of such a decision being made in the case of choosing a preventive measure for a person suspected of committing sexual offences, in particular those committed against children, and during the interrogation of a person during a pre-trial investigation in a court hearing.
 A procedure for application of measures to ensure criminal proceedings during the pre-trial investigation of the category of criminal offences under study, in particular, suspension from the duty, and preventive measures has been analysed. It has been established that, for the most part, preventive measures are chosen taking into account the risks envisaged by Article 177 of the CPC of Ukraine, the severity of the punishment which the suspect faces if found guilty of the criminal offence of which he or she is suspected, the data on the suspect's identity, and the resonance of the criminal offence committed.

Organisational Core Values and Employee Performance in Selected Construction Companies in Uyo, Nigeria

The researchers examined organization core values and employee performance in select construction companies in Uyo. The objectives of this study were to examine the effect of teamwork, commitment and recognition on employee performance in Julius Berger Nigerian PLC and Niger Pet Structures Limited in Uyo. The survey research design was adopted for the study. Data for the study were obtained through questionnaire which was administered to 356 respondents. Simple percentages, pie-chart, simple and multiple regressions were adopted as the analytical tools for the study. The four hypotheses were formulated and tested using simple and multiple regressions statistical analysis. All the null hypotheses were rejected and the alternative accepted. The finding revealed that teamwork; commitment and recognition have significant effect on employee’s performance in Julius Berger Nigeria PLC and Niger Pet structures limited in Uyo with t-values of 17.721, 3.805 and 14.864 with corresponding p- values of. 000,000 and .000 respectively (p<0.05). Thus, it was discovered that teamwork, commitment and recognition have significant effect on employee performance and that effort should be tailored towards effective implementation of core values to improve employee performance. It was therefore recommended that Managers should design an effective and efficient team formation process to facilitate implementation of core values, enhance teamwork and improve performance.

Evolution of Tactics in Professional Soccer: An Analysis of Team Formations from 2012 to 2021 in the Spanish LaLiga.

The aim of this investigation was to explore the evolution of team formations (TFs) in a top national professional soccer league. A comparative analysis of a total of 3420 matches was performed in 32 professional soccer teams that competed from the 2012/13 to the 2020/21 season in the Spanish LaLiga. The frequency distribution of TFs across seasons presented a statistically significant change (p < 0.001). A 4.2-3.1 TF was most common from 2012/13 to 2016/17, while a 4.4.2 TF was most used from 2017/18 to 2020/2021. TFs such as 4.3.3 and 4.5.1 showed a relatively stable trend over the seasons. Overall, there was a reduction of TFs with 5 midfielders and an increase in the frequency of 2-forward formations (p < 0.001). When the ranking of teams was considered, a 4.3.3 TF was implemented with higher frequency by the Champion and teams that qualified for the Champions League (p < 0.05). However, a 4.2-3.1 TF was most frequent for teams qualified for the UEFA Europa League or teams that got relegated to an inferior category (p < 0.05). These findings highlight that teams competing in LaLiga evolved from the implementation of very few TFs led by the 4.2-3.1 TF, towards a more diverse scenario with a greater variety of tactical positional structures.

USING THE BEHAVIOR ANTAGONISM AND THE BIMATRIX GAME THEORY IN THE IT PROJECT MANAGEMENT

Context. The article proposes a method of analyzing the proposals of team members in order to avoid conflict situations at the stage of team formation.&#x0D; Objective. The object of the study is the method of analyzing the proposals of team members while solving project tasks.&#x0D; The purpose of the work is to analyze the developed method of analysis of proposals of team members to avoid or resolve conflict situations at the stage of team activation&#x0D; Method. The developed method is based on the theory of matrix games. Conflicts between individual team members mainly arise at the stage of team formation. For the project manager, it is important to identify the conflict situation in time and find a way out of it to satisfy both team members and without harming the teamwork as a whole. A team created to implement an IT project is often faced with a situation where two of its members have different visions of approaches to creating the final product. At the same time, each of them has experience in the development of similar software products or services by different teams. To effectively solve this situation, we suggest using approaches typical of bimatrix games, when each of these team members is considered as a player. This takes into account the fact that the bimatrix theory of games is based on a conflict between two players whose interests are opposite – an antagonistic zero-sum game is precisely the basis of the developed approach.&#x0D; Results. The proposed method of analysis of proposals of team members contributes to the avoidance or resolution of conflict situations at the stage of their closer interaction. For efficient solution of the said situation, we propose to use approaches being typical for bimatrix games when each of these team members is treated as a player. At the same time, account is taken of the fact that the bimatrix game theory is based on a conflict of two players whose interests are opposite – an antagonistic game with a zero sum being that very element to constitute the basis of the approach developed.&#x0D; Conclusions. The given calculation of the model example shows that the use of the proposed method allows the project manager to give a reasonable preference to another team member, since the expected average profit of this player is greater than that of the first player. In this case, the manager has an opportunity to simulate situations for the players (for the team) and promptly respond to probable deviations of their behavioral strategies from the optimal ones, establish healthy relationships between team members and choose the best proposals for solving project tasks.

A Novel Team Formation Framework Based on Performance in a Cybersecurity Operations Center

A Cybersecurity Operations Center (CSOC) performs various tasks to protect an organization from cyber threats. Several types of personnel collaborate to function effectively as a team to analyze the threat signals, in the form of alerts, arriving from various sources. Teams are often formed ad hoc, resulting in an imbalance in their performances and thereby increasing the risk associated with the low-performing teams. The current approach taken by behavioral scientists in forming effective teams focuses on first qualitatively assessing individuals such as analysts, who are then grouped into teams based on their credentials and expertise. Our work takes a holistic view of the CSOC by first defining team requirements and then selecting individuals to form several collaborative teams that meet these requirements for every shift of operation. We present a novel team formation framework that integrates optimization, simulation, and scoring methods to form effective teams and introduce a new collaborative score metric that measures their effectiveness. Results from simulated experiments show the formation of effective teams whose collaborative scores are maximized and balanced. Our approach is also able to identify high and low performers within the first few months of implementing the framework.

Correlations of passes and playing formations with technical-tactical elements during the 2022 FIFA World Cup.

This study on the 2022 Qatar FIFA World Cup examined: a) the existence of correlations between passes with other technical-tactical elements, b) the differences in technical-tactical elements in relation to team formation, and c) the characteristics of the key passes created during games. Sixty-four games were analyzed. Match-analysis data were collected using InStat database. Spearman correlation revealed that the number of passes and key passes correlated with number of goals, chances and shots (P<0.05). Team ball possession was correlated with number of passes, key passes, chances, shots and the organized attacks (P<0.001). Kruskal-Wallis H non-parametric test revealed that the teams with the higher percentages of team ball possession, and the higher number of chances, shots and crosses used formations 1-4-2-3-1 and 1-4-3-3. Finally, most of the key passes performed in axis of the field and they were short low passes. The ability of teams to keep the possession of the ball, looking for the key pass, and final action can be a factor in the team's success. A characteristic finding of the study was the preference of groups to manifest their attack from the axis. The equal distribution of attacks between the axis and the sides of the field makes the team's offensive function more unpredictable. Also, most formations concentrate several players on the axis, making it more difficult to complete an attack from this area.

INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS FOR FORMING PROJECT TEAMS IN SAFETY-ORIENTED SYSTEMS

Human security project teams are formed in higher education institutions that train qualified civil protection specialists. One of the tasks is to increase the efficiency of forming SOS project teams by HR services, as well as to improve the recruitment and selection procedure using modern information technologies. Developing human resources, improving the quality of higher education for its applicants. Information systems provide high speed data processing, information search, recruitment optimization and candidate analysis. Automation of HR processes helps to reduce the labor intensity and resource costs of tasks. New models, methods, and technologies for processing materials and information about applicants for the purpose of evaluating them for further involvement in the SOS project will contribute to the sustainable development of the organization. The subject of the study is models for automating the selection of personnel in safety-oriented systems with their subsequent formation into project teams of the civil protection service and law enforcement agencies. One of the components of human resource management is the implementation of a subsystem for the assessment and selection of human resources, the initial elements of which are the basis for making personnel decisions on the formation of project teams. The purpose of the study is to formalize the criteria for selecting candidates to reduce the subjectivity of the assessment; optimize and automate the selection process, design expert decision support systems for HR. The article sets the following tasks: to design an information system for the formation of project teams in safety-oriented systems, taking into account the parameters of personal human qualities and professional skills of candidates using information expert systems. To improve the quantitative assessment and qualitative indicators of applicants, it is advisable to formalize the criteria and their weighting coefficients using the theory of qualimetrics and personnel assessment methods. The following research methods were used: system analysis, empirical methods, and project management methodology. The following results have been obtained: a model-scheme of an iterative approach to the development of an information system for human resource management for higher education institutions, taking into account specific learning conditions, has been developed. Conclusions. The methods of evaluation and selection of human resources, as well as the criteria for their selection in complex socio-technical systems are analyzed. The possibilities of automating HR processes and integrating an information system to support the formation of project teams in a safety-oriented system are considered. description of the life cycle of complex systems of a safety-oriented system, namely, the life cycle of such complex socio-technical systems is described, taking into account their characteristics and environment.

Integration of A.S. Makarenko’s Legacy in the Pedagogical Activity of the Units of the Russian Guard

The activity of the National Guard troops of the Russian Federation in modern conditions requires high organization and strong cohesion among all military units. The relevance of the article is due to the insufficient number of publications that consider the integration of the legacy of the classics of psychological and pedagogical sciences into the pedagogical activities of the troops. The purpose of the article is to consider the possibility of integrating the principles, laws and stages of team formation and development, elaborated by A.S. Makarenko, into the structural units of the Russian Federal Guard for more operative formation of military personnel teams and, as a consequence, qualitative fulfillment of the tasks at hand

The Perception of the Unified South-North Korean Women’s Ice Hockey Team for the 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympic Games among Young Adults in South Korea

The purpose of this study was to investigate Korean young adults’ perceptions about the formation process of North and South Korean unified women’s ice hockey team for 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympic Games in South Korea. Q-method was used to analyze perceptions about the formation process of the unified ice hockey team. Q-statements were distributed to 42 people in their 20s and 30s in Seoul, South Korea. Distribution of Q-statements was analyzed using Qunal program. We found three types of perception: 1) athletic sacrifice forcing type, a recognition that the formation process of the unified ice hockey team was used for political purpose and a promotional tool for the Olympic Games; 2) inter-Korean exchange development type, a conception that the unified ice hockey team positively contributed to the promotion of exchange of North and South Korea, economic cooperation, peace, and harmony; and 3) political purposes pursuit type, a perception that the formation of the unified ice hockey team was primarily used to achieve political and diplomatic goals and that the media mainly conveyed positive aspect of the unified team for this purpose. The use of sports for political and diplomatic purpose is likely to increase in the future. Perception types among Korean adults in their 20s and 30s are likely to be mixed in the future. Therefore, it is important to promote consensus among Koreans regarding the formation of a South and North Korean unified team in the future.

DIRECTIONS OF IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE OF THE PROJECT TEAM MANAGEMENT IN OTG

The article considers the stages of creating a project team in the OTG (formation, period of activation of participants, period of normal functioning, reorganization, disbandment). In this article, the emphasis is on the first stage of this process, which consists of three substages (diagnostic, training, support). The work also describes the goals of creating project teams (changing the set of goals or priorities; analysis and distribution of the way of work; analysis of norms, the way of decision-making, communications; determining the relationships between people who perform the work), as well as four main approaches to the formation of teams (goal-setting, interpersonal, role-based, problem-oriented). The article is devoted to the substantiation of directions for improving the effectiveness of project team management in united territorial communities. It was determined that the management of the project team is one of the important issues in the framework of ensuring the effective project activity of the organization, because there is an increase in the complexity of projects and, accordingly, the importance of risk management, in addition, it is necessary to take into account emergency crisis situations, a large number of stakeholders, and the development of technologies, which is actively taking place . The reasons for improving the project team management process are analyzed. Priority steps to increase the effectiveness of project team management are proposed. The need for the formation of a competence matrix was determined, which involves the implementation of such steps as: defining roles and tasks; definition of competences; assessment of team competencies; matrix filling. The need to use appropriate software to increase the effectiveness of project communication in the process of project activities of the OTG is substantiated. It was determined that communications in the OTG occupy an important place in terms of improving the project team management process. Accordingly, the need to develop an effective communication policy is substantiated, which will contribute not only to increasing the efficiency of project activities, but also to optimizing the level of management of the project team. It has been proven that improving the project team management process allows you to maintain control over the project budget and avoid unexpected costs. This allows to ensure efficient use of resources and to determine the possibility of achieving appropriate results. But in the end, it allows for better communication between project participants, which contributes to better cooperation and achieving better results.

Football Observers' Perceptions of Women's Football in Aceh

The presence of women's football in Aceh is against the MPU because according to them women's football is not in accordance with Islamic law. With this, this study aims to determine how the perceptions of football observers in Aceh on the formation of women's football teams in Aceh. Respondents in this study were divided based on 4 criteria consisting of, (1) Perspectives of football lovers, (2) According to the point of view of the Football Coach, (3) Viewpoints of Football Players, (4) Perspectives of Sports Managers. Collecting data in this study using a closed questionnaire system with the aim of knowing the perceptions of football observers in Aceh which are divided into 3 things, namely, in terms of facilities and infrastructure, referees, and cultural / cultural aspects. Based on the results of data processing in this study, the data of this study were presented using a Likert scale with the results that answered strongly disagree 4.8%, disagree 8.8%, agree 22.7%, and strongly agree 63.7 to existence. Women's Football in Aceh. This research can conclude that the perception of football observers on women's soccer in Aceh is positive.

Core Skills and Competencies Essential for Agricultural Extension Workers to Meet Present Day Challenges

Agricultural extension contributes significantly for improving the welfare of farmers and others living in rural areas. Extension advisory services and programs strengthen the farmer’s capacity to innovate by facilitating farmers to access latest agricultural knowledge and adoption. The extension workers, therefore, not only advices farming families but also motivate them to use improved agricultural implements and adopt the modern agricultural technologies according to their socioeconomic status. The success of extension workers depends on the possession of skills and experiences gained in executing need based programs effectively. Hence, an attempt has been made in this study to assess level of importance of core competencies and skills required by extension workers to perform their job effectively. Mean index scores were calculated for each individual skills listed under twelve broad areas of skills and competencies selected for the study. The results revealed that, soft skills were ranked first followed by communication skills. Organizing/implementing agricultural development program, team building skills, formation and development of farmer organization and facilitation skills, use of modern communication methods and AV aids, use of computer applications, preparation of digital schedule/ questionnaire, knowledge on agricultural insurance policies and procedures, problem solving skills, proficiency on subject matter concepts, cultural intelligence, business planning and self-motivation are the individual skills ranked first respectively on the listed twelve broad areas of skills and competencies. Based on the findings of the study, it is recommended that the extension workers are required to be equipped with these skills during the undergraduate and postgraduate level itself by designing and reorienting the curriculum and enhance the competence of the agricultural graduates along with upgrading the skills of extension workers.