Teak Forest Research Articles

Effect of spacing on growth, carbon sequestration, and wood quality of 8-year-old clonal teak plantation for sustainable forest teak management in Java Monsoon Forest, Indonesia

Abstract. Rahmawati RB, Widiyatno, Hardiwinoto S, Budiadi, Nugroho WD, Wibowo A, Rodiana D. 2022. Effect of spacing on growth, carbon sequestration, and wood quality of 8-year-old clonal teak plantation for sustainable forest teak management in Java Monsoon Forest. Biodiversitas 23: 4180-4188. Lowland monsoon forest dominated by teak was one of the tropical forest types that can contribute to producing wood production, carbon storage, reduction of emissions, and other ecosystem services. Increasing teak forest productivity could be obtained through teak breeding to get superior teak clones with high diameter growth. Thus, spacing is an important consideration for optimizing the growth, carbon sequestration, and wood properties of teak. However, the study of the growth, carbon sequestration, and wood quality of teak was conducted separately. This research used a selected teak clone aged 8 years with RCBD design with 4 blocks as replications. There were four different spacing as treatments, namely 10 m x 2 m, 8 m x 2 m, 6 m x 2 m, and 3 m x 3 m. The results showed that spacing was a significant effect on DBH, tree height, bole height, carbon sequestration, and volume of teak clones aged 8 years. On the other hand, spacing didn’t significantly affect the physical and mechanical properties of wood. The wood quality test showed that the 6 m x 2 m spacing had high values of bending strength and compressive strength parallel. The highest percentage of heartwood was at a narrow spacing of 6 m x 2 m and did not differ significantly with wide spacing. This indicated that wide spacing was beneficial in terms of teak growth, but wide spacing didn’t significantly affect on wood quality of the teak.

Diversity, distribution, and nest characteristics of stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Meliponini) in Baluran National Park, East Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Rachmawati RD, Agus A, Umami N, Asgussalim, Purwanton H. 2022. Diversity, distribution, and nest characteristics of stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Meliponini) in Baluran National Park, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 3890-3901. Baluran National Park is a conservation area located in Situbondo, East Java. It has become a natural habitat for many animals, including stingless bees. Stingless bees, known as klanceng in Java, are eusocial insects that produce honey and play an important role as pollinators. This study aimed to explore the diversity of stingless bees in BNP, East Java. Two species of stingless bees were found in nine sites with various types of habitats: teak forest, secondary forest, evergreen, savanna, mangrove, and settlements. Based on their morphological and morphometric characteristics, the bees were identified as Lepidotrigona terminata and Tetragonula laeviceps. The results of species identification were confirmed by molecular analysis using the 16S rRNA gene from mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid. Furthermore, we described the distinction of nest entrance appearances of stingless bees from their natural nest and beehive in meliponiculture. The stingless bee Tetragonula laeviceps is considered an adaptive stingless bee because it is distributed in all types of habitats in this study. These data would add information to the biology and distribution of stingless bee species in Indonesia, especially in Java Island, and provide bases for their utilization in the future.

PEMANFAATAN CITRA LANDSAT 8 UNTUK ANALISIS PENGARUH DEFORESTASI HUTAN JATI TERHADAP TINGKAT KEKERINGAN LAHAN DI KABUPATEN BLORA TAHUN 2013 – 2021

This research is conducted to: (1) Analyze teak forest deforestation with land cover and forest density parameter in Blora regency on 2013 – 2021. (2) Analyze the land drought level in Blora Regency with TVDI analysis on 2013 – 2021. (3) Analyze the influence of teak forest deforestation towards land drought level in Blora regency. Quantitative – correlative research method is implemented, with spatial approach. The data analysis technique used are (1) Supervised classification and NDVI analysis, (2) TVDI analysis, and (3) correlation with linear regression analysis. The results show that: (1) In 2013 – 2021, there is reduction of teak forest up to 30.000 hectares in Blora regency, with 13.000 hectares forest density was decreased; (2) There are escalations of TVDI value in 2013 – 2021 period, mainly from Rather Wet to Dry drought level, made up to 20.000 hectares in each period; (3) There is an influence from deforestation towards land drought that is showed by the TVDI increase after deforestation occurred in that area, also the correlation value is between 0,3 – 0,7 with significance F value is below 0,05.

Indian Figureheads: Carvings from Royal Navy ships built at Bombay

In the first half of the nineteenth century, dozens of ships were built in Bombay (now Mumbai), India, for the British Admiralty. The combination of timber from the Malabar teak forests and a skilled Indian workforce produced vessels of the highest quality. But of the ships built in India, only five original, Indian-carved figureheads survive. Records suggest that most of these ships had their figureheads carved in England and either shipped to India or installed when the ships arrived at the Royal Navy dockyards. Using the evidence of the surviving carvings themselves, along with archival records, this study seeks to address the inconsistency of the nineteenth century Indian-built ship’s figureheads, by exploring why some arrived fully carved from India, while others had considerable time and expense spent on a British version. It discusses what the Indian survivors tell us about the differences between the work of the Indian and British carvers, and what the attitude to Indian craftsmanship was during this period. It explores if this had an impact on the Admiralty’s choice of carver, and if other factors were at work.

Hubungan Antara Tingkat Pendapatan Masyarakat dengan Kejahatan Penyerobotan Tanah Negara dan Kerusakan Hutan di Kelurahan Manutapen Kecamatan Alak Kota Kupang

Land is a gift from God Almighty to mankind on earth. Tanak raids, whether intentional or unintentional, in Indonesia in general and especially in Kupang City, NTT, specifically in Manutapen Village, Alak District, also attract the attention of many people. Specifically related to cases of state land grabbing that occurred in the teak forest area in Manutapen Subdistrict, historically this has occurred since 1985. Weak supervision from the relevant agencies that have a direct interest in state forest areas, is one of the factors that causes/triggers cases of state land grabbing. which has an impact on environmental damage to the forest (teak) area in Manutapen Village, Alak District, Kupang City.

Chainsaw part damage of harvesting teak forest in Madiun East Java, Indonesia

Forest harvesting has to be a concern for productivity, the operator's safety, and the environmental impact of forest harvesting. Chainsaw is commonly used for forest harvesting in Java, Indonesia. To increase the harvesting productivity, the operator has to maintain their chainsaw. Part of the chainsaw is often damaged in the harvesting process, affecting the productivity of felling the trees. This study analyzes the damage to parts from chainsaws in teak forest harvesting. The research location was in a forest area of Perhutani Company in Madiun East Java. The result shows that all ten chainsaws had damage to their parts components. The piston was the engine component which damaged in all the ten chainsaws. The body components such as the front handle, muffler, and on-off switch were damaged by all ten chainsaws. We observed that the chainsaw operator could not maintain the chainsaw well.

Using scoring techniques to assess the landslide events and the level of hazard and socio-economic impact in the Sub-Watershed Samin Upstream of Karanganyar District of Indonesia

Landslide is a type of mass transfer of soil or rock and a mixture of the two to a lower area due to disruption of slope stability, causing economic and environmental damage to property and human life. This study aimed to assess the landslide events and the level of landslide vulnerability and its economic impact using scoring techniques. The scoring is determined by the sum of the weight’s multiplication and the factor that started the landslide. Nine factors causing landslides have been evaluated using the statistical methods. The results showed that the scoring technique could be used as a guideline (tool) to analyze the relationship between landslide events and the level of vulnerability and also assess the socio-economic impact in the Samin Hulu sub-watershed. The survey and mapping results found that the distribution of landslide-prone areas in the Sub-watershed Samin Upstream can be divided into five landslide-prone levels, namely: extraordinarily prone, very prone, prone, somewhat prone, and not prone. The Samin Sub-watershed area can be categorized as an area classified as prone to landslides. To lessen the socio-economic damage to the area, a number of programmes and cooperation initiatives between authorities and local communities have been introduced. For that purpose, a reforestation and agroforestry mechanism is applied which means planting teak forests combined with multiple cropping such as coffee, guava, cashew and other local plants.

Study of Provenance and Site Variability on Calorific Value and Other Fuel Properties of Teak Stem

Currently Perum Perhutani has conducted efforts to improve the productivity of teak forest by provenance trial. However, only a few studies have so far considered the variation of these main fuel properties of wood under the influence of external factors such as location and provenance. On the other side, the huge amount of waste was regularly generated from primary and secondary wood processings. Therefore, in this research, the calorific value and other fuel properties were investigated and related to provenance and growth site. This research used the stem wood and bark of five provenances (1 to 5) of teaks that were planted at three sites of Perhutani stand (Bojonegoro, Ngawi, Ciamis). The fuel characterisctics of bark were only evaluated at Ciamis site. Compared to bark, wood generally had lower values in ash content, volatile matter content, and density, but had higher values in fixed carbon content, calorific value, and Fuelwood Value Index levels. The caloric values of teak wood and bark were 4,191~4,520 cal/g and 3,545~3,939 cal/g, respectively. Provenance and site interaction had significant effect to the ash content, density, and calorific value in wood. The samples from Ciamis site (code Ft) had the highest level in calorific value. However, the relation between calorific value and density is not clear in this experiment. With regard to bark, provenance 3 (Ft) showed the best energy properties.

Springshed protection planning for combating drought in Grobogan District, Central Java

Drought occurs almost every dry season in Grobogan District, Central Java. Climate change has resulted in an atypical monthly rainfall distribution, which, along with limestone geology, has made water scarce in some months. One of the efforts to mitigate drought disasters is to revitalize water resources from existing springs. The research aims to develop a spring protection plan through a geological-spatial and participatory approach. The research location is in Kradenan Sub-District, Grogoban District, Central Java Province. The research method starts with identifying springs, delineation of springshed area, formulation of spring and springshed management, and discussion and socialization with stakeholders. The identification results show that the springs are classified as “umbul wadon” type with water discharge ranging from 0.9 to 4.8 l/minute, forming a radial pattern. The area of the springshed is 3,347.7 ha, with more than 70% of the land covered by teak forest plantations. The recommendations for spring conservation activities are organized into three zones: Zones I, II, and III, which differ in range radius, function, and proposed management. In each zone and type of land uses, the potential risk of pollution, prohibited activities, protection strategies and programs, and interested parties as program implementers have been formulated. Several official institutions can aid spring protection management. Together with water users and forest area managers, all institutions agreed to carry out activities to protect and conserve springs and springshed areas.

Forest Degradation Impact on Soil Organic Carbon - A Geospatial Approach

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is one of the soil health indicators. Forest soils are negatively impacted by biotic interference and the authors impact from forest canopy cover amenable to Earth Observation data. We mapped forest cover types and canopy density using remote sensing data. Sample design and size were based on the stratification and homogeneity map. The soil samples were collected from three depths using the pit method for analysis and SOC stock estimation. A linear and positive correlation between SOC and forest cover density was observed, indicating the negative impact of forest degradation on SOC. The maximum SOC stock of 61.16 ± SE3.96 Mg ha -1 was observed in top 30 cm soil in Sal forests with >80% canopy density and minimum (25.64 Mg ha -1 ) in Sal-mixed Teak forests with 40-60% canopy density. Total SOC ranged from 68.98 ± SE11.38 Mg ha -1 in the Hill Sal forest with 10-40% canopy density to 179.05 ± SE11.20 Mg ha -1 in pure Sal forests with >80% canopy density. It revealed that forest canopy degradation due to biotic interference caused loss of SOC in almost all the soil layers. SOC geospatial map shows areas for protection and reforestation/enrichment planting to enhance soil carbon stock.

Status, abundance, and food habit of Sambar deer (Rusa unicolor) in tropical deciduous forest of Central India

Abstract Variation in the foraging strategies of Sambar deer (Rusa unicolor) with changing plant availability has received little attention. The pellet group density and seasonal vegetation availability in tropical climatic conditions of dry deciduous forest of Pench Tiger Reserve, were assessed through indirect evidences (pellet group density). Stratified random sampling was used in different habitats from 2012 to 2015 on a seasonal basis. The Sambar deer (R. unicolor) is one of the largest deer species distributed throughout the Indian subcontinent. Pellet group data were collected on 10 m radius permanent plots at every 200 m intervals on line transects. Teak forest, teak mixed and bamboo forest was the preferred habitat during summer (89.87 ± 88.36), and winter (98.19 ± 94.59) seasons respectively. Microhistological study was conducted to understand the feeding preferences of Sambar through pellet groups. A total of 57 plant species were identified in summer diet. While 51 species of plants were identified in winter diet. Sambar is predominantly a browser and for the conservation of the declining population of Sambar, long undisturbed tract should be protected with preferred browse and grass species.

The Pattern of Social Changes in the Samin Community and Its Influencing Factors

In general, social changes occurred progressively, but it is not happened in the Samin community. This article aims to analyze the social changes in the Samin community in Tapelan Village and its influencing factors. The research was conducted in Tapelan Village, Ngraho District, Bojonegoro, using a qualitative and descriptive approach. There are two important findings in this study. First, there is a regressive pattern of social change in the Samin community during the colonial period, with the Dutch colonialists taking over teak forests in 1890, forcing the Samin community to leave the forest, becoming a closed society, and developing a unique tradition. Second, there is a progressive pattern of social change in the Samin community during the independence era after rediscovering their identity as an open and adaptive society, with Islamic dakwah as the main driver of social change.

Characterization and Evaluation of Metarhizium spp. (Metsch.) Sorokin Isolates for Their Temperature Tolerance.

A field survey was done in teak (Tectona grandis F.) forests in South India to explore the entomopathogenic effect of Metarhizium anisopliae (Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes) against teak defoliator, Hyblaea puera (Lepidoptera: Hyblaeidae). About 300 soils and infected insect samples were collected during the survey and thirty-six fungal isolates were isolated from soil and insect samples and characterized. The fungi were cultured on PDAY with dodine and antibiotics. Generally, the EPF culture was incubated at 27 °C in darkness for 15 days. Virulence of the Entomopathogenic Fungi (EPF) ability to germinate under cold and heat temperatures was assessed in a culture impregnated with conidia. In the experiment, it was found that for the first time Metarhizium quizhouense, Metarhizium robertsii, and Metarhizium majus species caused significantly higher mortality to hosts. These isolates of M. anisopliae, M. robertsii, M. majus, and M. quizhouense were all considered to be effective virulent and environmentally adaptive. The Metarhizium isolates were recommended as effective bio-control agents through the field investigation of teak defoliator Hyblaea puera from South India forest. This study paves the way to utilize the indigenous isolates of EPF for the control of teak defoliator and to combat the pests thatare resistant to insecticide.

Comparison of Physico-chemical Properties of Soils under Different Forest Types in Dry Tropical Forest Ecosystem in Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve, India

The present study was conducted to assess the variations in physico-chemical properties of soils under four forest types viz. Mixed Forest, Mixed Sal Forest, Mixed Teak Forest, and Teak Mixed Forests in a typical dry tropical ecosystem of Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve (AABR), Central India. Soil samples were collected from four types of forest and analyzed for the soil samples were taken at three soil depths, i.e. at 0-20 cm, 20-40cm and 40-60 cm and analysed for pH, EC, Organic C, soil moisture, bulk density, nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K). The pH of soil was lower (5.43) under Mixed Forest and higher (6.13) in Teak Mixed Forest, while EC in soil was lower (0.04 dS m-1) in Mixed Sal Forest and higher (0.32 dS m-1) under Teak Mixed Forest. Organic C varied from 11.5 Mg ha-1 to 17.8 Mg ha-1 at 0-20 cm soil depth which was highest in soil under Mixed Sal Forest and lowest in Teak Mixed Forest. The Organic C and EC values were decreased with an increase in soil depth, while the bulk density showed reverse trend. Soil nutrients in different depths varied between 160.2 -196.9 kg ha-1, 10.4-17.7 kg ha-1 and 266.4-439.1 kg ha-1 for N, P and K, respectively. The nutrient quantities in soil were higher in Mixed Sal Forest and lower under Teak Mixed Forest, which decreased with soil depth. The paper discusses the possible variations in soil properties in relation to structure and composition of forest type and suggests appropriate management practices for the sustainable development of forest soils in dry tropical ecosystem.

The Comparison of Erosion Rates in Grassland, Teak Forest, Crops Land, and Gliricidia Forest Plantation in Wanagama Edu Forest

<p class='Els-Abstract-text'>Wanagama forest is an integral part of a nearby village. This forest is left unprotected, so local people can easily enter the forest area to take non-timber forest products, including cropland and grass. The increasing demand for grass for feeding the cattle in Wanagama resulted in a larger area of grassland. Therefore, it is highly important to review and measure the erosion rate of the grassland compared to other land uses. This research aims to measure the erosion rates of four land uses and determine the correlation between rainfall and erosion at those four land uses: grassland, teak forest, crops land, and Gliricidia forest plantation. In measuring the erosion rates, this research uses four plots of 22 x 4 meters established at those four land uses. Each plot has two drums at the outlet. We took the erosion samples at every single rainfall event. To investigate the rainfall, there were two ombrometers installed in the field. The results show that the grassland has the lowest erosion rate (0.45 tons/ha) compared to a teak forest (0.5 tons/ha), crops land (0.84 tons/ha), and Gliricidia plantation forest (1.66 tons/ha). The rainfall has a positive coefficient correlation to erosion; the lowest was in grassland (r = 0.723), followed by teak forest (r = 0.828), Gliricidia (r = 0.830), and Crops land (0.873). The higher the rainfall depth will result in the higher erosion rate at the four land uses.

Impact of Human Activities on the Distribution of Termite Communities in Teak Plantations (Tectona grandis L. F., Verbenaceae) in the Korhogo Communal Area (North Côte d'Ivoire)

Aims: This study aimed to assess the impact of human activities on termites in teak plantations in the Korhogo communal area.&#x0D; Methodology: Termites were sampled from October to November 2020 using the transect method recommended by Jones and Eggleton (2000). The study was carried out in three teak plantations undergoing different levels of human activities, with a forest fragment as reference area. Five types of human activity were assessed and the overall proportion of human pressure on each habitat was calculated. The species richness (S), Shannon index (H'), Evenness (E) and the relative abundance were calculated of termites for each habitat type. Analyses of variance (ANOVA) were used to compare the species richness and abundance of termites.&#x0D; Results: The results showed that the village plantation of teak (PVT) had the highest degree of human pressure (50.94%), followed by the teak plantation of the forest of Mount Korhogo (TFMK) (29.24%). The teak plantation of Botanical Garden (TJB) was under low pressure (6.60%). A total of 30 species grouped in 19 genera and 8 sub-families of termites were identified in all plots. Termite diversity was high in the forest fragment (19.67 ± 1.15) and in the teak plantation of Botanical Garden (21.33 ± 2.08), but low in the village teak plantation (11 ± 1). The abundance of termites evolves in the same direction as the species richness.&#x0D; Conclusion: Anthropogenic activities affect the trophic composition of termites, particularly the humivore group. Reconstruction of the fauna and flora of the teak forests would be beneficial for the conservation of termite species. In this region, teak forests would thus play a role as a refuge for termite communities, which are recognised as the main soil fertilising organisms in the tropics.

Controlling invasive alien species Vachellia nilotica with triclopyr herbicide in Baluran National Park

Vachellia nilotica (Acacia nilotica), as an invasive alien species (IAS), was introduced to Baluran National Park from the Bogor Botanical Gardens in 1969. The purpose was for firebreak to prevent jumping fires from the savanna to the teak forests plantation. However, unexpectedly V. nilotica growth was uncontrollable and invaded the 6000 ha savanna. The rapid growth of this weed has killed the grass in the savanna leading to a decline in the Banteng population in Baluran National Park from 325 in 1998 to 22 in 2011. Since the 1980s, researche on V. nilotica control has been carried out by various universities and research institutions in Indonesia but has not yet obtained an effective and efficient control method. The study aimed to investigate the efficacy of herbicide with the active ingredient of triclopyr by stump brushing to control V. nilotica. Ten triclopyr herbicide concentrations with a solution of diesel and water were tested. The results showed that 1% triclopyr concentration in diesel oil could control 100% of V. nilotica weeds, while water solutions could only control 50% of V. nilotica weeds.

The integration of social forestry, science and local community in the collaborative Muna teak (Tectona grandis) development

The demand for teak wood in Indonesia reached 7 million m3, however, only 10% can be produced. One of the best teak producers in Indonesia was Muna, Southeast Sulawesi which once has a golden period but now experiencing degradation and losing genetic resources. How to restore Muna teak and its genetic resource became the question of the research. This study uses descriptive qualitative research using data from interviews with relevant stakeholders and secondary data. The result of the study shows that the issuance of Business Permit for the Utilization of Timber Forest Product-in Community Forest for three Forest Farmer’s Cooperatives in 2017 on the area of 1,817 hectares through the Social Forestry scheme has made a positive contribution to the restoration of Muna teak forest. The management of the three cooperatives in partnership with a private company, and the government’s financial support by initiating a tissue culture laboratory and genetic engineering as an effort to propagate the Muna teak using mutation breeding techniques to obtain superior clones. Through multi parties, involvement, and support, the integration of government policies and science, in synergy with individual effort and local community movement, effort indicates a hope to restore Muna teak.

PERANAN POLISI KHUSUS KEHUTANAN DALAM UPAYA MENCEGAH DAN MENANGGULANGI PENEBANGAN LIAR(ILLEGALLOGGING) STUDI DI KECAMATAN MOYO HILIR KABUPATEN SUMBAWA

The research was conducted with the aim of knowing and understanding the role of the special forestry police in preventing and tackling Illegal Logging in the forest area of Moyo Hilir District, Sumbawa Regency to find out, analyze the obstacles faced by the special forestry police in preventing and overcoming Illegal Logging. (Illegal Logging) in the forest area of Moyo Hilir District, Sumbawa Regency.The role of the forest police in preventing and tackling illegal logging (Illegal Logging) has not been as effective as expected, it is proven that illegal logging continues, especially in perhutani forest areas (teak forest). This happened because when Perhutani left the teak forest (HTI) it was not handed over directly to the local government (Sumbawa Forestry Service) but was directly handed over to the central government so that here the Sumbawa Forestry Service was not authorized to maintain and protect the teak forest area. Meanwhile, the obstacles faced by the forest police in preventing and tackling illegal logging are: the provisions of the law are not clear, Human Resources are still lacking, supporting facilities and infrastructure are not sufficient, the condition of the community around the forest and inadequate funds.

Suitability of Teak Log Quality from Gunung Kidul and Bantul Yogyakarta Community Forest for Export Meubel Purpose

Natural defect or poor log quality are common in community teak forests. Furniture manufacturers typically use these log types for export purposes. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of community teak forest location and teak stand age affect on teak wood quality. Three teak forest locations were Bantul and two locations in Gunung Kidul. The teak stand age class namely 6, 8, and 10 years old. The data was analyzed using SPSS 20.0 with Tukey test. The result showed that brittleness defect, sapwood defect, and different wooden knot defects were significant in all locations, while log straightness defect was found only in Dlingo. Similarly, all teak stand age (6, 8, and 10 years old) also produced the same defects such as brittleness defect, sapwood defect, and wood knot defect, while the straightness defect at the age of 10 years old was different from to other two teak stand age (6 and 8-year-old). Average teak log defects were straightness defect 1.87-3.53%, brittleness defect 1.19–6.21%, sapwood defect 1.49-4.82 cm, and wood knot defect 5.10-11.46 cm. However, the teak log quality still met the SNI 7534.2-2010 and 7535.2-2010 as raw material for exporting furniture.