Teaching Time Research Articles

Organizational evaluation and human recourses behavior

Internal evaluation is inextricably linked to increasing the efficiency of a school unit. The collection and evaluation of data on the performance of the school unit, the school class, and student potential is critical to increasing the effectiveness of a school structure. The purpose of this study is to determine how significantly a school's efficiency increases at all levels of its organizational structure when self-evaluation is used. According to the study's findings, the implementation of assessment within the context of the school classroom, lesson preparation, proper utilization of teaching time, and the use of alternative and innovative methods appear to have a direct impact on learning outcomes. Furthermore, feedback obtained through assessment aids in the improvement of learning performance and the design of lessons aimed at developing students' critical thinking, digital and soft skills.

Airborne infection risk in classrooms based on environment and occupant behavior measurement under COVID-19 epidemic

ABSTRACT The changes of indoor environment and occupant behavior (OB) are two main causes for the gap between predicted and actual airborne infection risk. To improve the accuracy of COVID-19 airborne infection risk assessment, the environment (CO2 concentration) and OBs (occupant area per person (OA) and activity level (AL)) in three typical classrooms of a primary school in Tianjin, China was selected to conduct the on-site measurement. Based on the measured data, a modified Wells-Riley model was proposed to predict the infection risk, and a risk-controlled ventilation strategy was developed to calculate the ventilation demand. Results indicated that classrooms in the breaking time (B-T) showed a lower indoor CO2 concentration (C in), larger OA, and higher AL than in the teaching time (T-T). The variation tendency of the calculated infection risk increment in T-T was consistent with C in while in B-T was significantly affected by OA and AL, and the maximum fluctuation extent in B-T was two times of that in T-T. Moreover, to avoid the risk spreading in classrooms, a feasible solution of dynamic ventilation control based on the real-time infection risk was proposed, thus facilitating to provide a healthy and sustainable environment for students in classrooms.

Virtual peer teaching in the gross anatomy lab: a format of peer teaching and learning during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: Peer teaching is a powerful educational tool utilized in medical school curricula. Previously, first year medical students taught their peers about the gross anatomical structures they had dissected in the anatomy lab. While this strategy provided an opportunity for students to learn from one another, there were unintended outcomes including difficulty engaging all students. Considering these observations, along with needing to limit student numbers in the lab due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, a strategy was developed where students could conduct their anatomy peer teaching in a virtual environment. The goal was to establish an effective and efficient means for students to teach and learn from one another virtually. Methods: Students, working in groups of four, were tasked to: 1) Find and label 4-5 assigned structures on cadaver-based images; 2) Provide a rationale for labeling; 3) Discuss something relevant about the structure; 4) Prepare a 5-minute video presentation of steps 1-3; and 5) Review and provide meaningful feedback on another group's presentation. Student performance on virtual peer teaching assignments was evaluated using a structured rubric and grades were weighted based on two separate faculty assessments. Student feedback was obtained via discussions with the course director, a semi-structured 1-hour virtual focus interview and from course evaluation data. Results: While students performed well on these assignments, feedback from students indicated several drawbacks such as excess time editing their videos, concerns about the validity of information provided by their peers, and the timing of peer teaching to be non-conducive to learning. Conclusions: Although the students viewed the virtual peer teaching negatively, we were successful in developing a platform in which students participated more equally in peer teaching. Recommendations to those considering this platform include careful consideration of timing of peer teaching activities and faculty feedback as well as technology used.

Influences of Use of Flipped Classroom Models on the Learning Outcomes of Students Majoring in Road and Bridge Engineering Technology

Abstract—The new “Internet+” teaching mode during the COVID-19 pandemic has guaranteed the smooth learning progress of university students in China. High-efficiency reconstruction of time and space for knowledge teaching and internalization based on informationalized teaching mean is an important approach to online learning. A flipped classroom is a teaching mode that is formed through bottom-up exploration. Combined with teaching practical situations, the flipped classroom realizes the transformation from the teacher-centered mode to the student-oriented mode successfully and has important value to the teaching of professional core courses, which are difficult to be learned. In this study, 80 freshmen majoring in Road and Bridge Engineering Technology at Yellow River Conservancy Technical Institute in Henan Province of China were selected as research objects, and Road Survey Design and Lofting was chosen as the teaching course. Under these circumstances, a teaching experiment comparison was designed. The experimental group used flipped classroom technology based on Attention, Relevance, Confidence, and Satisfaction (ARCS) motivation model theory, while the control group used the traditional teaching mode. Research results demonstrate that before the experiment, the learning outcomes of two groups in Road Survey Design and Lofting were basically consistent (P=0.908>0.05) without obvious differences. After finishing the experiment, the post-test results of the control group have not improved significantly compared with the pre-test results (P=0.0938>0.05). However, the post-test results of the experimental group have improved significantly compared with the pre-test results (P < 0.001). The average scores of the experimental group are far higher than that of the control group, thus indicating the evident progress of the experimental group. Noticeable differences in the post-test results between the experimental group and the control group are observed (P < 0.001). The research results are of great significance to enriching the teaching mode of core application courses for engineering majors in university, as they provide evidence that the flipped classroom increases the learning interests and motivation of students and demonstrate the teaching effect of flipped classroom technology in universities.

Providing Structured Real-Time Feedback on Postdischarge Outcomes Using Electronic Health Record Data.

Most trainees do not receive information about postdischarge outcomes, despite the importance of external feedback for accurate self-assessment and improvement in discharge planning skills. We aimed to design an intervention to foster reflection and self-assessment by trainees regarding how they can improve transitions of care with minimal investment of program resources. We developed a low-resource session delivered near the end of an internal medicine inpatient rotation. Faculty, medical students, and internal medicine residents reviewed and reacted to postdischarge outcomes of their patients, explored understanding of the reasons for these outcomes, and developed goals for future practice. The intervention required minimal resources given that it was conducted during scheduled teaching time, did not require additional staff, and used already available data. Forty internal medicine resident and medical student participants completed pre- and postintervention surveys that evaluated their understanding of causes for poor patient outcomes, sense of responsibility for postdischarge outcomes, degree of self-reflection, and goals for future practice. Trainee understanding of the causes for poor patient outcomes was significantly different in several areas after completing the session. Trainees were less likely to believe that their responsibility for patients ends at the time of discharge, indicating an increase in sense of responsibility for postdischarge outcomes. After the session, 52.6% of trainees planned to change their approach to discharge planning, and 57.1% of attending physicians planned to change their approach to discharge planning with trainees. Through free-text responses, trainees noted that the intervention facilitated reflection and discussion about discharge planning and led to the development of goals to adopt specific behaviors for future practice. Meaningful information about postdischarge outcomes from the electronic health record can be used to provide feedback to trainees in a brief, low-resource session during an inpatient rotation. This feedback significantly affects trainee sense of responsibility for and understanding of postdischarge outcomes, which may lead to improved trainee ability to orchestrate transitions of care.

Research on English Teaching in Higher Vocational Colleges based on Flipped Classroom Model

In higher vocational English teaching, flipped classroom, as an information-based teaching method, can achieve better classroom effects than traditional teaching methods. However, with the development of the times, today's flipped classroom teaching mode is also facing the problem of appropriate innovation. As a new cloud service platform represented by smart phones, cloud class can effectively support innovative flipped classroom and online teaching. Perfect the teaching behavior to construct active and effective teaching content, achieve the maximum effect within the unit teaching time, and cultivate students' effective English autonomous learning strategies and higher autonomous learning ability; Can teachers improve their level and ability to use micro-class to optimize and strengthen the content of the course, so as to improve students' English language quality and improve students' comprehensive ability to use English.

How is Mendelian genetics taught in Malawi?

Understanding genetics, an important topic in the study of biology, is critical for scientific literacy in agriculture, health, and forensic investigations. However, it has been observed that teachers find genetics difficult to teach and pupils do not perform well in it. Teachers can use expository teaching or active learning methods, but the secondary school curriculum in Malawi advocates the latter. The aim of this study was to find out how genetics is taught and how teachers justify their choice of method. This study used a multi-case design involving six teachers and observed their Mendelian genetics lessons and asked them to justify their choice of teaching method. The findings show that teachers mostly use expository methods utilising lecture and question and answer teaching techniques. Contextual factors such as large classes, limited teaching time, and lack of resources were cited as reasons for their choice of expository techniques. In addition, they said that the topic was abstract and learners could not construct their own understanding. Furthermore, they indicated that they did not know what activities to arrange for the learners. The paper discusses the difficulties experienced in implementing active learning methods in teaching genetics and recommends possible avenues for teacher education and further research in Malawi.

The Effectiveness of Independent Work Training In Improving The Performance of PKBM Ki Hajar Dewantara's Learning Citizens Ngronggot District, Nganjuk Regency

The research aims to find out that independent work training can improve the performance of Ki Hajar Dewantara PKBM learning residents, Ngronggot District, Nganjuk Regency. One of the efforts to improve the performance of learning citizens is through self-employed training which starts from the problem, so the point to be revealed in this study includes the implementation process that is used to support the successful implementation of the training with several stages, namely, identification and determination of training needs , the purpose of shared motivation, the purpose of teaching materials, time efficiency, study funds, training venues, supporting facilities, learning resources, learning atmosphere, supporting factors, and evaluation. This research uses a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. The data collection technique used in this research is interview observation and documentation study.From the results of data processing, it can be concluded that the implementation of self-employment training for Learning Citizens is Performance.seen from the comparison between changes in learning residents before attending self-employment training and after attending training there is an increase in performance seen from performance achievement indicators. What supports the achievement of the effectiveness of self-employment training in improving performance is good cooperation between tutors and good training participants, very high motivation and enthusiasm of Learning Citizens for self-employment training, as well as support from the local community. Keywords: Effectiveness, Training, Performance

Health education curricula in Canada: an overview and analysis

ABSTRACT Health education (HE) curricula across Canada are developed by individual provinces/territories, enabling curriculum documents to be responsive to regional needs. However, this autonomy prevents Canadian teachers (and students) from having access to a consistent collection of curriculum competencies/outcomes. Without national HE curriculum competencies/outcomes, it is nearly impossible to design curricula that adhere to any shared ‘global’ curriculum agendas. Given this, Physical and Health Education Canada (PHE Canada) recently developed and released the Canadian Competencies for Physical and Health Education (CPHE Competencies). Within the CPHE Competencies are core HE competencies/outcome themes that are meant to be exemplars for education systems (K–12) across the nation. In this milieu, we have recognised a need to provide an overview and analysis of HE curricula across Canada. Our overview and analysis consider the following: allocated time for teaching and learning HE; age/contemporary relevance of HE curricula; and alignment with the CPHE Competencies.

Clustering Analysis of Online Teaching Cases and Evaluation of Teaching Results

To facilitate front-line teachers to provide more efficient cases for classroom teaching activities in limited teaching time, it is necessary to conduct clustering analysis of online teaching cases. The existing clustering study on text-based teaching resources focuses on the representation and fusion of different views of texts and the discovery of consistent clustering allocation, and ignores the high-dimensional sparsity of text data. To this end, this paper studies clustering analysis of online teaching cases and evaluation of teaching results. This paper gives the design flow of online teaching with case teaching as the core and proposes a text multi-view clustering algorithm based on case subject alignment, and presents a clustering model structure based on subject alignment. Based on the grey system theory, this paper compares online classroom teaching results before and after teachers use clustering algorithm to process teaching cases. Finally, the experimental setup is given, and the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is verified by experiment.

Training and ‘Doing’ Procedural Justice in the Frontline of Public Service: Evidence from Police

Procedural justice can impact on street-level bureaucrat (SLB)-citizen encounters as it shapes citizens’ experience with, and perception of, the delivery of public service. Specifically, in police encounters with the public, procedural justice has recently dominated the public discourse due to the tensions around police-community relations. One way to enhance the quality of SLB-citizen encounters is through procedural justice training. Utilizing a mixed methods design, we conduct a two-pronged analysis of (1) the content and teaching time of procedural justice training in state-mandated basic police curricula across U.S. states and (2) the ways training content (i.e., concepts of procedural justice) is conceptualized by the street-level bureaucrats who are the subjects of these curricula. The study identifies deficiencies in the length of the training and highlights discrepancies between the content emphasized in the training and the ways in which SLBs perceive and interpret its utility and applicability. It concludes by offering practical recommendations on how to improve procedural justice competencies, and by way, enhance SLB-citizen encounters through training.

The Dental Educational Environment of Online and Blended Learning during COVID-19, and the Impact on the Future of Dental Education

Undergraduate dental students who participated in blended learning with online lectures were invited to participate. The sample was a non-probability convenient sample, which included all clinical dental students invited to participate, who were enrolled in the fifth, sixth, and seventh (clinical year) years. All 69 students in these three clinical years were invited to participate. Electronic consent to participate and a self-administered questionnaire of two parts were completed. Part one of the questionnaire utilized the five subscales of the Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure (DREEM) questionnaire; part two was developed in addition to evaluate the online teaching and learning subscales. Descriptive statistics and analyses of variance were performed; Pearson correlations were made between the additional supplemental online teaching subscale and the original DREEM subscales. The mean students' perception of the teacher was high, followed by the academic self-perception and then the learning perception. Students' social self-perceptions had the lowest reported scores. Students' perceptions varied by year of education in all subscales except for the online domain. In comparing all domains (DREEM and the online component), graduating students (final year) had a more favorable perception than other students. Within the limitations of the present study, online and blended learning were positively perceived, excluding the social self-perception and the perception that the online teaching time was not well used.

Challenges of teachers when teaching sentence-based mathematics problem-solving skills.

Sentence-based mathematics problem-solving skills are essential as the skills can improve the ability to deal with various mathematical problems in daily life, increase the imagination, develop creativity, and develop an individual's comprehension skills. However, mastery of these skills among students is still unsatisfactory because students often find it difficult to understand mathematical problems in verse, are weak at planning the correct solution strategy, and often make mistakes in their calculations. This study was conducted to identify the challenges that mathematics teachers face when teaching sentence-based mathematics problem-solving skills and the approaches used to address these challenges. This study was conducted qualitatively in the form of a case study. The data were collected through observations and interviews with two respondents who teach mathematics to year four students in a Chinese national primary school in Kuala Lumpur. This study shows that the teachers have faced three challenges, specifically low mastery skills among the students, insufficient teaching time, and a lack of ICT infrastructure. The teachers addressed these challenges with creativity and enthusiasm to diversify the teaching approaches to face the challenges and develop interest and skills as part of solving sentence-based mathematics problems among year four students. These findings allow mathematics teachers to understand the challenges faced while teaching sentence-based mathematics problem solving in depth as part of delivering quality education for every student. Nevertheless, further studies involving many respondents are needed to understand the problems and challenges of different situations and approaches that can be used when teaching sentence-based mathematics problem-solving skills.

The Correlation Between Mastering Vocabulary and The Students' Ability in Speaking

There are four major skills in learning English, they are: listening, reading, speaking and writing. Speaking for many years has occupied a large position of time in teaching and learning activities in the school. Speaking is an activity used by someone to communicate with others. It takes place everywhere and has become part of our daily activities. The aims of this research were: To know the students' ability in mastering vocabulary, to know the students' ability in speaking and to know the significant correlation between mastering vocabulary and the students ' ability in speaking. The research was done at MTs Islamiyah Medan. The population of the research was 125 students while the sample was 56 students taken using random sampling. And the instrument of the research test in analyzing data, the writer used the product moment correlation formula. Hath of this research was accepted if rcounter was bigger than stable, Ho of this research was rejected if rcounter was lower than rtable. From the data that was analyzed, it showed that ro is 0.877 and r table with a significant standard of 5% is 0.262. The product moment correlation value was bigger than the “r” table (0.877 > 0.262). There is Ha of the research was accepted, but Ho was rejected. Thus, it can be concluded that there was a positive correlation between mastering vocabulary and the students' ability in speaking.

Influence of motivation on the perception of mathematics by secondary school students.

Motivation, the teacher-student relationship, the use of resources, and the time spent studying, in addition to the family economic and social context, are some of the factors that affect academic performance and directly influence student failure. This paper evaluates the motivation in mathematics students' performances by analyzing indicators of the mathematics learning dimensions. A total of 2,018 secondary students were evaluated in this cross-sectional study. Motivation, teaching, resources, and study time were analyzed with a validated 20-item questionnaire. Statistical analysis revealed that student motivation appears to be significantly related to perceptions of teaching practices and the use of resources for study. Students with high motivation have positive perceptions of teaching practices. Gender differences were not observed. In addition, the motivation indicator allowed for grouping students into various motivational profiles.

So You Want to be a Program Director? Career Paths of Colon and Rectal Surgery Residency Program Directors

The trajectory of colon and rectal surgery residency program director (PD) career paths has not been well described, leaving those who aspire for the position with minimal guidance. The goal of this study is to characterize their career paths in the United States. By understanding their experiences, the path to train and educate the next generation of colon and rectal surgeons as a PD will be better illuminated. This study was an anonymous, cross-sectional survey of all junior and senior colon and rectal surgery residency PDs in the United States during April and May of 2022. PDs were divided into junior and senior PDs. Results were compared using 2-sided independent t-tests and Kruskall-Wallis tests. Of 65 colon and rectal surgery PDs, 48% (31/65) completed the survey which encompassed demographics, leadership, education, research, and time utilization. Participants were primarily white and male, although increased female representation was identified among the junior PDs (50%). Junior PDs were also more likely to hold associate or assistant professor positions at time of appointment (p = 0.01) and a majority of all PDs (64%) previously or currently held a leadership position in a national or regional surgical association. When appointed, senior PDs reported increased teaching time. This multi-institutional analysis of colon and rectal surgery residency PDs identified a trend towards equal gender representation and diversity amongst upcoming junior PDs. All respondents were appointed to PD from within the institution. Other key experiences included previous leadership roles and associate or assistant professor positions at time of appointment. While it is impossible to create a single recommended template for every aspiring colon and rectal surgery educator to advance to a PD position, this study provides guideposts along that career path.

Developing hospitalist educators when teaching time is scarce: The Passport model as a professional development approach.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Assessment of Anatomy Education Teaching Modalities before and during COVID-19 in US Medical Schools

Medical schools in the United States, as well as across the world, have undergone curriculum reform in the delivery of anatomy courses, which recently required social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this study was to compare total teaching time across three major types of anatomy curricular formats in preclerkship and clerkship phases of US medical education, and quantitatively describe which tools/teaching modalities are used within different curricula structures across preclinical and clinical anatomy courses as well as evaluate the relative percent of the curricular time their use comprised prior to and during the pandemic. An optional survey instrument (with skip patterns), developed using Qualtrics Software and approved by the author’s home Institutional Review Board, was sent to anatomy course directors at 152 allopathic medical schools, from all four geographic and size categories delineated by the Association of American Medical Colleges. Data were analyzed using Qualtrics XM Stats iQ software. Thirty allopathic US medical institutions were represented in this survey, among which there existed an even distribution across the three integration formats with the majority of instruction occurring in the first-year curriculum. Total anatomy teaching time varied widely, but cadaveric dissection and lectures were the predominant teaching modalities, even during the pandemic. Traditional dissection comprised the majority of contact time compared to alternative modalities, but less than half of respondents currently incorporate new modalities. Approximately half of the schools changed to an all-virtual format for 2020–2021. Among those that were fully virtual, time using 3D anatomy significantly increased. Our results demonstrate that traditional anatomic educational practices remain the mainstay of medical education. Surprisingly, total contact hours in anatomic education varied widely, but there were striking similarities in the use of traditional tools.

ENGLISH PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS’ ANXIETY IN THEIR TEACHING PRACTICUM DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC


 The purpose of this study was to describe the anxiety experienced by English pre-service teachers in their teaching practicum during this COVID-19 pandemic. This study was a descriptive case study. The participants of this study were 28 students from an English language department at a private university in East Java. These students carried out their practice teaching from January 2, up to February 28, 2022. Then, the researcher administered questionnaires in the form of open-ended questions through Google Form to collect the data. In analyzing the data, the researcher used the theory of a-five factor language teachers’ anxiety by Devellis. Meanwhile, the technique of data analysis used was the Miles, Huberman, and Saldana’s theory. The results of this study showed that the five factors of teaching anxiety comprising of inexperience teaching, self-perception of language proficiency, feeling afraid of getting negative evaluation, the students’ less interest in teaching activities, and getting difficulty in their teaching time management, existed. Hopefully, this present study results can be used as the consideration for EFL lecturers in providing some strategies for the future English pre-service teachers to overcome their teaching anxiety.

Inter-Cultural Communication Skills Training in Medical Schools: A Systematic Review

Background Effective intercultural communication skills are an essential graduate outcome for medical students in a globalised world. Educational theory would suggest that combining an understanding of cultural competence with patient centred communication skills through an experiential, immersive, reflective and longitudinal curriculum may be the most effective way to develop intercultural communication skills. Aims To determine the scope and most effective teaching methods in training medical students in intercultural communication with ethnically diverse populations. Method A systematic review of the literature was performed using the PRISMA Guidelines to identify articles that described methods for teaching intercultural communication to medical students. A search of the literature was performed in five databases: Cochrane, EMBASE, ERIC, PubMed and Web of Science. Relevant papers were interrogated for impact (Kirkpatrick level), quality (Colthart scale) and learning mechanism. Results We found 22 studies that described teaching methods for developing intercultural communication for ethnically diverse people in medical schools. There were a diverse range of teaching methods, durations and time of delivery in the medical course. Better teaching interventions were underpinned by learning theory and usually included practice with standardised patients, reflection and immersive experiences with members of ethnically diverse communities. Evaluation of these studies was limited mostly to short term student satisfaction surveys or performance assessments which hampered determining their effectiveness. Conclusion While there are indications that intercultural communication is best learnt as a continuum of cultural and communication skill development through immersive experiences, iteratively through medical school, there remains a need for high quality longitudinal studies to confirm this hypothesis.