Tea Waste Research Articles

Activated biomass-derived 3-dimensional porous graphene-like carbon for high-performance energy storage electrode materials

This article reports studies on the fabrication of active material for supercapacitor electrodes, from 3D porous graphene-like carbon (GLC), synthesized by carbonization from coffee waste (CW) and tea waste (TW) at 550 °C, followed by thermochemical activation in KOH at 850 °C in a quartz tubular furnace. The microstructure of coffee and tea waste shows the form of micro- and mesopores during carbonization and further chemical activation forms hierarchically highly porous 3D graphene-like carbon. GLC-CW exhibited a higher specific surface area (SSA) of 3486 m2/g according to the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method, compared to GLC-TW, which had an SSA of 2407 m2/g. These results highlight the effectiveness of graphene-like carbon derived from coffee and tea waste, demonstrating its potential as a promising material for high-capacity supercapacitors. The electrochemical characteristics of the assembled supercapacitors using GLC-CW and GLC-TW revealed significantly higher specific capacitance values of 214 F/g and 182 F/g respectively, along with cycling stability of 98 % and 95 % during 5000 cycles of charge and discharge at 2 A/g current density. This approach can produce high-performance electrode materials for supercapacitors at a reasonable cost and with easy scalability.

An extensive review study on bioresources recovery from tea waste and its emerging applications

An extensive review study on bioresources recovery from tea waste and its emerging applications

Spent tea leaves and tea bags - promising biofuels?

The spent tea leaves used after the extraction of liquid from processed tea are insufficiently utilized waste, rich in essential amino acids, polyphenols, alkaloids, and minerals, produced in large quantities, e.g., in tea houses, hospitals, school canteens, etc. Therefore, this study is aimed at characterizing this waste, how it is processed into pellets and how it subsequently increases its energy potential by torrefaction. The influence of the method of tea packaging, i.e., loose tea leaves or tea bags, was also considered. Several types of tea waste were processed using a pilot plant pelletizing press and torrefaction stand. The prepared pellets were characterized by mechanical parameters, such as the pellet durability index, the wettability index, water resistance, hardness, or specific bulk density, and were integrated by FTIR measurements. Furthermore, pellet’s energy parameters, such as higher heating value, lower heating value, and elemental analysis, were compared. The results show that non-torrefied pellets have an average combustion heat of 19 KJ.kg-1, while torrefied pellets have a value of 9 KJ.kg-1 higher. Overall, the study demonstrates that spent tea leaves can be converted into a sustainable source of bioenergy and presents a solution for the treatment of this waste, as well as a renewable energy option.

Dewatering and drying of Kombucha Bacterial Cellulose for preparation of biodegradable film for food packaging

Kombucha Bacterial Cellulose (KBC), obtained from waste products of kombucha fermentation, has potential applications in diverse fields. The present study used tea waste as a raw material for producing kombucha-like beverages and bacterial cellulose (BC). The in-situ dewatering and drying operations were performed to remove the high-water content from fermented KBC. Herein, the performance of BC in pressure-driven separation has been investigated as a function of dewatering pressure, drying temperature, and drying time in a multifunctional filtration cell. The Central Composite Design (CCD) was used to optimize the dewatering and drying parameters. The optimum conditions were found to be 4 bar pressure, 99 °C drying temperature, and 5 min drying time with a desirability value of 0.921. The predicted response values agreed with actual responses within 2.3–2.7 %. The dried films were prepared at optimized conditions and used to investigate thickness, density, mechanical properties, Fourier transform infrared, and scanning electron microscopy. The properties of KBC film varied as fermentation days increased. The KBC films' transparency decreased as thickness and density increased. The KBC film exhibits excellent mechanical properties such as tensile strength, maximum load, extension at the break, load at the break, and Young's modulus. The KBC films have been reported to be biodegradable and non-toxic and may be used for food packaging. Moreover, the present study successfully demonstrated that KBC packaging material could extend the shelf life of tomatoes by 13–15 days under accelerated conditions.

The carbon stability and energy characteristics of tea waste-derived biochar: Effects of pyrolytic temperature and co-pyrolysis with nanoscale zero-valent iron

Pyrolytic temperature and Fe addition are two typical factors widely used for modifying the characteristic of biochar, however, their co-effect on the C emission reduction (enhancing C stability) and fuel features of tea waste biochar remain unclear. Hence, this study systematically investigated the effects of pyrolytic temperature (300–900 °C) and nanoscale zero-valent iron (Fe) co-pyrolysis on the C stability and fuel features of TBC. Herein, H/C, (O + N)/C, FTIR spectrum, XRD spectrum, Ig/(Id + Ig) and DOC release suggested that pyrolytic temperature improvement decreased the aliphaticity, polarity and DOC content, but increased the aromaticity and graphitic degree for TBC. Meanwhile, Fe co-pyrolysis decreased the polarity and enhanced the graphitic degree of TBC at 800–900 °C. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that Fe co-pyrolysis lowered the thermostability of C. Differently, H2O2 oxidization method indicated Fe co-pyrolysis significantly enhanced the chemical stability of C. Furthermore, Uv–vis and fluorescence spectrum indicated that pyrolytic temperature improvement decreased the aromaticity and molecular size of biochar-derived DOC. Fe co-pyrolysis increased the release of large molecular humic-like matters rather than small molecular protein-like matters. All the results suggested high pyrolytic temperature and Fe co-pyrolysis could improve the environmental (physico-chemical) C stability of TBC and the C emission reduction. Additionally, TBC presented a considerable energy densification ratio (EDR) ranges (1.355–1.450) of wood- and straw-derived biochars, indicating TBC could be a potential high-performance biofuel to alleviate the energy crisis. This study provides important information to optimize pyrolysis conditions to re-use of tea waste for C emission reduction and fuel substitute.

Turbidity Removal Efficiency of Tannin Based Flocculants Derived from Different Agricultural Waste

Tannin-based flocculants have been investigated, produced, and commercialized as a promising product in water supply and wastewater treatment. This study compared turbidity removal efficiency of tannin-based flocculants produced from different agricultural waste. Tannin was extracted using ultrasonic method (ethanol 50%, 2 h, 500 kHz) and modified according to Mannich reaction using HCHO and NH4Cl. The coagulation and flocculation efficiencies were determined using Jar-tests on artificial wastewater with initial turbidity of 200 NTU. The results showed that at pH 7 and alum dosage of 5 ppm, turbidity removal efficiency of flocculants derived from longan pericarp, mimosa bark, green tea waste, and green banana peel were 93%, 92.7%, 92%, and 89.8%, respectively; corresponding to flocculant dosages of 10 ppm, 12 ppm, 8 ppm and 8 ppm. Production efficiency for green tea waste (9.4%), mimosa bark (7.1%), longan pericarp (4.6%) were much higher than that for green banana peel (0.5%). Based on the turbidity removal and production efficiencies as well as the optimal dosages of tannin-based flocculants, green tea waste was found to be the most potential material of all four agricultural waste to produce tannin-based flocculants.

Characteristic study of Candida rugosa lipase immobilized on lignocellulosic wastes: effect of support material.

For the first time is reported the comparison of solid biocatalysts derived from Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) immobilized on different lignocellulosic wastes (rice husk, brewer's spent grain, hemp tea waste, green tea waste, vine bark, and spent coffee grounds) focusing on the characterization of these materials and their impact on the lipase-support interaction. The wastes were subjected to meticulous characterization by ATR-FTIR, BET, and SEM analysis, besides lignin content and hydrophobicity determination. Investigating parameters influencing immobilization performance revealed the importance of morphology, textural properties, and hydrophobic interactions revealed the importance of morphology, textural properties and especially hydrophobic interactions which resulted in positive correlations between surface hydrophobicity and lipase immobilization efficiency. Hemp tea waste and spent coffee grounds demonstrated superior immobilization performances (7.20 U/g and 8.74 U/g immobilized activity, 102.3% and 33.5% efficiency, 13.4% and 15.4% recovery, respectively). Moreover, they demonstrated good temporal stability (100% and 92% residual activity after 120days, respectively) and retained 100% of their immobilized activity after five reuses in the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl palmitate in hexane. In addition, the study of enzymatic desorption caused by ionic strength and detergent treatments indicated mixed hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions in rice husk, vine bark, and spent coffee grounds supports, while hemp tea waste and green tea waste were dominated by hydrophobic interactions.

Green synthesis of nanoscale zero-valent iron impregnated walnut shell biochar as efficient adsorbent for metal(loid)s purification: Performance and mechanism insight

The escalation of metal(loid) contamination in global water poses severe risks to ecological environment safety. Meeting the ‘pollution control with waste’ strategy, we utilized eco-friendly waste tea leaf extract and walnut shell to first fabricate a greenly synthesized nanoscale zero-valent iron impregnated walnut shell biochar (G-nZVI/WSB) for the simultaneous sequestration of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As) from aqueous systems. Since the interactions among these metal(loid)s during adsorption on G-nZVI/WSB and their corresponding mechanisms remain unclear, we conducted a series of batch experiments coupled with characterization techniques. The optimal pyrolysis temperature and Fe/C ratio for G-nZVI/WSB were determined to be 650 °C and 20 %, respectively. Under optimal conditions (contact time = 24 h, pH = 6), G-nZVI/WSB exhibited theoretical maximum adsorption capacities for Cd(II), Pb(II), and As(III) of 52.96, 135.1, and 8.414 mg g−1, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of WSB carrier. In single and combined systems, the monolayer and chemical adsorption of metal(loid)s were predominant, with their competitive affinity for active sites following the order of Pb(II) > Cd(II) > As(III). Characterization analyses using FTIR, SEM, XRD, and XPS confirmed the specific adsorption mechanisms of G-nZVI/WSB for these metal(loid)s, including cation-π interactions, coprecipitation, oxidation, and coordinated complexation. Notably, G-nZVI/WSB exhibited excellent adsorption stability over five cycles of adsorption-desorption, which achieved the efficient purification of multi-contaminated actual wastewaters to meet the standards for wastewater discharge or drinking water. These findings demonstrate the significant potential of G-nZVI/WSB as an eco-friendly and promising nanocomposite for treating metal(loid)-contaminated wastewater.

The Effect of Adding Green and Black Tea Waste Extracts on Rumen Fermentation Parameters by In Vitro Techniques

The increase in global temperatures over the past few decades due to greenhouse gas emissions has raised concerns and necessitated further research in climate change mitigation and adaptation. Methane is a prominent greenhouse gas that significantly contributes to climate change, with a substantial amount generated through fermentation processes occurring in the rumen of ruminant animals. The potential of plant secondary metabolites, especially those derived from tannin-rich plants, warrants investigation to modify rumen fermentation and mitigate methane emissions in livestock diets. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of extracts obtained from green and black tea waste on rumen fermentation dynamics and gas (methane) production, utilizing in vitro methods. For this purpose, rumen fluid was collected from two fistulated sheep and subjected to three treatments: (1) a basal diet (control), (2) a basal diet + green tea waste extract (5% of dry matter), (3) a basal diet + black tea waste extract (5% of dry matter). The study assessed the effects of incorporating extracts from green and black tea waste on various parameters, including digestibility, protozoa population, ammonia nitrogen levels, volatile fatty acids, and methane gas production following a 24-h incubation period. Statistical analysis of the data was conducted using SAS software within a completely randomized design framework. The findings indicated that the addition of green and black tea waste extracts significantly decreased methane gas production (p < 0.05), protozoa count (p < 0.05), and ammonia nitrogen concentrations in rumen fluid (p < 0.05) when compared to the control group. The addition of green and black tea waste extracts has significantly altered the concentration of VFAs in rumen fluid (p < 0.05). Specifically, the addition of green tea waste extract has led to a highly significant reduction in acetic acid, (p < 0.01) and the addition of both extracts has resulted in a significant increase in propionic acid (p < 0.05). Consequently, the results suggest that the inclusion of green and black tea waste extracts in livestock diets may effectively mitigate methane emissions in the rumen, thereby reducing feed costs and reducing environmental pollution.

Extraction of flavonoid dyes from vine tea (Ampelopsis grossedentata) waste and application in bleached pulp dyeing

AbstractNatural dyes are receiving more attention due to wide and renewable resources and their functionalities. This study delved into the optimal conditions for extracting Ampelopsis grossedentata flavonoid dyes (AGFDs) from vine tea waste, resulting in a dye sample with a total flavonoid extraction percentage of 27.4 %. Ultraviolet (UV), Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) analysis revealed the presence of 18 flavonoids in AGFD. Additionally, various factors, including pH, light exposure, temperature, metal ions, and redox agents were found to impact the stability of AGFD. Moreover, the dyeing performance of AGFD for the bleached chemical pulp was investigated. Under optimal conditions, the AGFD‐dyed pulp displayed a vibrant yellow hue and excellent colour fastness when using aluminum potassium sulphate dodecahydrate (KAl(SO4)2·12H2O) as a mordant with a dyeing uptake level up to 88 %. FTIR and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis demonstrated that AGFD chemically bound to the pulp fibre. Remarkably, the hand sheet made from the AGFD‐dyed pulp exhibited thermal stability, physical strength properties and antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, the peroxide value of cheese packaged with the AGFD‐dyed pulp hand sheet was only 43 % of that of the undyed one, indicating its good antioxidant properties. This study highlights the promising potential of AGFD in the production of functional coloured paper.

The Potential of Tea Waste and Silica Fume as Partial Replacements for Cement in Bricks

Bricks are widely used building materials made from sand, cement, and water in standard proportions. However, the increasing demand for construction materials that use sand and ordinary Portland cement is leading to the depletion of natural resources. To address this issue, researchers are exploring alternative materials, such as Tea Waste (TW) and Silica Fume (SF), as partial replacements for cement bricks. This study used a mix proportion of 1:2.5 with a certain percentage of replacement materials and 0.5 of a water/cement ratio. The experimental results indicated that when TW and SF were substituted at 5% and 10%, respectively, the compressive strength of the cement bricks was adequate and met the minimum masonry unit requirements of the British Standard. Additionally, the density of the cement bricks (with TW and SF) was lower than that of solid bricks, and the water absorption met the requirements of the British Standard. However, the cement bricks' effective strength-to-weight ratio (s-w ratio) was lower than 1.0, except for the specimens with 5% TW and 10% SF. The optimum mix proportion was the cement brick with 5% TW and 10% SF as it achieved all the industry requirements.

Waste tea as absorbent for removal of heavy metal present in contaminated water

The goal of this study is to investigate the efficacy of tea-derived absorbents for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated water. For this, absorbents were prepared from milk tea (MT) waste, Ilam tea (IT) waste, and various types of tea leaves, including Immature (IML), mature (ML), and old leaves (OL). The characterization of the absorbents revealed distinct physical and chemical properties from X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), with varying degrees of effectiveness observed across different absorbent types. Heavy metal removal efficiency was assessed using a chemical-free UV-spectrophotometer. The results show that the maximum removal efficiency for Cd using the IT absorbent reaches up to 82.14 % with 100 ppm cetyltrim ethylammonium bromide (CTAB), while the minimum removal efficiency is 32.14 % using the OL absorbent with 20 ppm CTAB. For Zn, the OL absorbent demonstrates a maximum removal efficiency of 52.59 % with 100 ppm CTAB, whereas the minimum efficiency is 3.70 % using the ML absorbent with 20 ppm CTAB. For Ni, the highest removal efficiency is achieved with the ML absorbent, reaching up to 97.73 % with 100 ppm CTAB, and the lowest is 31.82 % with the MT absorbent with 20 ppm CTAB. The addition of a catalyst further enhanced removal efficiencies in both absorbents and metals. Also, the removal of heavy metal ions using 0.05 g of tea absorbent combined with CTAB at varying concentrations. Results show that the addition of 20 ppm and 100 ppm CTAB significantly reduces metal ion concentrations from an initial 100 mg/L. The metal ion concentration decreases as CTAB concentration increases, demonstrating the effectiveness of CTAB in enhancing the absorption capacity of tea absorbent for heavy metal removal. The investigation of selective adsorption of Ni, Zn, and Cd by an adsorbent, revealing competitive adsorption behavior with Ni and Zn being adsorbed more rapidly than Cd, suggesting the impact of metal ion interference on adsorption efficiency. However, limitations were observed with certain absorbent types; for instance, immature leaves did not effectively remove Ni. Overall, this study underscores the potential of tea-derived absorbents as sustainable solutions for mitigating heavy metal pollution in industrial wastewater. Further research is needed to optimize absorbent formulations and explore their applicability in real-world environmental remediation scenarios.

Experimentation Study of Sound and Vibration Absorption in Two-Wheeler Engines using Tea Waste and Nano-Clay Material

Experimentation Study of Sound and Vibration Absorption in Two-Wheeler Engines using Tea Waste and Nano-Clay Material

Synthesis of various types of green biosorbents materials for removals of sulphates from contaminated water for better aquatic environments

Human and industrial activities pollute water resources with sulphur metal, endangering human health and ecosystems. Chemical precipitation and membrane filtration are expensive when treating large amounts of water, inefficient at low metal concentrations, and produce large amounts of toxic sludge and other products that must be disposed of waste water bio-sorption is eco-friendly and alternative. These methods are cheaper, more accessible, and reusable than conventional ones. This study investigates the bio-sorption of sulphur from contaminated water using neem leaf, custard apple leaf, mango tree leaf, orange peels, and banana peels biological waste materials. This work achieves 100 % removal efficiency. Biosorbents remove sulphates from contaminated water: custard leaves 100 % at 4gm, orange peels 40 % at 5gm, tea waste 50 % at 4gm, neem leaves 70 % at 5gm, and mango leaves 75 % at 5gm. The performances of biosorbents for removals of sulphates from water as follows: Custard leaves waste > Mango leaves > Neem leaves > Tea trash > Orange peels the sulphate reduction by biosorbents. The best biosorption occurred at basic pH 6.5, 3.7gm dosage, 90 min contact duration, 30 °C temperature, and 120 rpm agitation speed. The effects of contact time, agitation speed, adsorbent dosage, pH, and temperature are also examined. Before usage, biosorbents materials can be physically and chemically measured the changes. Regenerating and reusing bio-sorbent after sulphates removals makes the method cost-effective for removals of pollutants from water.

Is Tea Waste A Promising Co-substrate for Optimizing The Cultivation, Growth, and Yield of Charleston Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)?

To address growing concerns about sustainable agriculture and waste management, this study aimed to explore the viability of tea waste as an eco-friendly alternative substrate for cultivating Charleston peppers (Capsicum annuum), with the goal of optimizing plant growth and yield while reducing soil dependence, lowering cultivation costs, and repurposing agro-industrial waste. Six different substrate combinations were evaluated: 1) Tea waste, 2) Tea waste + Manure, 3) Tea waste + Soil, 4) Manure + Soil, 5) Tea waste + Manure + Soil, and 6) Tea waste + Manure + Soil + Perlite. Data were analyzed using both multivariate and univariate analyses to assess significant differences among treatments. Notably, significant differences in stem diameter were observed among plants grown on different substrates (one-way MANOVA, p <.05). However, plant height and chlorophyll content remained unaffected by substrate type. Although leaf structure exhibited considerable variation across treatments, no significant difference in dry matter content was observed. These results demonstrate that tea waste, especially when combined with other materials, is a promising sustainable substrate for Charleston pepper cultivation, potentially reducing soil dependence and agro-industrial waste.

Comprehensive thermal properties, kinetic, and thermodynamic analyses of biomass wastes pyrolysis via TGA and Coats-Redfern methodologies

This study comprehensively analyzes the thermal decomposition characteristics as well as the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of five biomass wastes, including coffee husk, groundnut shell, macadamia nutshell, rice husk, and tea waste, using Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and the Coats-Redfern method. The TGA experiments were conducted on a PerkinElmer STA 6000 instrument under an inert N2 atmosphere with a heating rate of 20 °C/min, spanning a temperature range from 25 °C to 950 °C. The results identified three distinct pyrolysis stages: drying, devolatilization, and char formation, with macadamia nutshell demonstrating the highest thermal reactivity and efficient devolatilization characteristics, reflected by its lowest initial devolatilization temperature (175 °C) and highest peak temperature (380 °C). Kinetic analysis revealed that coffee husk had the highest overall activation energy (Ea) of 60.59 kJ/mol, indicating complex thermal degradation behavior. The thermodynamic evaluation showed that coffee husk also exhibited the highest enthalpy change (ΔH=55.46 kJ/mol) but the lowest Gibbs free energy change (ΔG=148.34 kJ/mol), suggesting high energy requirements for decomposition but relatively more spontaneous reactions compared to other biomass types. Macadamia nutshell demonstrated high ΔG (163.24 kJ/mol) and moderate ΔH (32.44 kJ/mol), reflecting greater resistance to spontaneous decomposition. The comprehensive pyrolysis index (CPI) and devolatilization index (Ddev) confirmed macadamia nutshell as the most reactive biomass, while rice husk exhibited the lowest reactivity. The findings highlight the importance of multi-step kinetic analysis for accurately understanding pyrolysis processes, providing critical insights for optimizing biomass conversion for energy production. Future research should explore co-pyrolysis with varied biomass mixtures and advanced kinetic modeling to enhance energy yields.

Potential Utilization of Defective Fruit Juice Products for Black Soldier Fly Cultivation to Reduce Waste Generation in the Beverage Industry

The waste of fruit juice and tea defective products has organic content that conventionally has the potential to be utilized as a medium or place for maggot growth, but until now it has not been equipped with supporting scientific studies. Therefore, the objectives of the study are: 1) Assessing the characteristics of fruit juice and tea product waste, 2) Assessing the effectiveness of maggot in reducing fruit juice and tea product waste. This research is experimental in nature using variations in the composition of fruit juice and tea product waste as a source of nutrition for maggot which is carried out for 12 days. This variation uses the Complete Randomized Design method with 3 (three) treatments, namely variations in the composition of 60% tea + 40% fruit juice waste (S1), 50% tea + 50% fruit juice waste (S2), and 40% tea + 60% fruit juice waste (S3) in duplo. In addition, this study was completed with a control treatment. The results showed that the characteristics of fruit juice and tea waste containing protein (3.78-4.59%), fat (0.90-1.31%), carbohydrates (28.15-29.15%), crude fiber (2.42-3.12%) can be used as maggot cultivation media. The highest protein and crude fiber contents were found in the S3 composition waste at 4.59% and 3.12%. Maggot cultivation results that showed the highest fat and carbohydrate content were found in S1 composition waste at 1.31% and 29.15%. The recommended composition variation is S1 composition with the highest substrate consumption value and waste reduction index of 57.47% and 20.06%.

A novel magnetic S/N co-doped tea residue biochar applied to tetracycline adsorption in water environment

The issue of tetracycline (TC) contamination has attracted widespread attention. Adsorption technology has great potential for application in the field of TC remediation. This study achieved the production of nitrogen self-doped biochar using waste tea leaves as raw materials, and further improved its TC removal effect by doping sulfur elements. A recyclable high-performance TC adsorbent magnetic S/N co-doped tea residue biochar (MSNB) was obtained through ferromagnetic modification, which could be used as an effective TC adsorbent. The effects of MSNB dosage and initial solution pH on TC removal were evaluated. The recovery performance of MSNB adsorbent on TC was studied. The maximum adsorption performance at 298 K calculated using the Langmuir model was 140.76 mg g−1. The fitting results of adsorption kinetics indicated that chemical adsorption was the main factor affecting the adsorption reaction. After 5 cycles of adsorption, the removal of TC by MSNB remained above 88.30 %. This study could provide theoretical support for the treatment of tetracycline wastewater by biochar adsorption.

Eco-friendly tea waste magnetite nanoparticles for enhanced adsorptive removal of norfloxacin and paroxetine from water

Traces of pharmaceuticals have been detected in water cycle raising concerns regarding the potential risks to human health and aquatic environment. Accordingly, removal of such compounds from water samples is a major concern. Herein, a facile and green NaOH modified tea waste magnetite nanoparticles have been fabricated for the adsorptive removal of a commonly used antibiotic (norfloxacin) and antidepressant (paroxetine) from water samples. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using TEM, FT-IR, DLS and VSM. Factors affecting the adsorption efficiency have been investigated with respect to pH (5, 7 and 9), adsorbent amount (0.125, 0.25 and 0.5 g), initial drug concentration (25, 50 and 100 µg/mL) and contact time (0.5, 1 and 2 h). The adsorption isotherms have been calculated. A percentage removal of 98 % and 99 % were obtained for simultaneous removal of 50 µg/mL norfloxacin and paroxetine, respectively in 2 h. Monitoring norfloxacin and paroxetine concentrations was performed through a validated HPLC-DAD method. The reusability of the nanoparticles has been studied for 3 adsorption–desorption cycles. No significant loss in adsorption efficiency was observed offering a sustainable water treatment. This study would offer a facile, green and economic protocol for the removal of complex organic compounds from water resources.

APLIKASI BAHAN ORGANIK AMPAS TEH DAN KOTORAN AYAM TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL TANAMAN CABAI RAWIT (Capsicum frutescens L.)

The study aimed to determine the effect of the application of organic matter tea waste and chicken manure on the growth and yield of cayenne pepper plants. The research was carried out from March to May 2024 at Lontar Baru, Kec. Serang-Banten. This study used a Randomized Group Design (RGD) with 2 levels and 3 replications. The first factor was organic matter tea waste with doses of 0 t/ha (equivalent to 0 g/polybag), 2 t/ha (equivalent to 19 g/polybag), 4 t/ha (equivalent to 39 g/polybag), and 6 t/ha (equivalent to 58 g/polybag), while the second factor was organic matter chicken manure with doses of 0 t/ha (equivalent to 0 g/polybag), 8 t/ha (equivalent to 77 g/polybag), and 12 t/ha (equivalent to 115 g/polybag). The results showed that the treatment of tea waste gave the best results in the parameters of the fruit number per plant and the fruit weight per plant. The treatment of chicken manure gave the best results in the parameters of plant height, number of leaves, time of the first flower, fruit number per plant, and fruit weight per plant. There was an interaction between the treatment of organic matter tea waste and chicken manure in the parameters of the fruit number per plant. The treatment of tea waste at 6 t/ha (58 g/polybag) gave the best results in the generative phase of cayenne pepper plants. The treatment of chicken manure at 12 t/ha (115 g/polybag) gave the best results in the growth and yield of cayenne pepper plants.