Tea-producing Areas Research Articles

Quality assessment of various Xiushui Ninghong tea types.

Xiushui Ninghong tea (XSNH) has a long history and is renowned both in China and internationally. Based on different processing techniques, XSNH can be classified into Ninghong Congou, Ninghong Tea Jinhao, Ninghong Tea Longxucha and other types. To investigate the differences in nutrient compounds and mineral element contents among various types of XSNH, 34 samples from seven types were collected, primarily from tea-producing areas. Statistical analysis indicated no significant differences in the contents of crude polysaccharides, K, Mg and Fe, whereas significant differences were observed in the levels of moisture, free amino acids, caffeine, tea polyphenols, thearubigin, theaflavins, Zn, P, Mn, Cu and Se. The data were analyzed using various statistical methods such as hierarchical cluster analysis, principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis. Characteristic compounds and elements such as theaflavin, Se, free amino acids, P and tea polyphenols were identified as key differential components for distinguishing different sample types. Our research has highlighted the differences in chemical indicators among various types of XSNH, providing a crucial theoretical basis for the future classification and grading of XSNH quality. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Investigation of the Effect of Fragrance-Enhancing Temperature on the Taste and Aroma of Black Tea from the Cultivar Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze cv. Huangjinya Using Metabolomics and Sensory Histology Techniques

Huangjinya has recently seen widespread adoption in key tea-producing areas of China, celebrated for its unique varietal traits. Its leaves are also used to produce black tea with distinctive sensory characteristics. The fragrance-enhancing (EF) process is essential in crafting Huangjinya black tea (HJYBT) and is significant in flavor development. However, the impact of EF on non-volatile metabolites (NVMs), volatile metabolites (VMs), and their interactions remains poorly understood. This study aims to investigate how EF temperatures (60 °C, 70 °C, 80 °C, 90 °C, and 110 °C) influence HJYBT flavor transformation. Quantitative descriptive analysis revealed that EF improved the color, aroma, and appearance of tea leaves. Moreover, after an EF temperature of 80 °C, the HJYBT exhibited lower bitterness and astringency, whereas floral, sweet, and fruity aromas became stronger. However, when EF temperatures exceeded 90 °C, a pronounced burnt aroma developed, with HJYBT at 100 °C exhibiting caramel and roasted notes. Partial least squares discriminant analysis indicated that geraniol and linalool contribute to floral and fruity aromas, while 2-ethyl-6-methyl-pyrazine, furfural, and myrcene are key volatiles for caramel and roast aromas. Heptanal, methyl salicylate, α-citral, 1-hexanol, and (E)-3-hexen-1-ol were found to modify the green and grassy odor. Overall, HJYBT treated at 80 °C EF exhibited the highest umami, sweetness, floral and fruity aromas, and overall taste, exhibiting the least astringency, bitterness, and green and grassy notes. These results provide a significant theoretical basis for enhancing HJYBT quality and selecting the optimal EF method.

The Soil Ecological Stoichiometry Characteristics of the Highest Latitude Areas in the Main Tea-Producing Regions of China

To investigate the contents of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in tea plantation soils and their ecological stoichiometric characteristics, as well as their response to environmental factors in high-latitude regions of China, soil samples from 0 to 20 cm depth were collected from tea plantations at different altitudes and cultivation years in the main tea-producing areas of Shaanxi Province. These samples were used to determine the soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) contents and to calculate their stoichiometric ratios. The findings revealed the following: the average soil SOC and TN content in tea gardens were 13.15 and 1.30 g·kg−1, respectively, exceeding the national soil average. These values met the Class I tea garden fertility standards. However, the average soil TP content, at 0.45 g·kg−1, fell below the national soil average, meeting the Class II tea garden fertility standards. In tea gardens, the average ratios of carbon to nitrogen (C:N), carbon to phosphorus (C:P), and nitrogen to phosphorus (N:P) in the soil were 10.42, 30.98, and 3.32, respectively. These ratios were all lower than the national soil average, indicating relatively high phosphorus availability but nitrogen deficiency in tea garden soils. As altitude increased, there was a decline in soil SOC content, C N, and C P ratios, followed by a subsequent increase. No significant changes were seen in TN, TP, and N P ratio in the soil, but there was an increase in SOC content, TN content, and C P ratio during cultivation. The N-to-P ratio initially increased before decreasing, while the C-to-N ratio decreased before increasing. Soil TP content did not change significantly. The study recommends careful nitrogen fertilizer application in tea garden management to balance nitrogen and phosphorus.

Traceability of Guizhou green tea production areas based on multi‐element characteristics combined with biochemical components

SummaryThe unique geographical environment of Guizhou has created the unique quality characteristics of green tea. To distinguish green tea from different regions in Guizhou, and provide a theoretical basis for origin traceability and quality evaluation for producers and consumers, this article analysed 12 mineral elements, 2 stable isotopes and 3 biochemical components in green tea samples from different regions in Guizhou, and combined with analysis of variance (ANOVA), principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS–DA), the possibility of identifying and distinguishing the origin of green tea in Guizhou was studied. The results show that LDA has the highest discriminant accuracy, which can reach 93.3%. In addition, the data showed that Ca, Zn, Mn, Cr, Pb, As and caffeine were important variables to distinguish green tea samples from different regions of Guizhou.

조선 전기 민간(民間)의 차생산과 유통 형태 고찰

This study examined the tea production and distribution by the private sector in the first half of the Joseon era. After researching various government-issued geography sections, history records, and tea poems, evidence of tea production and distribution by the private sector was found. National geography sections listed 32-35 tea production areas in Gyeongnam and Jeonra province, but other areas also produced teas according to tea poems. On the other hand, a certain region was listed as a tea production area on the national record whenin fact, it was no longer. Teas produced were distributed in tea shops, tea merchants, and markets. In addition, some scholars and temples produced teas and shared them as the form of a present. These findings suggest that, although there is insufficient direct information on tea production and distribution, enough evidence was found to assume tea production and distribution from the private sector encompassing teas for the central government and general use.

Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in tea plantation soil around Tai Lake region in Suzhou, China

Tea plant [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] is one of the important foliar cash crops in China, and its root system absorbs heavy metal (HM) elements enriched in the soil and transports them to the over ground part. In order to ensure the safety of the soil ecological environment and tea raw materials in the tea production area, the HM contents of soil and tea plant leaves in Suzhou tea plantations were detected, the relationship between HMs and soil physicochemical properties was analyzed, and the ecological risk of HMs in tea plantation soils was evaluated by using relevant detection techniques and evaluation models. The results showed that the average pH of tea plantation soils around Tai Lake in Suzhou was within the range suitable for the growth of tea plants. The pH, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium of tea plantation soil satisfying the requirements of high quality, high efficiency and high yield (‘3H’) tea plantation accounted for 47.06%, 26.47%, 8.82%, 79.41% and 67.65%, respectively. Site 2 fully met the requirements of ‘3H’ tea plantation. In addition, the contents of cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg) were extremely variable, and the average contents exceeded the background value of soil in Jiangsu Province, but the HM contents of tea leaves all met the pollution-free standard, and the HM contents of tea leaves around Tai Lake in Suzhou were generally at a safe level. The composite ecological risk index ranged from 0.05 to 0.60, and 32 of the 34 sample sites (except site 21 and site 23) are the most suitable agricultural land for tea plantations.

Pest categorisation of Pratylenchus loosi.

Following the EFSA commodity risk assessment of Malus domestica plants imported from Türkiye into the EU, the EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Pratylenchus loosi (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae) for the EU. Pratylenchus loosi belongs to the order Rhabditida, subfamily Pratylenchidae. This nematode is not known to be present in the EU. The species is not included in the EU Commission Implementing Regulation 2019/2072. The pest occurs primarily in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate areas. It is widely distributed in Asian countries, with tea plants (Camellia sinensis) as the main host. The pest was reported from more than 60 plant species, but reports from hosts other than C. sinensis, e.g. citrus (Citrus spp.) and banana (Musa spp.), are associated with high uncertainty due to doubtful pest identification. Morphological and molecular methods are available for the identification of the pest. Pathways of entry are host plants for planting except seeds, as well as soil attached to plants for planting, machinery or footwear. Soil import to the EU is prohibited from third countries. The climatic preferences of P. loosi are compatible with the microclimatic conditions occurring in the areas of the EU where tea is grown outside. The impact of the nematode is primarily known for Asian countries, where it is a devastating pathogen on tea plants, but there is a key uncertainty on impacts on hosts other than tea. Considering the strong pathogenicity of the pest, its establishment in tea producing areas would have negative consequences for tea producers. Therefore, the Panel concludes that P. loosi satisfies all the criteria that are within the remit of EFSA to assess for it to be regarded as a potential Union quarantine pest.

The Distribution Characteristics and Potential Risk Assessment of Lead in the Soil of Tieguanyin Tea Plantations in Anxi County, China.

Assessing the distribution and risks associated with the soil lead content in the Tieguanyin tea plantations of Anxi County is critical, given the county's significance as the primary Tieguanyin tea production area in Fujian Province. This study examined the distribution characteristics of soil lead in Anxi County's tea plantations according to the Kriging spatial interpolation of the parameters of the semivariance function of the exponential model. Moreover, the sources of lead content were analyzed, considering geological backgrounds and anthropogenic influences. Ecological risks and the issuance of early warnings were also assessed. The soil lead content in the rocks of the Tieguanyin tea plantations in Anxi County followed the order: andesite > dacite > rhyolite > granite. The soil lead content gradually decreased from the center toward the east and west, forming four distinct north-south parallel zones. High-lead-content areas were identified at the border of Jiandou, Bailai, and Hushang; in the central part of Lutian; and in the southern part of Huqiu. The high levels of soil lead in the tea plantations possibly originated from industrial and mining activities, automobile exhaust, and agricultural activities. The distribution of single-factor pollution indices and potential risk evaluation based on the Soil Environmental Quality Standard, Environmental Technical Conditions for Tea Production Area, and Environmental Technical Conditions for Organic Tea Production Area indicated that the soil in Tieguanyin tea plantations in Anxi County was clean and safe for tea cultivation.

Application of Airborne Radar Variable Altitude Aerial Survey in High Precision Mapping of Mountainous Areas

This paper studies how to use UAV aerial survey equipment to carry laser radar and high-definition real-scene lenses to achieve high-precision mountain mapping. The study aims to solve the problems of complex terrain, difficulties in surveying, and controlling the accuracy of surveying and mapping in mountainous, canyon, and hilly areas. Firstly, the LK tea production area development project is selected as an example for example analysis. The aerial survey equipment and data acquisition equipment are selected according to the characteristics of the project. Secondly, aiming at the problem that the mountainous terrain undulates greatly and that the accuracy of ground object mapping is difficult to control, this paper puts forward the “variable height aerial survey” method. It collects aerial survey data according to the terrain characteristics. Finally, this paper proposes a “point cloud overlay” modeling method. It combines laser point cloud data with real 3D data to form a high-precision real 3D model point cloud reorganization and establish a high-precision real 3D model.

Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) from Weeds through Weed-Soil-Tea Transfer and Risk Assessment of Tea Intake.

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) have been detected in tea and can threaten human health. However, the specific source of PAs in tea is still unclear. Here, 88 dried tea products collected from six major tea-producing areas in Anhui Province, China, were analyzed. The detection frequency was 76%. The content of total PAs in dried tea was between 1.1 and 90.5 μg/kg, which was all below the MRL recommended by the European Union (150 μg/kg). In the Shexian tea garden, PAs in the weeds and weed rhizospheric soil around tea plants and the fresh tea leaves were analyzed. Intermedine (Im), intermedine-N-oxide (ImNO), and jacobine-N-oxide (JbNO) were transferred through the weed-to-soil-to-tea route into the fresh tea leaves; only Im and ImNO were detected in dried tea samples. Potential risk of the total PAs in the tea infusion was assessed according to the margin of exposure method, and it might be a low concern for public health.

The Impact of Multi-Subjective Governance on Tea Farmers’ Green Production Behavior Based on the Improved Theory of Planned Behavior

This study constructs a research framework to examine the decision-making process of tea farmers’ green production behavior based on the improved theory of planned behavior, incorporating external environmental factors such as government regulation, market mechanisms, industrial organization-driven environmental factors, and community governance. A structural equation model was employed to empirically analyze the influence paths and underlying mechanisms of multi-subjective governance on tea farmers’ green production behavior using survey data from 872 tea farmers in the main tea-producing areas of Fujian Province. The results showed that (1) government regulation, market mechanisms, and community governance significantly and directly impact the decision-making of tea farmers’ green production behavior, with path coefficients of 0.676, 0.686, and 0.373, respectively, and market mechanisms also indirectly act on green production behavior through perceptual behavioral control, with a path coefficient of 0.459. (2) The market mechanisms had the greatest influence on the decision-making of tea farmers’ green production behavior (total utility of 0.830), followed by government regulation (total utility of 0.676), community governance (total utility of 0.373), and finally, industrial organization-driven factors (total utility of 0.046), indicating that the market organization and the government departments are the most important external environmental forces affecting the decision-making of tea farmers’ green production behavior. The results provide valuable references for achieving effective multi-subjective governance and guiding/regulating tea farmers’ green production behavior. While strengthening the incentives and constraints of government regulations on tea farmers’ green production behavior, it is important to fully leverage the roles of market mechanisms, industrial organization-driven factors, and community governance in the governance of tea farmers’ green production behavior.

Patterns and abiotic drivers of soil organic carbon in perennial tea (Camellia sinensis L.) plantation system of China

Understanding soil organic carbon (SOC), the largest carbon (C) pool of a terrestrial ecosystem, is essential for mitigating climate change. Currently, the spatial patterns and drivers of SOC in the plantations of tea, a perennial leaf crop, remain unclear. Therefore, the present study surveyed SOC across the main tea-producing areas of China, which is the largest tea producer in the world. We analyzed the soil samples from tea plantations under different scenarios, such as provinces, regions [southwest China (SW), south China (SC), south Yangtze (SY), and north Yangtze (NY)], climatic zones (temperate, subtropical, and tropical), and cultivars [large-leaf (LL) and middle or small-leaf (ML) cultivars]. Preliminary analysis revealed that most tea-producing areas (45%) had SOC content ranging from 10 to 20 g kg−1. The highest SOC was recorded for Yunnan among the various provinces, the SW tea-producing area among the four regions, the tropical region among the different climatic zones, and the areas with LL cultivars compared to those with ML cultivars. Further Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated significant associations between SOC and soil variables and random forest modeling (RF) identified that total nitrogen (TN) and available aluminum [Ava(Al)] of soil explained the maximum differences in SOC. Besides, a large indirect effect of geography (latitude and altitude) on SOC was detected through partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) analysis. Thus, the study revealed a high spatial heterogeneity in SOC across the major tea-producing areas of China. The findings also serve as a basis for planning fertilization strategies and C sequestration policies for tea plantations.

Core collection construction of tea plant germplasm in Anhui Province based on genetic diversity analysis using simple sequence repeat markers

The tea plant [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] is an industrial crop in China. The Anhui Province has a long history of tea cultivation and has a large resource of tea germplasm with abundant genetic diversity. To reduce the cost of conservation and utilization of germplasm resources, a core collection needs to be constructed. To this end, 573 representative tea accessions were collected from six major tea-producing areas in Anhui Province. Based on 60 pairs of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, phylogenetic relationships, population structure and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) were conducted. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the 573 tea individuals clustered into five groups were related to geographical location and were consistent with the results of the PCoA. Finally, we constructed a core collection consisting of 115 tea individuals, accounting for 20% of the whole collection. The 115 core collections were considered to have a 90.9% retention rate for the observed number of alleles (Na), and Shannon’s information index (I) of the core and whole collections were highly consistent. Of these, 39 individuals were preserved in the Huangshan area, accounting for 33.9% of the core collection, while only 10 individuals were reserved in the Jinzhai County, accounting for 8.9% of the core set. PCoA of the accessions in the tea plant core collection exhibited a pattern nearly identical to that of the accessions in the entire collection, further supporting the broad representation of the core germplasm in Anhui Province. The results demonstrated that the core collection could represent the genetic diversity of the original collection. Our present work is valuable for the high-efficiency conservation and utilization of tea plant germplasms in Anhui Province.

Lovastatin Production by Wild Eurotium cristatum Isolated from Fuzhuan Brick Tea Produced Using Forest Resources in Auhua

Fuzhuan brick tea is a dark tea produced using tea plant leaves, and its quality is strongly affected by Eurotium cristatum. The superior Eurotium cristatum strain could enhance functional components in Fuzhuan brick tea, improving its quality and economic value. To research the lipid-lowering substance of Eurotium cristatum in Fuzhuan brick tea from Anhua country tea production area, several wild-type Eurotium cristatum strains were screened for lovastatin production. Of all 20 wild-type strains, 6 Eurotium cristatum strains could produce lovastatin, and the H20 test strain could produce the highest lovastatin. The organ of lovastatin production was studied, and its yield in sexual propagule (ascospore and ascocarp) was the highest. Some fermentation parameters for lovastatin produced by the H20 strain were researched, and the optimum condition, such as PDA medium containing additional 8% soluble starch, 32 °C, and 120 r/min, are reported. These results are promising for developing one Fuzhuan brick tea with a high lipid-lowering function and expanding the scope of tea plant forest resource application.

The Blooming Flowers of Tea Plants and Their Honey

Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) leaves provide beneficial effects for human health, and the functions of the main components of their leaves have been widely studied. Recently several physiological functions of tea flowers have been reported, and the flowers have received attention as a natural healthy material for food and cosmetics. It is not well known that the fragrant tea flowers have sweet nectar. The tea nectar may be attractive to honeybees. However, the honey from tea flowers has not been studied, even though in autumn, many tea fields are filled with blooming flowers in almost all the tea production areas around the world. In addition, honey from tea flowers has not been seen on the market. It was unclear whether tea honey is available. The study used honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) and took a small amount of honey from the blooming flowers of tea plants, which contained theanine (L-glutamic acid γ-ethylamide), a specific amino acid of tea plants. The theanine concentration of the nectar of the tea flowers exceeded that of the honey. Theanine is an extremely rare amino acid in nature, and it has psychoactive properties. This result is evidence that this honey is derived from tea flowers. Furthermore, the concentration of caffeine in the tea nectar might affect the honeybee’s brain to improve memory, suggesting that honeybees prefer to collect the nectar and produce honey. This study aims to prove that tea flower honey can be harvested and further proposes a unique tea sightseeing where visitors can taste the honey of tea flowers in the gorgeous scenery and fragrance of flower tea gardens.

Frost risk assessment based on the frost-induced injury rate of tea buds: A case study of the Yuezhou Longjing tea production area, China

The tea tree (Camellia sinensis [L.] O. Kuntze) is a perennial cash crop, whose tender shoots and young leaves are used in tea production. Tea tree buds that have burst but have not yet been plucked may be damaged by frost, resulting in severe economic losses. And frost disasters in spring bring a serious threat to tea production in China. However, the impacts of frost disasters on tea production are not well evaluated. To address this gap, we quantified temporal and spatial changes of frost risk in the Yuezhou Longjing tea production area, which is China’s largest site of green tea production. Accordingly, we developed a new frost risk index based on the percentage of frost-damaged tea buds in relation to all tea buds and its probability. The results showed that elevation was the main factor associated with frost risk. Applying the Mann Kendall test, the effects of elevation on the tea frost risk in plain areas (50–250 m) and hilly areas (251–450 m) were determined. In plain areas, the frost risks and trends for the percentage of all frost-damaged tea buds did not change significantly with elevation. In hilly areas, the frost risks increased significantly with the increasing of elevations. However, the temporal change of percentage of frost-damaged tea buds decreased significantly, and this change showed a significant decreasing trend with increasing elevation in hilly areas. This trend is conducive to tea production in the hills, which are the main Longjing tea production areas. Our findings provide a better understanding of frost risk in tea production and could offer valuable references for frost risk prevention in tea production.

贵州茶园主产区不同母质茶园土壤微量元素空间差异特征

贵州茶园主产区不同母质茶园土壤微量元素空间差异特征

A Comparison of Trend Models for Predicting Tea Production in Bangladesh

Background: Tea (Camellia sinensis) is a manufactured popular beverage that is mostly consumed around the globe including Bangladesh. Tea consumptions are increasing day by day due to its healthcare effects in the world as well as in Bangladesh. To meet the ever-growing population’s demand in Bangladesh, it is important to predict the production of tea.
 Objective: Although it is found in the literatures that studies have examined different trend models for tea and agricultural crops, no such study has been found to choose best trend model for predicting the production of tea in Bangladesh. Therefore, an attempt is made to identify the best trend model based on different model selection criterion for the prediction of tea production in Bangladesh.
 Materials and Methods: Six trend models namely linear, logarithmic, inverse, quadratic, cubic, and compound were applied on tea production dataset (1976 to 2020) collected from the Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT) website. For justification of the model, different model section criteria have been checked.
 Results: The results showed that the compound trend model is the most suitable among considered trend models for predicting the tea production in Bangladesh. Finally, the yearly growth rate of tea production for the period from1976 to 2020 found the compound growth rate of tea production in Bangladesh as 1.02 per year. It is important to note that for the next five years, forecasted increasing rate could be 4840.91 tonnes for the yearly tea production of Bangladesh. Furthermore, remarkable increased progresses of production have been noticed as 23585.7 and 21691.01 tonnes, respectively for the years 2019 and 2020 by the re-estimated model due to the proper nourishing and maintaining the input supply chain from government ends. 
 Conclusion: In the respect of the growing demand, the best-fitted trend model applied herewith through outlier checking and related sophisticated justification tools on the tea production area could help to accumulate knowledge for the practitioner.

Unraveling the hierarchical genetic structure of tea green leafhopper, Matsumurasca onukii, in East Asia based on SSRs and SNPs.

Matsumurasca onukii (Matsuda, R. (1952). Oyo‐Kontyu Tokyo, 8(1): 19–21), one of the dominant pests in major tea production areas in Asia, currently is known to occur in Japan, Vietnam, and China, and severely threatens tea production, quality, and international trade. To elucidate the population genetic structure of this species, 1633 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 18 microsatellite markers (SSRs) were used to genotype samples from 27 sites representing 18 geographical populations distributed throughout the known range of the species in East Asia. Analyses of both SNPs and SSRs showed that M. onukii populations in Yunnan exhibit high‐genetic differentiation and structure compared with the other populations. The Kagoshima (JJ) and Shizuoka (JS) populations from Japan were separated from populations from China by SNPs, but clustered with populations from Jinhua (JH), Yingde (YD), Guilin (GL), Fuzhou (FZ), Hainan (HQ), Leshan (CT), Chongqing (CY), and Zunyi (ZY) tea plantations in China and the Vietnamese Vinh Phuc (VN) population based on the SSR data. In contrast, CT, CY, ZY, and Shaanxi (SX) populations clustered together based on SNPs, but were separated by SSRs. Both marker datasets identified significant geographic differentiation among the 18 populations. Various environmental and anthropogenic factors, including geographical barriers to migration, human transport of hosts (Camellia sinesis [L.] O. Kuntze) and adaptation of M. onukii to various local climatic zones possibly account for the rapid spread of this pest in Asia. The results demonstrate that SNPs from high‐throughput genotyping data can be used to reveal subtle genetic substructure at broad scales in r‐strategist insects.

Influence and Action Mechanisms of Governmental Relations Embeddedness for Fostering Green Production Demonstration Household: Evidence from Shaanxi, Sichuan, and Anhui Province, China.

As an innovative tactic, the core aspects of green products should be comprehensively demonstrated and firmly promoted to enhance their adoption. For doing so, continuous governmental support and interventions through distinct sets of networking and relationships could be crucial for synthesizing and diffusing the extent of green production demonstration households. Interestingly, the structural relationship between these two has not yet been evaluated comprehensively by the existing literature. Therefore, the study empirically analyzes the impact and mechanism of government relationships embedded in fostering green production demonstration households. The study compiles the empirical data from 963 farmers which were collected from the major tea-producing areas of Shaanxi, Sichuan, and Anhui provinces, China. In order to craft the findings, first we constructed the ordered Probit for benchmark regression analysis. Meanwhile, the Ordinary Standard Error Ordered Probit model, Ordered Logit model, and multivariate linear model were constructed for the robustness test. Third, the Extended Ordered Probit model and Bootstrap mediation effect model were used to test the path diagram. Finally, robustness testing and endogeneity processing test were used to explore the reliability of the findings. The results showed that: (i) Government relationship embedding has a positive effect on fostering green production demonstration households. In particular, factors such as relationships with general government staff, professional and technical personnel, and village cadre are most significant. (ii) Seemingly, the heterogeneity analysis shows that the farmers with large operating scales and low family economic status have a relatively stronger impact. (iii) Further mechanism research results show that government relations are embedded through government identification (policy identification, government trust), improving farmers’ behavioral ability (production knowledge reserve, self-efficacy), and strengthening farmers’ perceived value of green production (self-interest perception, altruistic values). Therefore, the government should strengthen the interactive mechanism embedded with farm households and extend support for green production demonstration zones. The farmers’ information-sharing facilities and platforms should be modernized and highlighted according to the local conditions and long-term targeted strategies.