Tea Plantation Area Research Articles

Agricultural land use and pond management influence spatial-temporal variation of CH4 and N2O emission fluxes in ponds in a subtropical agricultural headstream watershed

Small water bodies are hotspots of biogeochemical cycles with large spatial and temporal heterogeneity of their greenhouse gas emission fluxes. To reveal the spatial and temporal variabilities of methane (CH4) and nitrogen dioxide (N2O) emission fluxes in small water bodies in subtropical agricultural headwater watersheds, monthly measurements of CH4 and N2O fluxes were performed in 53 ponds from May 2018 to July 2020. Results showed that the fluxes of CH4 and N2O exhibited distinct spatial and temporal variations, and generally showed a trend of high emission rate in summer and low emission rate in winter. Agricultural land use and pond management had important impacts on CH4 and N2O emission fluxes in ponds. The CH4 and N2O emission fluxes were significantly higher in the ponds with the landscape of farmland, tea plantation and residential area than those of forest, which might be relevant to the eutrophication of pond water bodies. The mean N2O emission flux in intensive fishing ponds was much higher than that in grass-fed fishing ponds and no fishing ponds. Moreover, the sustained-flux global warming potential (SGWP) in the eutrophic pond water bodies of farmland, tea plantation and residential area are significantly higher than that in oligotrophic water bodies of forest ponds. Our CH4 and N2O emission results suggest that the reduction potential of 4.98 kg C ha−1 y−1 for CH4 and 0.42 kg N ha−1 y−1 for N2O will occur in future if ecological management measures are implemented to improve the pond water quality from eutrophication to oligotrophic conditions.

The dynamics of tea plantation encroachment into forests and effect on forest landscape pattern during 1991–2021 through time series Landsat images

Tea plantations encroachment into forests has occurred in the major tea planting area of Yunnan province, China in the past decades. However, the dynamics of tea plantation encroachment into forests and the effect on forest landscape pattern is not clear. In this study, we proposed a method to evaluate the dynamic effects of tea plantation encroachment on forest landscape pattern change by using time series Landsat 5/7/8 data from 1991 to 2021 on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. First, a pixel- and phenology-based algorithm was applied to generate tea plantations encroachment into forests maps for seven historical periods. Second, three indices including the tea plantations encroachment index (TPEI), the growth area of tea plantations encroachment into forests (GATEF), and the growth index of tea plantations encroachment into forests (GITEF) were used to quantify the tea plantations encroachment into forests of seven historical periods. Third, the effects of forests landscape pattern resulting from tea plantations encroachment were evaluated in class metrics and landscape metrics respectively. Our results show a total of 13,721 ha of GATEF from the early 1990s to the early 2020s. The GITEF increased from the early 1990s to the early 2010s and decreased from the early 2010s to the early 2020s in our study area. And the TPEI indicates that the edge encroachment mode dominated in our study period. Correlation analysis indicates that tea plantations encroachment level had significant correlation coefficients with landscape pattern indices (such as CONTAG (r = −0.91), ED (r = 0.95), DIVISION (r = 0.85), and SHEI (r = 0.86)), which indicates that the level of tea plantations encroachment affects significantly the forest landscape pattern. This study provides a promising approach to quantifying the effect of forest landscape pattern results from tea plantations encroachment.

Soil Carbon Sequestration Potential of Analog Forests in Comparison to Tea Plantation Areas of Up Country Intermediate Zone of Sri Lanka

Journal of Food and Agriculture is a half yearly publication by the Faculty of Agriculture and Plantation Management and Faculty of Livestock fisheries and Nutrition of the Wayamba University of Sri Lanka which provides a valuable forum for scientists endeavoring in research and development aspects in agriculture, food and nutrition. Full text articles available.

Quantitative Land-Use and Landslide Assessment: A Case Study in Rize, Türkiye

Currently, many studies have reported that many landslides occur in tea or rubber plantation areas. In these areas, it is important to make a landslide susceptibility map and to take necessary measures to mitigate landslide damage. However, since historical landslide distribution data and land use data are not available, quantitative landslide assessment measurements have not been made in many countries. Therefore, in this study, landslide distribution maps and land use maps are created with worldwide available satellite imagery and Google Earth imagery, and the relationship between landslides and land use is analyzed in Rize, Türkiye. The results show that landslides are 1.75 to 5 times more likely to occur in tea gardens than in forests. It was also found that land use has the highest contribution to landslides among the landslide conditioning factors. The landslide assessment, using a simple landslide detection method and land use classification method with worldwide available data, enabled us to quantitatively reveal the characteristics of landslides. The results of this study reveal that quantitative landslide assessments can be applied in any location, where relatively high resolution satellite imagery and Google Earth imagery, or its alternatives, are available.

KAJIAN HUBUNGAN HARA TANAH TERHADAP PRODUKTIVITAS TANAMAN TEH PRODUKTIF DI PERKEBUNAN TEH PAGAR ALAM, SUMATERA SELATAN

Tea plantation area in recent years has decreased by 0.75% annually. With the decline in the area of tea plantations, productivity also decreases. Decreased productivity can be caused by erosion, climate, clones, and management applications. The purpose of this study was to determine the availability of soil nutrients in Pagar Alam tea plantation and the relationship with productivity. The observation was held with secondary data and analyzed statistically with the correlation method. Parameters observed were pH, organic C, total N, P2O5, exchangeable K, and exchangeable Mg. The result showed that the relationship between soil nutrients such as organic C, total N, available P, exchangeable K, and exchangeable Mg with productivity was weak with correlation coefficient values of 0.00 – 0.199. These results also showed that the correlation was negative, which means that the two variables were inversely proportional. Plant maintenance factors have a more significant role in tea plant productivity than nutrients and fertilization, such as picking, pruning, root zone improvement, and plant pest control. If these factors can be controlled properly, shoot production will increase, and plant health can be maintained. Thus, in this case, the nutrient factor is not the main factor affecting productivity at Pagar Alam Tea Plantation, indeed the plant care factor.

Soil Water Content Estimation With the Presence of Vegetation Using Ultra Wideband Radar-Drone

Radar–drone system is potentially implemented as a method for collecting the soil water content of a large area. Vegetation that may covers the soil surface affects the detection results of soil water content using radar system in plantation areas. Vegetation will influence the propagation mechanism of radar waves, therefore, a method to overcome this effect is needed. The method to compensate the effect of vegetation based on a transmission line model is then proposed in this paper. The transmission line model is used as the concept for transforming the measured reflection coefficient under the vegetation effect to the ground reflection coefficient value. Experiments were carried out by taking a case studies on tea plantations. The tea plant becomes a vegetation layer which its effect needs to be considered on the detection of soil water content. An ultra-wideband radar system with a frequency range of 500 MHz - 3 GHz is proposed in this study. The radar is integrated to hexacopter drone for scanning the tea plantation areas. The radar-drone system flight with a constant elevation from ground level. The experimental results show that the proposed method is able to improve the detection results of soil water content using radar with an accuracy of 96%. The radar-drone performance in detecting soil water content is suitable for precision farming purposes.

Scope of Collective Bargaining Process in the Small Tea Garden – A Study with Special Reference to Jalpaiguri District of West Bengal

The Tea Board of India (TBI) has defined a Small Tea Growers (STGs) as an entity having tea plantation areas of up to 10.12 hectares (or 25 acres) without any processing facility since the early 1990s. The mode of production in tea plantations has undergone a major structural shift from a centralized estate sector system to the emerging small tea growers (STG) bought leaf factory (BLF) system, which broadly represents a flexible and decentralized production system. The labour relations in tea gardens are well defined in the organized sector and covered under the Plantation Labour Act 1951. However, the small tea growers (STG) and Bought-Leaf Factories (BLF) specializing solely in tea manufacturing do not have the distinct industrial identity categorized under the unorganized sector in the tea plantation industry. STGs are no longer a small or marginalized group, as they produce more than half of India's green-leaf output while depriving organized-sector workers of the benefits they should get. The moment has come for small tea garden owners to think about their employees' occupational safety, health, and working circumstances. Given the substantial changes in tea plantation methods, the authors sought to determine the scope of collective bargaining for workers in tiny tea gardens in West Bengal's Jalpaiguri region.

Agricultural expansion and land use land cover changes in the Mount Bamboutos landscape, Western Cameroon: implications for local land use planning and sustainable development

ABSTRACT This paper reports the extent of degradation and pattern of land use land cover change (LULCC) in the Mount Bamboutos landscape in Western Cameroon, using Landsat satellite images of 1980, 2000 and 2018. The researchers surveyed 261 household farmers to understand the different agricultural activities in the landscape. Grassland, sparse primary forest and sparse secondary forest decreased by a magnitude of 818%, 101% and 53%, respectively, from 1980 to 2018. Farmland, tea plantation, eucalyptus plantation and built-up areas increased by 16,799.8 ha (69%), 1009.6 ha (84%), 3757 ha (94%) and 3385.5 ha (97%), respectively, from 1980 to 2018. Agriculture, settlement and grazing land expansion are the key drivers of the LULCC. A conceptual model to increase inclusive stakeholder participation and sustainability in local land use planning is proposed.

Exploring the Potential of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Remote Sensing for Mapping Plucking Area of Tea Plantations

Mapping plucking areas of tea plantations is essential for tea plantation management and production estimation. However, on-ground survey methods are time-consuming and labor-intensive, and satellite-based remotely sensed data are not fine enough for plucking area mapping that is 0.5–1.5 m in width. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) remote sensing can provide an alternative. This paper explores the potential of using UAV-derived remotely sensed data for identifying plucking areas of tea plantations. In particular, four classification models were built based on different UAV data (optical imagery, digital aerial photogrammetry, and lidar data). The results indicated that the integration of optical imagery and lidar data produced the highest overall accuracy using the random forest algorithm (94.39%), while the digital aerial photogrammetry data could be an alternative to lidar point clouds with only a ~3% accuracy loss. The plucking area of tea plantations in the Huashan Tea Garden was accurately measured for the first time with a total area of 6.41 ha, which accounts for 57.47% of the tea garden land. The most important features required for tea plantation mapping were the canopy height, variances of heights, blue band, and red band. Furthermore, a cost–benefit analysis was conducted. The novelty of this study is that it is the first specific exploration of UAV remote sensing in mapping plucking areas of tea plantations, demonstrating it to be an accurate and cost-effective method, and hence represents an advance in remote sensing of tea plantations.

Effects of altitude, aspect, and soil depth on carbon stocks and properties of soils in a tea plantation in the humid Black Sea region

AbstractPhysiographic factors effectively alter soil properties and carbon storage. However, previous research on the effect of topographic factors affecting soil properties on carbon stocks in tea plantations has been limited in the humid Black Sea region. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of elevation, aspect, and soil depth on carbon stocks and soil properties of tea plantations in the Black Sea region. The tea plantations in the research area were divided into two elevation steps and two different aspect groups. Twelve soil sampling plots were then determined according to the stratified random sampling method in each elevation and aspect group; soil samples were taken at 0–10 cm and 10–30 cm soil depths. The amount of carbon stored at a soil depth of 30 cm was found to be 49.38 and 32.36 Mg C ha−1 at the upper and lower altitudes, respectively. Highest carbon density in the tea plantations in the research area was found to be 16.34 kg m−3 at a depth of 0–10 cm. The changes in the soil organic carbon (SOC) values according to elevation and soil depth were statistically significant, while the difference among the carbon storage values was not statistically significant. According to the results of our investigation, elevation is a more effective factor than aspect on SOC in tea plantation areas of highly humid climates.

Diversity of terrestrial ferns (Pteridophytes) in Ciliwung Telaga Warna Puncak Bogor tea estate in West Java

Very few research has been done on the diversity of terrestrial ferns (Pteridophyta) in the Ciliwung Telaga Warna Puncak tea garden in Bogor, West Java. This research aims to understand the diversity of ferns and species of ferns found in the tea plantation area of Ciliwung, Telaga Warna Puncak, Bogor, West Java, by examining ecological indices in the form of important value index and diversity index. Objects collected in the observation were all types of ferns in the Ciliwung Telaga Warna Puncak tea plantation area, Bogor, West Java through line transect techniques (transect sampling) and rectangular sampling which were placed randomly in the census zone (sampling square). The data obtained were processed quantitatively with Microsoft Excel. From the research conducted in the Ciliwung Telaga Warna tea plantation area, 18 species were found. The highest index of important value for ferns was Selaginella sp, at 92.98% and the lowest was Lycopodiella cernua with an INP value of 1.15%. The value of H’(Species Diversity) obtained in the Ciliwung Telaga Warna Puncak tea plantation area with 4 transects and 100 plots was 1.425, indicating that the species diversity on a transect was moderate.

A Fundamental Study on the changes in the Area of Traditional Tea Plantations in Yame and Ukiha Cities, Fukuoka Prefecture

A Fundamental Study on the changes in the Area of Traditional Tea Plantations in Yame and Ukiha Cities, Fukuoka Prefecture

Spring Frost Damage to Tea Plants Can Be Identified with Daily Minimum Air Temperatures Estimated by MODIS Land Surface Temperature Products

Tea (Camellia sinensis) is one of the most dominant economic plants in China and plays an important role in agricultural economic benefits. Spring tea is the most popular drink due to Chinese drinking habits. Although the global temperature is generally warming, spring frost damage (SFD) to tea plants still occurs from time to time, and severely restricts the production and quality of spring tea. Therefore, monitoring and evaluating the impact of SFD to tea plants in a timely and precise manner is a significant and urgent task for scientists and tea producers in China. The region designated as the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River (MLRYR) in China is a major tea plantation area producing small tea leaves and low shrubs. This region was selected to study SFD to tea plants using meteorological observations and remotely sensed products. Comparative analysis between minimum air temperature (Tmin) and two MODIS nighttime land surface temperature (LST) products at six pixel-window scales was used to determine the best suitable product and spatial scale. Results showed that the LST nighttime product derived from MYD11A1 data at the 3 × 3 pixel window resolution was the best proxy for daily minimum air temperature. A Tmin estimation model was established using this dataset and digital elevation model (DEM) data, employing the standard lapse rate of air temperature with elevation. Model validation with 145,210 ground-based Tmin observations showed that the accuracy of estimated Tmin was acceptable with a relatively high coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.841), low root mean square error (RMSE = 2.15 °C) and mean absolute error (MAE = 1.66 °C), and reasonable normalized RMSE (NRMSE = 25.4%) and Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency (EF = 0.12), with significantly improved consistency of LST and Tmin estimation. Based on the Tmin estimation model, three major cooling episodes recorded in the "Yearbook of Meteorological Disasters in China" in spring 2006 were accurately identified, and several highlighted regions in the first two cooling episodes were also precisely captured. This study confirmed that estimating Tmin based on MYD11A1 nighttime products and DEM is a useful method for monitoring and evaluating SFD to tea plants in the MLRYR. Furthermore, this method precisely identified the spatial characteristics and distribution of SFD and will therefore be helpful for taking effective preventative measures to mitigate the economic losses resulting from frost damage.

FLUKTUASI FOSPOR DAN KEMASAMAN PADA AGREGAT TANAH DI PERKEBUNAN TEH YANG BERUMUR 36 TAHUN DI KECAMATAN GUNUNG TALANG, KABUPATEN SOLOK

Soil acidity is the dominant factor in the phosphate amount, distribution of nutrients in the aggregate is important to supporting nutrient requirement and cycling. Furthermore, Al-P and Fe-P or Ca-P bonds trapped in soil minerals, also physically protected from loss due to associate with aggregates. Thus, the factual limitation of phosphorus becomes a topic, including various aggregate fractions changes and their effect on the slope. Soil samples were taken from 36 years old plantations consisting of 45 points with two depths (0 - 20 cm and 20 - 40 cm) on a various slope, soil samples fractionated into several aggregate fractions, namely micro (<250 µm), meso (250-2000 µm) and macro-aggregates (2,000-5,000 µm). For chemical analysis, soil pH was measured by pH meter, aluminium with the volumetric method, and P-available with Bray method. Based on the analysis, it is known that the P content in the meso aggregate is higher than P content in the macro aggregate ± 0.055 g m-2 for 0 - 20 cm ± 2.136 g m-2 for 20-40 cm depth, and ± 1.058 g m-2 for slope of 0-8% at 0-20 cm depth. In total, phosphate in the tea plantation area is very low.

Computer Aided System for Gambung Tea Identification using Convolutional Neural Network

Tea commodity has a very strategic role for Indonesian economy. In 2012 the tea commodity was able to generate foreign exchange of US $ 156.74 million. Nationally, tea industry contributes a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of around Rp. 1.2 trillion. The total tea plantation area in Indonesia entirely covering 123 938 hectares. The conception of sustainable tea production includes three aspects, economic development, social development and environmental protection. One of the steps towards sustainable tea production is survey and identification. The process continues with the selection of suitable planting material (seedlings). Gambung series, are planting material seeds that have been recommended by the Indonesia Ministry of Agriculture. The Gambung series has a potential yield of 4.000 - 5.800 kg/hectare of dried tea. The morphological similarity level of Gambung series is very high, because the elders of the clones are from the same crossing parents. Experts who are able to identify Gambung clone are very limited. This process is susceptible to errors and is very dependent on the presence of experts. If an error occurs in the process of identifying the type of clone, it will interferes with the breeding process. Errors in the selection of recommended clones will be detrimental to the process for long time period, due to the economic age of the tea plant can reach 50 years. From this issue, it is very necessary to design a system that is able to identify the planting material of Gambung series clones. The system is designed to classify Gambung and Non Gambung tea series using Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with a high accuracy and low loss rate.

Water quality trends under rapid agricultural expansion and enhanced in-stream interception in a hilly watershed of Eastern China

Conflicts between agricultural intensification and the increasing demand for clean water resources are growing worldwide. This study sought to understand how the negative consequences of agricultural expansion in fragile hilly watersheds can be mitigated by ecologically based engineering practices. We analyzed long-term and seasonal water quality trends in two sub-watersheds of the Tianmu Lake watershed in Eastern China. The Zhongtian and nearby Zhucao sub-watersheds are very similar in terms of climate, topography and other features that can influence water quality. Both are experiencing rapid expansion of tea plantations, but the Zhongtian River contains an engineered system of overflow dams and cascade wetlands that is absent from the Zhucao River. The multi-year averaged reduction (2009–2018) of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) from upstream to downstream reaches was 10%–15% greater in the engineered Zhongtian River compared to the non-engineered and free flowing Zhucao River, which has no interventions to reduce nutrient concentrations. Average annual reductions in TN, TP, and total suspended solids (SS) downstream of the engineered system reached 0.5%–4.0% of their multi-year averaged concentrations over this time interval. These reductions occurred despite a 2.3-fold expansion of tea plantation area in the engineered watershed, which contrasts with deteriorating water quality in the non-engineered watershed that had a 0.4-fold expansion of tea plantation area. Our results underscore the value of such engineered systems to improve water quality and help reconcile competing advantages of agricultural development and environmental protection in hilly watersheds, where there is limited in-stream processing of nutrients and the effects of human activities are substantial.

Phytochemicals and Quality of Green and Black Teas from Different Clones of Tea Plant

Tea is a popular drink with refreshing and functional properties. Bud, 1st leaf, and 2nd leaf of five varieties of tea clones (Gumti Takda-78, Ambari, Chiniya, and Tinali, which are popular in tea plantation area of Nepal) were collected and used for preparing green and orthodox black tea to study antioxidant activity, phytochemicals profile, chemical content, and sensory parameters. One or two leaves were hand-plucked from each bush to get a sample of about 100 leaves and processed for green and orthodox black tea for different clones of tea plants. Phytochemicals, antioxidant activity, and caffeine content were found higher in bud followed by 1st leaf and 2nd leaf for all clones of tea plants. Both types of tea (green and black) from Gumti were significantly (p<0.05) higher having tannin content, flavonoid content, total polyphenol content, caffeine content, and IC50 value of 49.15 and 36.23 (mg GAE/g dry extract), 358.9 and 350.4 (mg QE/g dry extract), 590.5 and 570 (mg GAE/g dry extract), 2.85 and 2.94%, and 45.15 & 51.88 μg/mL, respectively. Green and orthodox tea from Takda-78 was found higher in caffeine content and the least in Tinali for both types of tea. Moisture, water extract, total ash, acid-insoluble ash, and crude fiber content in tea (green and black) from Gumti were found to be 5.4% & 5.37%, 65.89% & 71.46%, 5.524% & 6.52%, 0.46% & 0.57%, and 7.96% & 10.27%, respectively. The ratio of theaflavin and thearubigin (TF : TR) was found 1 : 8.61, 1 : 9.36, 1 : 9.70, 1 : 12.87, and 1 : 6.36 in Takda-78, Ambari, Gumti, Chiniya, and Tinali respectively. The total quality score in green tea (85.13%) and black tea (85.78%) from Gumti was significantly higher than others. Phytochemicals and antioxidant properties of green tea were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of orthodox black tea for all clones of tea plant. This study suggests Gumti variety to be used in green and orthodox black tea processing for higher phytochemical, chemical, sensory quality, and antioxidant activity.

Frequency of Arthropods Daily Visits on Centella asiatica L. and Synedrlla nodiflora (L) Gaertn in the Wonosari Singosari Tea Plantation Area in Malang Regency

The purpose of this research is to find the temporal distribution pattern of the visiting of Arthropods on these wild plants. This descriptive and explorative research was carried out in the Wonosari tea plantation, Singosari, Malang in March 2011. The visual control method for these purposes was adopted from the modification of the visual control method developed by Frei and Manhart (1992). Observations were done with 10 repeats, consisting of 10 tempos with 15 minutes duration. Data relating to the temporal distribution of Arthropods on these wild plants were presented as diagrams and interpreted descriptively. The result of this research can be described as follows: There was a difference between the temporal distribution of Arthropod visiting the wild plants Centella asiatica L. and Synedrella nodiflora (L) Gaertn. For the Centella asiatica L the highest visitor number was at 10.00 am while for the wild plant Synedrella nodiflora (L) Gaertn it was at 11.20 am.

N2 O Emissions from Tea Plantations with Sorghum Intercropping and Application of Big Urea Pills

A large amount of fertilizers are applied to the tea plantations resulting in high nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. The area of Chinese tea plantations has been expanding in recent years, making them an important source of agricultural N2O emissions. There is an urgent need for effective mitigation measures for N2O emissions from tea plantations. In this study, the N2O emission flux and related environmental factors are measured in Chinese mid-subtropical typical hilly tea plantation under three kinds of management measures, namely intercropping sorghum, applying big urea pills, and under conventional fertilization conditions. The aim of this experiment is to determine the main factors controlling N2O emissions from the soils of the tea plantation and confirm the true effectiveness of the proposed N2O emission mitigation measures. The results of a 2-year field experiment show that:① N2O emissions were significantly correlated with soil chemical properties, temperature and rainfall, interaction between soil physical and chemical properties; soil chemical properties have the greatest impact on soil N2O emissions. The concentration of soil NO3--N is the most important factor determining the size of N2O flux in the tea plantation. The most important task of N2O emission mitigation research in the tea plantation is to reduce the concentration of soil NO3--N; ② sorghum intercropping reduces N2O emissions by 51.2% while not affecting the tea yield. From the perspective of mitigating global warming, sorghum intercropping is the best tea plantation management measure per the results of this study; ③ applying big urea pills effectively increases tea yield while simultaneously reducing the N2O emissions by 34.7%. From the perspective of balancing economic benefits as well as mitigating global warming, application of big urea pills is undoubtedly the best tea plantation management measure as indicated by this study.

Dampak Ekonomi Pengembangan Agro Wisata Sirah Kencong Pada Pekerja PTPN XII Blitar (Economic Impact of the Development of Sirah Kencong Agro-Tourism on PTPN XII Blitar Workers)

The purpose of this study was to describe the economic impact of agro-tourism development on PTPN XII plantation workers Sirah Kencong Blitar. The method used is qualitative. Determination of informants is using purposive sampling techniques. In this study, informants are community leaders (RT / RW), village elders or people who have lived in the Sirah Kencong tea plantation area, local government, tourism management, and several residents concerned in the management of the tourism area. Data collection techniques are done by observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. Test the validity of the data using triangulation techniques. The analysis technique uses an interactive model. The theory used is the Cohen Tourism Socio-Economic Impact theory. The results showed that: 1) The development of agrotourism had economic and social impacts as a continuation for the community, namely in the financial aspect made the increase in job vacancies and increased income from various employment sectors related to tourism 2) the development of the economic sector, such as stalls, shops, souvenir merchants, etc. 3) For the social aspects of the development of Sirah Kencong agro-tourism, there are several impacts for the community, namely increasing the ability of the community in the field of tourism, in social aspects, they become more understanding of how to dress well, communicate well, and also the level education is increasing because of the development of tourism. So, based on the research results of agro-tourism development, it has a positive impact on the lives of PTPN XII plantation workers Sirah Kencong Blitar. 
 
 Keywords: Economic Impact, Social Impact, Agro-tourism, Plantation Workers 
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