Tea Grounds Research Articles

Characterization of Waste Biomass Fuel Prepared from Coffee and Tea Production: Its Properties, Combustion, and Emissions

In order to reduce global warming, new energy fuels that use waste biomass to replace traditional coal are rapidly developing. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the feasibility behavior of different biomass materials such as spent coffee grounds (SCGs) and spent tea grounds (STGs) as fuel during combustion and their impact on the environment. This study involves using fuel shaping and co-firing methods to increase the fuel calorific value and reduce the emissions of pollutants, such as NOX and SO2, and greenhouse gas CO2. The produced gas content was analyzed using the HORIBA (PG-250) laboratory combustion apparatus. The results indicate that, among the measured formed particles, SCG:STG = 8:2, 6:4, and 4:6 had the lowest post-combustion pollutant gas emissions. Compared to using only waste coffee grounds as fuel, the NOx emissions were reduced from 166 ppm to 102 ppm, the CO emissions were reduced from 22 ppm to 12 ppm, and the CO2 emissions were reduced from 629 ppm to 323 ppm. In addition, the emission of SO2, the main component of acid rain, was reduced by 20 times compared to the combustion of traditional fuels. The SO2 emission of five different proportions of biomass fuels was 5 ppm, which is much lower than that of traditional coal fuels. Therefore, SCG and STG mixed fuels can replace coal as fuel while reducing harmful gasses.

Karakterisasi Air Hasil Filtrasi Instalasi Pengolahan Air Sederhana Berdasarkan Variasi Waktu Filtrasi dan Ketebalan Media Arang Ampas Teh

The increase in population and the development of the industrial sector have resulted in water pollution and a decrease in the quality of clean water. Water treatment with filtration method is an effort to reduce the concentration of pollutants in water using adsorbents. This study aims to test the quality of water filtration results using a simple water treatment plant with tea grounds as the adsorbent. The media used in the simple water treatment plant are coconut fiber, zeolite sand, silica sand, tea grounds, gravel, and sponge. The water quality parameters tested were TDS (Total Dissolved Solid) analysis, pH analysis, organoleptic analysis, total hardness analysis, fixed hardness, temporary hardness and COD analysis. The independent variables in this study were the thickness of tea pulp media (0 cm, 3 cm, 5 cm, and 7 cm) and filtration time (20 minutes, 40 minutes, and 60 minutes). The results showed that the combination of tea pulp media height and process time had no significant effect on TDS, pH, hardness, COD, and organoleptic values. The optimum condition of tea pulp media height and process time with filtration-adsorption process for pH characteristics is in the treatment of 0 cm charcoal height, on the characteristics of total hardness and fixed hardness is in the treatment of 0 cm charcoal height and 20 minutes process time, while the optimum condition of temporary hardness is in the treatment of 7 cm charcoal height and 20 minutes process time.

Chemical Analysis of Kitchen Waste for Developing Formulae for Compost Fertilizer

The rapid growth of the global population and changes in food consumption patterns have resulted in issues relating to food insecurity. Improved strategic solutions are needed to allow easy access to food and also to manage large volumes of waste efficiently. From this research, a microeconomic- level solution to manage the aforementioned issues is addressed. Common kitchen waste such as peels and discarded parts of fruits and vegetables can be combined to produce compost fertilizer. Producing compost fertilizer in this manner can be considered a microeconomic-level waste management strategy. Compost fertilizer produced using kitchen waste can subsequently be used in home gardening. Many vegetables and fruits can easily be cultivated in small, confined spaces such as in home gardens. This study analyzed chemical parameters such as total carbon and other total nutrient levels (N, P, Ca, Mg and K) in ten kitchen waste and two supplementary samples using standard methods. The kitchen waste samples consisted of peels and discarded parts of fruits and vegetables. The two supplementary samples- Tithonia diversifolia (Wild sunflower), and Gliricidia sepium were chosen because they are nutrient-rich organic fertilizers. The analysis results were then fed to a computer program developed for this study. It was based on the simulated annealing algorithm. The program generated different formulae for producing 100 g mixtures of raw materials for composting, by mixing the 10 kitchen waste and 2 supplementary samples in 24 different combinations. The nutrient levels of these mixtures were expected to match or exceed a calculated ―target nutrient level‖. It was calculated based on local compost fertilizer standards and the chemical analysis results. The target nutrient level calculated as the minimum required level by dry mass of each material was 25.00% Carbon, 1.25% Nitrogen, 0.63% Phosphorus, 1.25% Potassium, 0.88% Calcium, and 0.63% Magnesium. The program was able to generate mixtures of raw materials in which most of the levels matched or exceeded the target level. However, the phosphorus levels of all formulae fell below the target phosphorus level and in some mixtures, the magnesium level also was less than the targeted level. The actual nutrient level of one of the 100 g mixtures (combination C3) containing 0.19 g banana stem, 0.21 g discarded tea grounds, 0.41 g discarded scraped coconut, 0.57 g banana peel, and 97.34 g Gliricidia leaves was (% by dry mass), 85.68% Carbon, 2.20% Nitrogen, 0.25% Phosphorus, 1.32% Potassium, 2.24% Calcium and 0.71% Magnesium. This promising method can further be developed by adding more nutrient-rich raw materials to the program. The program could be a useful tool for compost fertilizer manufacturing, especially for small-scale horticultural purposes. 
 Keywords: Compost, Waste management, Nutrient analysis, Kitchen waste

Facile fabrication of carbon aerogel by cellulose extracted from tea grounds and carboxymethyl cellulose for adsorption and energy storage applications

Carbon aerogel (CA) was synthesized from cellulose-extracted tea grounds with carboxymethyl cellulose as the crosslinking agent and facilitated by pyrolysis. The analytical results indicated a high porosity of more than 75% and ultra-low density of the CA. Besides, the material also possessed a corrugated surface with the presence of numerous pores due to the random distribution of carbon sheets. Additionally, the CA2 material corresponding to the precursor ratio of 1:10 was selected as the most appropriate sample with the highest ciprofloxacin adsorption capacity and energy storage performance of 60.47 mg/g and 155.20F/g, respectively.

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in The Sea: A Review

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are organic compounds that have been banned or restricted for all purposes. Banning these compounds does not guarantee that the chemicals will not be found in the environment. This is related to the persistence nature of POPs. To investigate the presence of POPs in the environment. Environmental monitoring of POPs is one of the efforts to support POPs management. The most frequently discussed pollutants in the last 3 years are polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). In addition, an effective method in degrading Persistent Organic Pollutants is the fabrication of ultra-thin graphitic carbon nitride decorated CoFe2O4/Mn3O4 nanosheet membranes with a yield of 94.5% and a kinetic rate (0.1367 min.-1) For norfloxacin (NOR) within 30 minutes. But for a method that uses simple, efficient and affordable technology to remove organic pollutants from aquatic systems is Biosorption using biomass waste, using tannin-rich waste such as coffee grounds and green tea grounds capable of degrading 10 μM chlordecone.

Efficient removal of persistent and emerging organic pollutants by biosorption using abundant biomass wastes

Persistent and emerging organic pollutants represent a serious and global threat to human health and ecosystems. We describe here a simple, efficient and affordable technology for removing such organic pollutants from aquatic systems. Biosorption process was chosen, meeting these three criteria, and so that biosorbents should be biomass wastes combining the following characteristics: natural, cheap and abundant. Powdered dead roots from invasive alien species (Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes and Fallopia japonica), and wastes rich in tannins such as coffee grounds and green tea grounds were tested as biosorbents for removing extensively used organic pollutants: organic UV-filters, insecticides and herbicides. The elemental composition and morphology of the biosorbents were fully determined. The biosorption kinetics for each pair of biosorbent/pollutant was described by a pseudo-second order model. Excellent biosorption efficiency was obtained for 10 μM solution of oxybenzone (89 ± 1%), octocrylene (90 ± 2%), lindane (88 ± 0%) and diuron (90 ± 1%) in only 2 h. And total removal of 10 μM of chlordecone (100 ± 0%) could be achieved, which could be of high concern for the population living in chlordecone-contaminated areas. As such pollutants can be found in aquatic ecosystems, an interference study with salts showed that biosorption efficiency remained as efficient in reconstituted seawater. A principal component analysis was performed as an attempt to rationalise the biosorption results. The solubility of the organic pollutants in water and the concentration of tanins in the biosorbents were key parameters.

The Adsorption of Iron (Fe) in Dyeing and Washing Waste of Jumputan Fabric Using Active Carbon from Tea Grounds

The iron (Fe) contained in the waste dyeing process and the washing process of the jumputan fabric weaving industry is relatively high; this can cause water pollution in the waters around the jumputan fabric weaving industry if the iron content is not adsorbed. One of the methods used to decrease iron content (FE) is adsorption. The adsorbent used for this iron adsorption (Fe) process is activated carbon made from black tea grounds. Before adsorbing iron, making activated carbon from black tea grounds is carried out first, namely by carbonating the tea grounds at the temperature of 500oC for 20 minutes, then using a 4% NaOH solution for 24 hours. The quality results of activated carbon from black tea grounds produced are 19,1635% of volatile matter, 9,1465% of water content, 2,0911% of ash content, 69,5989% of pure activated carbon, and 0.2664 mg/L adsorptions of methyl blue, and these characteristics meet the quality standard of SNI no.06-3730-1995. Activated carbon that is produced and has filled the quality standards is then used to absorb iron (Fe) content in the dyeing and washing process waste of the jumputan weaving industry. The adsorption carried out the process for 72 hours with adsorbent mass variables of 1 g, 2 g, 4 g, 8 g, and 10 g. Then the levels of iron (Fe) were analyzed using AAS. The best condition for adsorption of iron content in the waste dyeing process of jumputan fabric was obtained at a mass of 10 g of adsorbent was 32.437 mg/L with an adsorption efficiency of 99.68%, the same condition for adsorption of iron content in washing waste that was equal to 9.998 mg/L with an adsorption efficiency of 99.68%.

Catalyzed pyrolysis of coffee and tea wastes

The pyrolysis of food waste has a double environmental advantage as it contributes to the management and treatment of waste and allows the production of renewable fuels. Spent coffee and tea grounds, were characterized by thermogravimetry to determine their composition and evaluating the pyrolysis kinetics of each lignocellulosic pseudocomponent and pyrolyzed in a fixed bed reactor. Tea grounds had about twice the cellulose and higher pyrolysis activation energy than the coffee grounds sample. At 673 K the pyrolysis of the coffee grounds led to a 42% bio-oil yield while the tea grounds produced only 18% of liquid product, which is compatible with its higher cellulose content and the higher activation energy for pyrolysis. The alkaline carbonates used as pyrolysis catalysts led to an increase in the production of a gaseous product, bio-gas, with a reduction in the production of bio-oil but accompanied by a significant increase in the volatile fraction of the produced bio-oils. Pyrolysis data shows that both coffee and tea residues can be used as raw materials to produce pyrolysis bio-oil and that low-value materials such as alkaline carbonates can be used as pyrolysis catalysts improving the characteristics of bio-oils produced such as acidity and volatility.

I - Ecologically responsible and efficient recycling of Pd from aqueous effluents using biosorption on biomass feedstock

In the current context of the considerable interest in palladium (Pd), a new process of Pd biosorption is described with various natural materials derived from plant feedstocks. Eichhornia crassipes was chosen as a model plant for determining the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of Pd biosorption. The optimised process was then tested on other natural materials (wheat, pine cones, coffee grounds, green tea grounds), powders derived from dead native (Mentha aquatica) and invasive aquatic plants (Pistia stratiotes, Ludwigia peploides). The competitive biosorption of other platinum group metals, i.e. Pd, Ru, Ir, Rh, Pt) was also evaluated using E. crassipes. Moreover, selective separation of Pd, Pt, Ru and Ir was possible. Mechanistic investigations allowed us to explain the high affinity of Pd for root powder obtained from aquatic plants.

Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitory dipeptides contained in hydrolysates of green tea grounds

Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitory dipeptides contained in hydrolysates of green tea grounds

PENGARUH SUMBER TANNIN TERHADAP KADAR PROTEIN DAN DAYA SIMPAN TELUR PINDANG

Backgroung : Pindang eggs are traditional egg-processed products using tanneries that will denaturing the egg proteins. Guava leaves, tea pulps, shallot skin and onion skin are comionly used for making pindang eggs as they contain tannin.Objective : This study aimed to analyze the effect of tannin sources on protein content and shelf life of pindang eggs.Method : This study used an experimental method with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) design to examine the difference between tannin using guava leaves, shallot skin, tea pulp, bombay onion skin with 6 times of repetition. Protein content on pindang eggs processed with onion, guava leaves, tea pulp, and onion skins were 13,0%, 12,95%, 12,90%, and 12,80% respectively.Result : There was a significant effect of the addition of tannin sources on the levels of pindang egg protein (p = 0.000, α = 5%). Pindang eggs have an average shelf life of 20 days. On the 30th day, almost all of pindang eggs with 4 types of tanneries has deteriorated while the microbiological tests of all pindang eggs on the 20th day of bacteria have exceeded SNI requirements. There is a real effect of the decay of each tannin source on the storage time of pindang eggs (p = 0.000, α = 5%). There is an influence from the tannin sources from guava leaver, tea pulp, shallot skin, onion skin on egg protein content. The best treatment was found in shallots with a percentage of protein content reached 13.00%.Conclusion : There is an influence from the source of tannin, guava leaves, tea pulp, shallot skin, onion skin to the durability of pindang eggs. The best treatment for 30 days is found in tea grounds and onion skin while in microbial studies all pindang eggs have exceeded SNI requirements

Impact of Coffee Grounds Addition on the Calorific Value of the Selected Biological Materials

Abstract The objective of the paper was, inter alia, to determine the impact of coffee grounds on the heat of combustion of their combination with other biological materials. Research on the heat of combustion and calculations of the calorific value were carried out with the use of a KL-12 Mn calorimeter according to the technical specifications and standards PN-81/G–04513 i PN-ISO 1928:2002. Coffee grounds, tea grounds, pine wood and yellow wheat straw were used in the research. The heat of combustion of particular substrates was determined and then their mixtures with coffee grounds in the following proportion were prepared: 75% substrate – 25% coffee grounds, 50% substrate – 50% coffee grounds, 25% substrate – 75% coffee grounds. Calorific value of particular substrates was increasing with the amount of added coffee grounds. Their biggest flow was reported in the mixture of 50%/50% of coffee grounds and wheat straw and the smallest in case of coffee grounds and wood on account of a similar calorific value of both substrates.

Effect of specimen size on ultimate compressive strength of Bio-coke produced from green tea grounds

Effect of specimen size on ultimate compressive strength of Bio-coke produced from green tea grounds

Utilization of tea grounds as feedstuff for ruminant

Researches on tea have been developed for decades, which prove that tea, especially green tea, has multiple functional components. With the rapid development of beverage industry, the resultant large amounts of tea grounds attract great attention. However, unreasonable utilization of tea grounds would lead to great waste and environmental pollution, especially in summer. In view of the high nutritive value and multiple functional components, tea grounds could be used as feedstuff. By now, researches of tea grounds as feedstuff are mainly on ruminant, as the utilization on other animals is limited to lower level due to high fiber content. Therefore, the following review will begin with a brief introduction of tea grounds and the possible utilization of tea grounds as feedstuff, and then elaborate on the application of ensiling and total mixed ration on ruminant. Apart from the fermentation quality, nutritive value is also provided to assess feasibilities of using tea grounds as feedstuff resources. Finally, a summary on the utilization situation and future direction of using tea grounds as feedstuff is provided in this review.

Fermentation Quality and Nutritive Value of Total Mixed Ration Silage of Green Tea Grounds

Six wethers were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square to study the fermentation quality and nutritive value of total mixed ration (TMR) silages which included wet green tea grounds (WGTG). The TMR silages were prepared using compound feed, corn, soybean meal, timothy hay, alfalfa hay, dried beet pulp and vitamin-mineral supplement, with soybean meal and alfalfa hay being replaced by WGTG at 0, 10 or 20% on dar matter (DM) basis. All TMR silages, irrespective of WGTG addition, were well preserved with low pH and ammonia-N content, and high lactic acid content. Increasing concentrations of WGTG in the rations decreased the digestibility of DM, organic matter, crude protein and energy (P < 0.05). The total digestibility nutrients and digestible energy contents of TMR silages at 0% and 10% WGTG were similar, however, the TMR silage at 20% WGTG was lower (P < 0.05). With progressive increases in WGTG concentrations, intake nitrogen, urinary nitrogen and retained nitrogen did not differ, but the fecal nitrogen increased (P < 0.01). This study demonstrated that the proportion of WGTG to be incorporated into TMR silages should not exceed 10% of the DM.

Effects of Different Additives on Fermentation Characteristics and Protein Degradation of Green Tea Grounds Silage

This study evaluated the fermentation characteristics and protein degradation dynamics of wet green tea grounds (WGTG) silage. The WGTG was ensiled with distilled water (control), or lactic acid bacteria (LAB), enzyme (E), formic acid (FA) and formaldehyde (FD) prior to ensiling. Three bag silos for each treatment were randomly opened at 0, 3, 7, 14, 28 and 60 days after anaerobic storage. For all the treatments, except for FA, there was a rapid decline in pH during the first 7 days of ensiling. LAB treatment had higher lactic acid content, lower ammonia-N (-N) and free-amino nitrogen (FAA-N) contents than other treatments (p-N and FAA-N content than the control (p0.05). Results indicate that LAB treatment had the best effect on the fermentation characteristics and protein degradation of WGTG silage.

The effect of replacing brewers' grains with barley tea grounds in total mixed ration silage on feed intake, digestibility and ruminal fermentation in wethers

ABSTRACTFour wethers were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square to study the feed intake, apparent digestibility, nitrogen balance and ruminal fermentation characteristics when fed total mixed ration (TMR) silages which included wet barley tea grounds (WBTG). The TMR silages were prepared using compound feed including wet brewers' grains (WBG), corn, oat hay, alfalfa hay, dried beet pulp, salt and vitamin‐mineral supplement in a ratio of 30.7:15:8:24:10:12:0.15:0.15, respectively, on a dry matter (DM) basis. The WBTG and soybean meal mixture (7:3 on DM basis) were substituted for WBG at ratio of 0% (Control), 5% (LTG), 10% (MTG), and 15% (HTG) on DM of TMR. WBTG addition to the TMR silages increased lactic acid concentration, decreased pH, acetic acid and ammonia‐N (P < 0.001). Feed intakes and digestibilities for LTG and MTG (except ether extract (EE) digestibility) treatments were not different from the control (P > 0.05). However, EE and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake, crude protein, EE and NDF digestibility was lower, but the DM and gross energy digestibility was higher for the HTG treatment compared to control (P < 0.01). With progressive increases in WBTG concentrations, nitrogen intake, fecal nitrogen and retention nitrogen did not differ, but the urinary nitrogen for MTG and HTG treatments were lower than that of the control (P = 0.001). The ruminal total volatile fatty acid concentration and the molar ratios of propionate and butyrate were higher, but the acetate, ratio of acetate to propionate and ammonia‐N content were lower for the HTG treatment compared with the control (P < 0.05). Therefore, the possible proportion of replacing WBG with WBTG for TMR silage can be 10% or less of the diet DM.

Enhanced Conversion of Cellulosic Process Residue into Middle Caloric Fuel Gas with Ca Impregnation in Fuel Drying

Process residues, such as coffee and tea grounds, bagasse, vinegar lees, etc., represent a kind of concentrated biomass resources rich in cellulose. They contain water usually of about 60 wt % and are easy to rot to cause serious pollution to groundwater and air. Conversion of them into energy can not only control their induced pollution but also develop their CO2 neutralization function. The present paper concerns the production of middle caloric producer gas from such cellulose-rich process biomass residues. The involved technical process consisted of fuel drying and in turn gasification of the dried fuel in a dual fluidized bed system. Using coffee grounds containing 65 wt % water as a model high water content process residue, the paper found that with fuel drying calcium hydrate (or oxide) can be well-impregnated onto fuel to remarkably increase the gasification reactivity of the fuel and suppress tar evolution with producer gas. Thermal gravitational analysis clarified further that the increase in th...

Influence of replacing brewers' grains with green tea grounds on feed intake, digestibility and ruminal fermentation characteristics of wethers

ABSTRACTAn experiment was conducted to examine feed intake, apparent digestibility, nitrogen balance, ruminal fermentation and blood components of wethers fed diets containing increasing levels of wet green tea grounds (WGTG). The experimental design was a 4 × 4 Latin square with four wethers in four 15‐day periods. Wethers were allowed access to diets ad libitum, and allotted to one of four treatments in which WGTG replaced 0% (no WGTG added, CTG), 5% (low level, LBG), 10% (medium level, MTG), and 15% (high level, HTG) of total mixed ration (TMR) dry matter (DM) as wet brewers grains (WBG). All TMR silages were ensiled for 120 days and, irrespective of the WGTG addition, they were well preserved with a high lactic acid content, low pH and ammonia‐N contents. There were no differences among treatments in feed intake, with the exception of ether extract intake (P = 0.032). Digestibilities for LTG and MTG treatments were not different from CTG. However, the organic matter, crude protein, acid detergent fiber and energy digestibilities for HTG treatment were lower than the CTG (P < 0.05). As the level of WGTG increased, nitrogen intake did not differ, but fecal nitrogen increased (P = 0.002), while urinary nitrogen decreased (P < 0.001). No differences among treatments were found in pH level and volatile fatty acids concentrations. However, the ruminal ammonia‐N of the HTG silage was lower than for the CTG silage at all times (P < 0.05). Increasing concentrations of WGTG in the TMR silage decreased (P = 0.019) plasma urea nitrogen content. Therefore, the possible mixing proportion of WGTG for TMR silages can be 10% of the diet DM.

Ensiling and subsequent ruminal degradation characteristics of barley tea grounds treated with contrasting additives

The objective of this experiment was to determine the ensiling characteristics and in situ degradation of barley tea grounds (BTG) treated with contrasting additives. The BTG was ensiled without additive (control), or with mixtures of lactic acid bacteria and Acremonium cellulase (LAB + AUS), formic acid (FA), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) for a period of 60 days. Three ruminal-fistulated steers were used to determine in situ degradabilities of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) in the BTG and its silages. In the LAB + AUS treated silage, the pH value (P<0.001) and ammonia-N content (P=0.007) were lower and the lactic acid content (P<0.001) was higher than the control. The FA and NaOH treated silages were well preserved as indicated by low ammonia-N content (P=0.007), no propionic acid and butyric acid. The LAB + AUS treated silage had higher rapidly degradable fraction of DM and CP than the control and BTG (P<0.001). The NaOH treated silage had higher contents of rapidly degradable fraction, slowly degradable fraction and effective degradability of DM and CP than control and BTG (P<0.01).