Tea Leaves Research Articles

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of Pleurotus nebrodensis extract : application in a functional tea

This study was designed to examine the nitric oxide production, hyaluronidase, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) inhibitory activities for the anti-inflammatory effect and DPPH and ABS radical scavenging activities for antioxidant effect using Pleurotus nebrodensis mycelium extract for a functional tea development. The cell viability was confirmed that all extracts were not cytotoxic to RAW264.7 cell within a concentration of 90 μg/mL irrespective of solvent extracts. The nitric oxide inhibitory activity in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells was the highest at 43.6% using 90 μg/mL of hot water extract. The PGE2 inhibitory level was the highest 32.9% of 90 μg/mL of hot water extract. The hyaluronidase inhibitory activity as the highest 53.5% using 90 μg/mL of hot water extract. On the other hand, in the case of antioxidant activity, the maximum DPPH radical scavenging activity using 90μg/mL of ethanol extract obtained 69.6%. The maximum ABS radical scavenging activity using 90μg/mL of ethanol extract obtained 71.3%. When hot water extract was mixed in green tea, they was considered an excellent extract because the sensory evaluation showed a relatively high value. Based on the results of these experiments, it was possible to confirm the possibility of the functional material development of the tea beverage for anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents using the hot water and ethanol extract of P. nebrodensis mycelium.

Introduction pages, Notulae Scientia Biologicae 16(3), 2024

Notulae Scientia Biologicae (http://www.notulaebiologicae.ro), Issue 3, Volume 16, 2024: The papers published in this issue represent interesting novelties in different topics of life science. Among the exciting research or reviews, we invite readers to find news about: Exogenous nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide as biotechnological tools for enhancing plant adaptation to cold; Optimization of the production of a new milk clotting enzyme by Aspergillus flavus thermophile on agro-industrial residues medium and characterization of the enzyme; Chemical composition and potential pharmacological applications of Centaurea acaulis L.; Evaluation of antimalarial compounds in Prosopis africana stem bark fractions against Plasmodium berghei; Bioactive potential of Algerian Citrullus colocynthis resin: Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects; Analysis of chemical composition, antimicrobial, antioxidant activities of pomegranate fruit thick and green tea leaf extracts; In silico analysis of Cucumis pubescens Willd. fruit extract phytocompounds and its activity against anti-diabetic targets; In vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of different bacterial isolates against Botrytis gray mold of tomato; Integrated characterization and in vitro biocontrol of Fusarium sp. using Trichoderma asperellum; Morpho-physiological and biochemical responses of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) under cadmium stress; Delineating drought-induced antioxidative traits as potential mechanisms for climate resilience in Argania spinosa.

Determinants of breakfast skipping among pregnant women from South Ethiopia Gamo Zone: a case-control study.

Skipping breakfast during pregnancy presents several challenges and potential health risks for both the mother and her baby. Breakfast plays a crucial role in providing essential nutrients and energy after an overnight fast. Skipping breakfast during pregnancy creates an unhealthy environment for the fetus. Thus, this study aimed to identify the determinants of breakfast skipping among pregnant women. An unmatched, community-based case-control study was conducted among 116 randomly selected cases (breakfast skippers) and 232 neighboring controls (regular breakfast consumers). Data was collected using pre-tested interviewer-administered structured questionnaire. Binary logistic regression analysis was employed to determine predictors of breakfast skipping using STATA version 16. The odds of non-formal education (AOR = 3.92; 95% CI: 1.75, 8.78), low socioeconomic status (AOR = 2.93; 95% CI: 1.12, 7.68), poor dietary knowledge (AOR = 2.89; 95% CI: 1.29, 6.47), and experiencing morning sickness (AOR = 2.57; 95% CI: 1.13, 5.84) were higher among cases than controls. The odds of breakfast skipping were higher for every increase in family size (AOR = 1.65; 95% CI: 1.25, 2.18), but decrease with every unit increase in mid-upper arm circumference (AOR = 0.58; 95% CI: 0.46, 0.72) and weekly frequency of drinking coffee leaf tea beverage (AOR = 0.84; 95% CI: 0.78, 0.89). Findings of this study showed that poor economic status, lack of formal education, poor dietary knowledge, having morning sickness, having large family size, maternal nutritional status, and frequent consumption of coffee leaf tea beverage were significantly associated with breakfast skipping among pregnant women. Thus, efforts should focus on improving dietary awareness during pregnancy, strengthening dietary counseling during antenatal care, enhancing access to contraceptive services, and ensuring timely management of morning sickness.

Nutrition and Osteoporosis Prevention.

Osteoporosis affects 50% of women and 20% of men after the age of 50. Fractures are associated with significant morbidity, increased mortality and altered quality of life. Lifestyle measures for fragility fracture prevention include good nutrition including adequate protein and calcium intakes, vitamin D sufficiency, and regular weight bearing physical exercise. Dietary protein is one of the most important nutritional considerations as it affects bone mineral density, trabecular and cortical microstructure, and bone strength. When calcium intake is sufficient, higher dietary protein intake is associated with lower risk of fracture. Dairy products are a valuable source of calcium and high quality protein. Dairy product consumption, particularly fermented dairy products, are associated with a lower risk of hip fracture and vegan diets are associated with increased fracture risk. Other dietary factors associated with reduced fracture risk include at least 5 servings per day of fruits and vegetables, regular tea drinking, adherence to a Mediterranean diet and other dietary patterns which provide fibers, polyphenols and fermented dairy products. Such dietary patterns may confer health benefits through their effect on gut microbiota composition and/or function. A balanced diet including minerals, protein, fruits and vegetables is an important element in the prevention of osteoporosis and of fragility fracture.

Analysis of chemical composition, antimicrobial, antioxidant activities of pomegranate fruit thick and green tea leaf extracts

Infection diseases is a worldwide important problem for medicine and pharmacy. The purpose of this work was to study and compare phytochemical composition, antimicrobial, antioxidant potential of pomegranate fruit thick and green tea leaf liquid extracts. The quantification of biologically active substances (BAS) was performed using spectrophotometric, titrimetric, and HPLC analysis methods. Antioxidant activity was measured through a potentiometric method, while antimicrobial and antifungal effects were assessed using the well method and determining the minimum inhibition concentration. The total content of phenolic compounds was 0.40 and 10.10%, organic acids – 5.80 and 1.60% for pomegranate fruit thick and green tea leaf extract. The total content of catechins in the green tea leaf extract was 10500.0 mg/100 g, where epicatechin-3-O-gallate was dominated (3730.0±2.00 mg/100 g). The total content of anthocyanins in the pomegranate fruit thick extract was 107.10 mg/100 g, where cyanidin-3-O-glucoside was dominated (41.74 ± 0.10 mg/100 g), whereas delphinidin-3-O-glucoside had a lowest content (4.99 ± 0.10 mg/100 g). Both extracts possessed a high antioxidant potential, and effective antimicrobial effects. The antioxidant, antimicrobial activity of pomegranate fruit extract was higher than green tea leaf extract. In addition, we assumed that anthocyanins had higher antioxidant, antimicrobial properties than catechins. These findings would promote application of pomegranate fruits extract as pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals.

Application of 3D structure of carbon nanotube-interwoven metal–organic frameworks in solid-phase microextraction of trace polychlorinated biphenyls from tea beverages

A three-dimensional (3D) structure of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) interwoven metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) was synthesized. The MWCNTs was utilized to bridge the neighboring MOF nanocrystals. The hybrid material MOFs/MWCNTs was used for SPME coating to extract six PCBS in tea beverages samples by gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. MOFs/MWCNTs coating materials were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and N2 adsorption–desorption analysis. The response surface method was utilized to systematically optimize the main extraction factors. Under the optimized conditions, the developed method demonstrated wide linear ranges (0.01–1000 ng·L−1), low limits of detection (0.003–0.009 ng·L−1) and high enrichment factors (701–2361) for extracting and determining six PCBS. The six PCBS concentration in environmental tea beverages samples was detected with this method. These results display that MOFs/MWCNTs hybrid materials are potential sorbents in the SPME of PCBS in environmental tea beverages samples.

Wuyi Rock Tea Drinking Associated Knowledge and Practice: A Case Study from the Anthropological Perspectives

There are two domains in the anthropological knowledge of food and the practice of foodways: the materialist school, represented by Marvin Harris, and the teleological school, represented by Claude Levi Strauss. Scholars have considered these two schools irreconcilable for many years. This paper made a practical study of the two domains by investigating the consumption of Wuyi Rock Tea in Fujian Province from the perspective of anthropology. It suggests that Wuyi Rock Tea drinking has become a symbolic social behavior in Chinese society along with Chinese pragmatic principles. Consumers enjoy Wuyi Rock Tea and desire to consume it for various reasons.

Immunomodulatory Mechanisms of Tea Leaf Polysaccharide in Mice with Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppression Based on Gut Flora and Metabolomics.

Tea polysaccharides (TPSs) are receiving increasing attention because of their diverse pharmacological and biological activities. Here, we explored the immunoregulatory mechanisms of TPSs from fresh tea leaves in a mouse model of cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunosuppression in terms of gut microbiota and metabolites. We observed that TPSs significantly increased the body weight and alleviated CTX-induced thymus atrophy in the immunosuppressed mice; they also increased the plasma levels of immunoglobulins A and M, interleukin (IL) 1β, IL-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and tumor necrosis factor α. Furthermore, we conducted 16S rDNA sequencing of cecal contents, resulting in the acquisition of 5008 high-quality bacterial 16S rDNA gene reads from the sequencing of mouse fecal samples. By analyzing the data, we found that TPSs regulated the gut microbiota structure and diversity and alleviated the CTX-induced dysregulation of gut microbiota. The colonic contents of mice were subjected to analysis using the UPLC-Q-TOF/MS/MS technique for the purpose of untargeted metabolomics. In the course of our metabolite identification analysis, we identified a total of 2685 metabolites in positive ion mode and 1655 metabolites in negative ion mode. The analysis of these metabolites indicated that TPSs improved CTX-induced metabolic disorders by regulating the levels of metabolites related to tryptophan, arginine, and proline metabolism. In conclusion, TPSs can alleviate CTX-induced immunosuppression by regulating the structural composition of gut microbiota, indicating the applicability of TPSs as novel innate immune modulators in health foods or medicines.

Dissipation Effects in the Tea Leaf Paradox

The Tea Leaf Paradox (TLP) describes unsteady fluid motions which help entrain and deposit suspended particles at the center of rotation. Various applications depend on the TLP for particle separations—spanning orders of magnitude in length scales—making it an important problem in fluid mechanics. Despite papers describing the phenomenon, the efficacy of particle separation using the TLP remains unclear as to the relative importance of, for example, hydrostatics, particle-fluid density ratio, wall friction, liquid bath aspect ratio and the rotation speed. The dynamics involved are notably complex and require a careful tuning of each variable. In this study, we have investigated the role of the limit of the aggregation dynamics in rotational flows within 3D-printed vessels of various sizes in tandem with particle imaging to probe the dissipation effects on the particle motions. We have found that the liquid bath aspect ratio limits how much aggregation may occur for a particle-fluid density ratio greater than unity (e.g., ρp/ρf>1), where ρp is the density of the particle and ρf is the ambient fluid density.

Cultural Comparisons: A Comparison of Tea Drinking Traditions in Java and Sichuan

Tea is a type of drink that has been around since ancient times. In fact, in some regions, tea has become an integral part of culture and an inseparable part of people's social life, and also contains philosophical values. In each region, tea has its own characteristics. This is based on the variety and type of tea leaves themselves as well as the way they are served which are different in each region. The diversity of types of tea and forms of presentation certainly cannot be separated from differences in the environment where the tea leaves grow, as well as the origin of the tea in a particular region. These two factors refer to the practice of drinking tea and the different ways of serving tea in each region. China will immediately come to mind when you hear the word tea, because its tea culture is still strong today. On the one hand, Indonesia still adheres to its tea drinking culture. Tea has its own position in the traditions and practices of several cultures in China and Indonesia, especially in the Sichuan region and the island of Java. The aim of this research is to explore some of the differences that exist in tea drinking traditions in Java and Sichuan. We will also explore various cultural aspects that influence the practice of drinking tea, such as how tea is served, the type of tea used, related customs, and the symbolic meaning attached to the tea drinking ritual itself. So that in the end, readers will be able to appreciate the cultural diversity that exists in this world and encourage the exchange of knowledge and experience in tea drinking practices in both regions. The research method that is used is qualitative method of library research, namely collecting data by searching for sources and reconstructing information from various sources such as books, journals and existing research. The findings from this research are differences in the presentation and way of enjoying tea in Java and Sichuan.

Impact of Green Advertising and Packaging on Purchase Decisions via Green Perceived Value

This study seeks to explore the impact of green advertising, eco-friendly packaging, and perceived green value on consumer purchasing decisions within the beverage industry, particularly in the bubble tea sector. Most bubble tea beverages are served in disposable plastic cups, lids, and straws, contributing to the accumulation of waste in Indonesia. Observing this issue, the Indonesian public has begun to feel a sense of guilt associated with the use of plastic packaging and prefers brands that incorporate sustainability in their packaging. Consequently, Chatime has initiated the implementation of green marketing by introducing the Eco Cup as an environmentally friendly alternative beverage packaging made from paper. Chatime promotes its Eco Cup to consumers through green advertising on Instagram. This study employs the SOR theory to explain how green advertising and green packaging serve as stimuli that partially influence green perceived value (the organism), ultimately leading to purchase decisions .(the response). Using a quantitative approach with a survey method, questionnaires were distributed to 400 respondents. The findings indicate that while green perceived value has an indirect impact, the direct influence of green advertising and green packaging on purchase decisions is more significant. The indirect effect of green packaging on purchase decisions through green perceived value is notable, as is the direct influence of green packaging on both green perceived value and purchase decisions. Green packaging plays a crucial role in shaping positive perceptions before individuals make a purchase

Preparation and evaluation of Fe3O4@C@NiCo-LDH@CDs composites for magnetic solid-phase extraction of trace endocrine disruptors.

The widespread use of endocrine disruptors (EDPs) has certain potential hazards to organisms and environments, and it is particularly important to develop effective pretreatment methods before detection of EDPs in complex samples. In this work, a novel magnetic nanocomposite decorated with layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and carbon dots (CDs) was designed and prepared for magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) of EDPs (bisphenol S, bisphenol F, bisphenol A, bisphenol AF, diethylstilbestrol and 4-cumylphenol) combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) detection. The prepared composites were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and the adsorption mechanism towards these EDPs might be mainly based on hydrogen bonds and π-π conjugation. Under the optimized conditions, the proposed method showed limits of detection within 0.05-0.50 μg L-1 and limits of quantitation within 0.2-2.0 μg L-1, and good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9975) was presented in the range of 0.2-200 μg L-1. Finally, the Fe3O4@C@NiCo-LDH@CDs composite-based MSPE-HPLC-UV method was applied for enrichment and determination of EDPs in water, milk, and tea beverage samples with recoveries in the range of 81.2-119.8% and relative standard deviations below 9.7%.

Effects of Microbial Proteins on Qingzhuan Tea Sensory Quality during Pile Fermentation.

To determine the effects of microbial proteins on Qingzhuan tea sensory quality during tea pile fermentation, tea leaf metabolomic and microorganism proteomic analyses were performed. In total, 1835 differential metabolites and 443 differentially expressed proteins of the microorganisms were identified. Correlation analysis between metabolomics and proteomics data revealed that the levels of microbial proteins EG II and CBH I cellulase may play important roles in cell wall construction and permeability, which were crucial for the interaction between tea leaves and microorganisms. Microbial proteins heat shock proteins (HSP), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), and CuAO related to detoxification and stress responses showed a positive correlation with tea theanine, glutamine, γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamic acid, catechin, (-)-gallocatechin gallate, and (-)-catechin gallate, suggesting their effects on tea characteristic compound accumulation, thus affecting Qingzhuan tea sensory quality.

Chemometric classification of Vietnamese green tea (Camellia sinensis) varieties and origins using elemental profiling and FTIR spectroscopy

SummaryThe objective of this study was to employ multi‐elemental analysis and chemometric multivariate data analysis for identifying the geographical origin of Camellia sinensis cultivated in Vietnam's northeastern region. Ninety‐two tea leaf samples encompassing four distinct varieties were sourced from Bac Can and Thai Nguyen provinces. These samples underwent analysis through Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and chemometrics, while elemental quantification was achieved via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS), utilising mixed standards for 26 elements. The FTIR spectra exhibited characteristic peaks, denoting the functional groups of the potential compounds present. ICP/MS analysis identified the presence of 14 elements in the tea samples, revealing significant variations in content across the four varieties. principal component analysis (PCA) of the FTIR data illustrated that the initial two principal components accounted for 91.26% of the total variance, effectively segregating the four green tea varieties into distinct clusters. Conversely, PCA of the ICP‐MS spectra also distinguished the four varieties, albeit Trung Du and Hybrid F1 exhibited a proximate distribution. This closeness may be incidental and not indicative of correlation, considering the limited variable set. Our findings ascertain that ICP/MS and FTIR, augmented by chemometric software, serve as efficacious tools for ascertaining the geographical origins of tea.

Development technology of production Georgian organic tea

Development technology of production Georgian organic tea

Exploring the impact of logo colors on the perceived tastes of tea beverages—A study on hand-shaken beverages in Taiwan

Color visually communicates the product’s flavors to consumers and further influences their taste perception. This study explores the perceived taste of tea beverages caused by the logo’s principal colors, using hand-shaken tea beverages in Taiwan as an example. To identify the linkage between the logo color and tea tastes, this study divides the taste of tea beverages into four categories: sweetness, freshness, bitterness, and astringency. Then, the 69 tea beverage logos are allocated into the 14 color sections in the CIELAB color space according to their primary colors. The Correspondence Analysis method is employed to visualize the relationships between the logos and the perceived tastes. The tea tastes are then mapped into the color sections in the CIELAB color space. The analysis results reveal that the sweetness links to logos in the Warm Scheme colors (hue angle from 0 to 59 degrees). The fresh taste is bound with the logo with the Cool White Scheme colors (hue angle from 90 to 149 degrees and brightness >80). Finally, the bitter and astringent tastes link to the logo colors in the Cold Black Scheme colors (hue angle from 60 to 89 degrees, 150 to 329 degrees, and brightness <25). This study expands the color and taste association literature from general food to tea beverages. Our obtained empirical results can be applied to hand-shaken beverage companies to select principal colors for designing logos and packages that align with tea beverages’ perceived tastes to convey brand recognition accurately.

Detection and health implications of phthalates in tea beverages in market: Application of novel solid-phase microextraction fibers

Assessment and control of emerging organic pollutants in food have become critical for global food safety and health. The European Union has set standards for certain emerging organic pollutants, such as phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in food. Because of being endocrine disruptors, PAEs are toxic and carcinogenic to humans. Release of PAEs from packaging materials poses a potential risk to human health and causes environmental pollution. In this study, a highly sensitive analytical method for the detection of PAE contents in tea beverages was established using hydroxyl-functionalized covalent organic frameworks (COFs) as solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coating. Results indicate that functionalization with hydroxyl groups enhances the adsorption of PAEs. The proposed method exhibits a wide linear range (1–20,000 ng L−1), low limits of detection (> 0.048 ng L−1), and satisfactory recovery (72.8 %–127.3 %). To investigate the PAE contamination in beverages, contamination levels of six typical PAEs and their health impacts were surveyed across various brands/types/packaging materials of tea beverages sold in China. Results of the hazard quotient and hazard index approaches suggest no or extremely low health concerns regarding PAE levels. We observe that hydroxyl groups functionalized on COFs enhance the adsorption of PAEs. Moreover, an important outcome of this study is development of an efficient and sensitive direct detection method for PAEs in complex tea matrices, providing a reliable approach for the assessment of PAEs in other complex matrices.

A Robust Solution for Tea Leaf Classification using the SMOTE and Soft Voting Classifier

Background/Objectives: The purpose of the proposed work is to identify how a tea leaf is conceptualized. This further enables the categorization of leaves into healthy and unhealthy groups, assisting both the vendor and customer in obtaining the right quality for their requirements. The primary cause of the low production of tea in various parts of the country is the late detection of diseased leaves. Literature suggests that the current AI techniques can detect but have a high level of similarities. Hence, the objective is to identify diseased leaf images at early stage. Methods: Earlier studies have used mostly CNN for classification which is more time consuming, and they create their own parameters. In this study, we extracted the textual features of images by using GLCM, and further classification was implemented with the help of SMOTE and a soft voting classifier. Findings: The proposed method resulted in optimal timeline without using CNN for classification. The accuracy is better when compared to current methods. Novelty: This work presents a novel approach in calculating textual features of leaves that can be further used for classification or tea-leaf grading purposes. Keywords: Image processing, Feature extraction, GLCM, SMOTE, Voting classifier

Polyphenol-Rich Extract of Apocynum venetum L. Leaves Protects Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells against High Glucose-Induced Damage through Polyol Pathway and Autophagy.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a specific microvascular problem of diabetes, which is mainly caused by hyperglycemia and may lead to rapid vision loss. Dietary polyphenols have been reported to decrease the risk of DR. Apocynum venetum L. leaves are rich in polyphenolic compounds and are popular worldwide for their health benefits as a national tea drink. Building on previous findings of antioxidant activity and aldose reductase inhibition of A. venetum, this study investigated the chemical composition of polyphenol-rich extract of A. venetum leaves (AVL) and its protective mechanism on ARPE-19 cells in hyperglycemia. Ninety-three compounds were identified from AVL by LC-MS/MS, including sixty-eight flavonoids, twenty-one organic acids, and four coumarins. AVL regulated the polyol pathway by decreasing the expression of aldose reductase and the content of sorbitol, enhancing the Na+K+-ATPase activity, and weakening intracellular oxidative stress effectively; it also could regulate the expression of autophagy-related proteins via the AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 signaling pathway to maintain intracellular homeostasis. AVL could restore the polyol pathway, inhibit oxidative stress, and maintain intracellular autophagy to protect cellular morphology and improve DR. The study reveals the phytochemical composition and protective mechanisms of AVL against DR, which could be developed as a functional food and/or candidate pharmaceutical, aiming for retina protection in diabetic retinopathy.

Trichoderma harzianum TIND02 upregulates the expression of pathogenesis-related genes and enzymes and enhances gray blight resistance in tea

The gray blight incited by Pestalotiopsis and allied genera is a prevalent disease affecting tea cultivation, and managing it with Trichoderma spp. is an alternative to synthetic fungicides. Plants modify their arsenal system against pathogens when they are exposed to Trichoderma spp., which produces proteins and enzymes associated with pathogenesis. Understanding the expression pattern of defense-related markers will help in developing gray blight resistance tea cultivars. Thus, this study intended to induce resistance against gray blight in tea by Trichoderma harzianum TIND02. For this, a total of eight Trichoderma isolates originated from organic tea rhizospheres were characterized and evaluated for their efficacy. Dual culture test revealed isolate TIND02 as the most potential candidate with 74.6% inhibitory activity against gray blight pathogen Pseudopestalotiopsis theae. Molecular characterization based on ITS and tef-1 alpha genes confirmed isolate TIND02 as T. harzianum. Scanning electron microscopic study showed the mycoparasitic nature of T. harzianum TIND02 (TH-TIND02) to Ps. theae. The ethyl acetate extract of TH-TIND02 at 100 and 200 μg mL−1 showed potential inhibitory activity (>69.9%) against Ps. theae which confirmed the presence of higher volatile metabolites. Gas chromatography–Mass spectrometry study revealed that ethyl acetate extract of TH-TIND02 was composed of 21 major and minor volatile organic compounds with acetamide, 2, 2, 2-trifluoro-N, N-bis trimethyIsilyl–C (94.74%) as a major component. The isolate also produced chitinase, cellulase, β-1, 3 glucanase, and protease hydrolytic enzymes. Nursery experiments revealed that 2% and 5% doses (2 × 106 CFU mL−1) of TH-TIND02 significantly reduced respective 65.0% and 70.0% disease severity over control with improved plant growth. Besides, expressions of defense-related enzymes (chitinase, pHenolics, peroxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, β-1, 3-glucanase, and polyphenol oxidase) and pathogenesis-related genes (chitinase and β-1, 3-glucanase) due to TH-TIND02 were determined. The secretion of defense-related enzymes was highly upregulated in plants applied with TH-TIND02 followed by Ps. theae inoculation compared to controls. The RT-qPCR analysis showed that the expression of both genes in co-inoculated plants was two-fold higher than in control after 21-day post incubation. These results suggest that TH-TIND02 application reduced gray blight severity by elevated enzyme activity and overexpressed pathogenesis-related genes in tea plants which offer for its eco-friendly and sustainable use as a bio-fungicide in tea gardens.