Tea Camellia Sinensis Research Articles

Teh Hitam Cammelia Sinensis Dan Manfaatnya Untuk Kesehatan Pendekatan Berbasis Sains Dan Nilai Islam

Black tea from Camellia sinensis has been a highly popular beverage in Indonesia since the 17th century. Various types of Camellia sinensis tea include white tea, green tea, oolong tea, and black tea. Each type of tea has a distinct antioxidant profile, with black tea containing the highest caffeine content. All types of tea are rich in antioxidants like polyphenols, which play a crucial role in protecting the body from free radicals and reducing the risk of various diseases such as Alzheimer's, diabetes, stroke, hypertension, obesity, cancer, and have antibacterial properties while also serving as an anti-aging treatment for the skin.From an Islamic perspective, the Quran contains numerous verses that command humans to observe and study Allah's creations. This underscores the belief that nothing Allah has created is without purpose, implying that every creation has significant benefits. The consumption of black tea aligns with the principle of maintaining physical health as a form of spiritual responsibility, as also instructed in the Quran. The integration of scientific approaches with religious values elevates black tea beyond merely a beverage enjoyed for its taste, tradition, and health benefits, making it a part of a holistic healthy lifestyle. Utilizing tea production technology and advancing research to uncover the benefits of black tea is a way of expressing gratitude and is considered an act of worship, as its development adheres to the principle of benefiting others.

Simultaneous determination of six catechins and caffeine in tea and wine using salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection.

Catechins, renowned for their antioxidant properties and health benefits, are commonly present in beverages, particularly tea and wine. An efficient and cost-effective salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction (SALLE) method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of six catechins and caffeine in tea and wine samples using high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV). This method demonstrates outstanding performance: linearity (1-120µg/mL, r2>0.999), accuracy (96.5%-103.4% recovery), and precision (≤14.7% relative standard deviation), meeting validation requirements set by the US Food and Drug Administration. The reduced sample size (0.1g) minimizes matrix interferences and costs without compromising sensitivity. All analytes were detected in Camellia sinensis teas, with green tea displaying the highest total catechin content (47.5-100.1mg/mL), followed by white and black teas. Analysis of wine samples reveals the presence of catechin in all red and white wines, and epigallocatechin gallate in all red wine samples, highlighting the impact of winemaking processes on catechin content. The SALLE-HPLC-UV approach represents a green alternative by eliminating organic waste, surpassing conventional dilution methods in specificity and sensitivity for catechin determination. AGREEprep assessment emphasizes the strengths of the SALLE procedure, including material reusability, throughput efficiency, minimal sample requirements, low energy consumption, and the absence of organic waste generation.

Preparation and Phytochemical Analysis of Polyherbal Tea Bag

Abstract: Herb blooms, leaves, seeds, roots, or dried fruit that aren't from the Camellia sinensis tea plant are referred to as herbal tea. Lemongrass, cinnamon, hibiscus, and butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea) are a few plants that can be used to make herbal teas. The butterfly pea is traditionally used as a culinary coloring to give food its blue color and as an eye medication, brain boosting. As antioxidants, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anti-cancer, and immunomodulatory agents, butterfly pea and hibiscus are beneficial and reduce blood pressure. In order to improve the quality of the herbal tea, it is necessary to dry the tea utilizing sunshine throughout the producing process. Organoleptic tests are used to conduct the analysis (color, taste, and scent).

Preparation and evaluation of liquorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) and ginger (Zingiber officinale) kombucha beverage based on antioxidant capacities, phenolic compounds and sensory qualities

Kombucha is a well-known tea-based fermented drink that contains various bioactive compounds with potential bioactivities. In addition to traditional Camellia sinensis tea, preparation of kombucha using alternative raw material has attracted increasing attention to obtain significant health benefits and good sensory properties. In this study, liquorice and ginger were selected as alternative raw materials for the preparation of kombucha beverages due to their extensive health benefits. Moreover, the effects of fermentation with or without residues on antioxidant activities and phenolic contents of liquorice and ginger kombucha beverages at different fermentation times were examined and compared using the ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assay, Folin-Ciocalteu method, and high-performance liquid chromatography. The results found that kombucha beverages based on liquorice and ginger showed strong antioxidant capacities and high phenolic contents. Fermentation with liquorice residues significantly improved the antioxidant capacities (maximum 2.41 times) and phenolic contents (maximum 3.88 times) of liquorice kombucha without influencing the sensory qualities when compared with fermentation without residues. However, fermentation with ginger residues did not effectively enhance the antioxidant capacities and phenolic contents. Moreover, it could reduce the sensory properties of ginger kombucha. In general, liquorice is well-suited for producing kombucha with residues, while ginger is more suitable for making kombucha without residues. These kombucha beverages might be used for the prevention and management of several oxidative stress-related diseases. This study expands the options of raw materials for producing novel and functional kombucha beverages.

Camellia Sinensis Çaylarındaki Moleküllerin NLRP3 NACHT Domainine İn Siliko Bağlanma Afiniteleri

NLRP3 inflammasome secretes proinflammatory cytokines in response to microbial infection and cellular damage, induces pyroptotic cell death, and triggers many pathological conditions. For this reason, it is important to determine the products that can inhibit the NLRP3 protein. In this study, the affinities of 27 molecules in Camellia sinensis tea species to ADP and inhibitor cavities in the NACHT domain of NLRP3 were analyzed in silico using molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, and free energy calculation method MM/GBSA. Among the components, theaflavic acid, (-)-epicatechin gallate and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate gave better binding affinities. It was concluded that it would be beneficial to conduct advanced studies on whether these three compounds contribute to the preventability of NLRP3-mediated inflammatory diseases.

The Control and Comprehensive Safety Assessment of Heavy Metal Impurities (As, Pb, and Cd) in Green Tea Camellia sinensis (L.) Samples (Infusions) Available in Poland

Tea is the world’s most common drink after water, and the world’s annual sales exceed $43 billion, of which more than $11 billion is green tea (Camellia sinensis (L.)). Increasing evidence continues to show that green tea consumption and its ingredients have a variety of potential health benefits. The aim of the study was to control and assess the toxicological risk (TRA) of three heavy metals (As, Pb, and Cd) in infusions of green tea (n = 12) from Polish markets. We applied the method of inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to determine the selected heavy metal and designed a specific toxicological risk assessment with three crucial tiers. The first tier of our strategy was to determine the elements investigated (heavy metal impurities, µg/L). The second step was to estimate the weekly intake of green tea infusions (µg/week) based on weekly consumption. The third tier was to estimate the weekly intake per weight (µg/L/week/bw), based on the average weekly intake of green tea infusion per adult compared to the provisional weekly intake (PTWI) established by the FAO/WHO Joint Food Additives Expert Committee (JECFA). The levels of the investigated heavy metals occur at different levels in all of the investigated green tea infusions. The heavy metal profile indicated that As (0.0721–10.585 µg/L), Pb (0.386–1.695 µg/L), and Cd (0.126–0.346 µg/L) were present in all samples. Basic analysis of general content shows that As (average = 0.325 µg/L) was at a level similar to Cd (average = 0.214 µg/L). Surprisingly, the Pb content (average 0.891 µg/L) was approximately 2.75–4 times higher than that of As and Cd, respectively. The application of our proposed safety assessment methodology (three tiers) provides satisfactory results for regulatory purposes. The evaluation of the investigated heavy metals in all products analysed from green tea samples (infusions) showed that there were no health hazards to consumers due to weekly exposure. The results indicated that after drinking green tea infusions from Polish markets, the amount of investigated elements in weekly doses does not represent any health risks to consumers.

ANALISIS KADAR KARBOHIDRAT PADA TEH CELUP BERBAHAN DASAR DAUN LAMUN (Enhalus acoroides)

Background: Seagrass is the only flowering plant (angiosperm) that has true root and leaf rhizomes that live submerged in the sea. There are 60 species of seagrass scattered in the world's coastal waters, one type of seagrass that can be used by humans is the seagrass Enhalus acoroides. The economic advantage of Enhalus acoroides leaves can be used as a food ingredient because it has a complete and relatively high nutritional content. Enhalus acoroides leaves can be used as raw material for herbal teas. Herbal teas have a high carbohydrate content, for example in Camellia sinensis tea of ​​0.286%, carbohydrates are one of the chemicals that are needed by the human body. Methods: This study was a descriptive study to determine the value of carbohydrate content in seagrass (Enhalus acoroides) leaf teabags. The research was carried out in March 2022. Sampling of seagrass leaves was carried out in Suli Village, Salahutu District, Central Maluku Regency. The stage of making seagrass teabags was carried out at the Basic Biology Laboratory of FKIP Pattimura University. And the analysis of carbohydrate content was carried out at the Biochemistry Laboratory of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Pattimura University, Ambon with the type of experimental research. Results: Based on the observations that have been made, the results showed that the carbohydrate content of TL U1 was 5.148%, TL U2 was 5.211%l, TL U3 was 5.165%. With an average carbohydrate of 5.174%. Conclusion: Seagrass leaf teabags (Enhalus acoroides) have a high carbohydrate content and can be a new product that is rich in nutrients.

The Association Between Camellia sinensis Tea Consumption and Reduced Risk of Anxiety Disorder for Covid-19 Survivors: A Cross-Sectional Study among Medical Students

Abstract: Negative stigma for Covid-19 survivors might induce anxiety. Camellia sinensis (C. sinensis) tea has been used to treat anxiety but no studies evaluate the tea on risk of anxiety among medical students who were Covid-19 survivors. Hence, we aimed to evaluate the risk of anxiety for C. sinensis tea drinkers among them. A cross-sectional study was conducted at Medical Faculty Universitas Lambung Mangkurat in December 2021. Information about tea consumption was collected from a questionnaire and anxiety disorder was determined by Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale. Logistic regression analysis was used to calculate the risk. Of 129 students, 55 students (42.64%) had anxiety. Students who drank tea at least 2 glasses/day had a lower risk of anxiety by 90.4% than non-tea drinkers. Thus, C. sinensis tea was significantly associated with a lower risk of anxiety started from at least 2 glasses/day among medical students who were Covid-19 survivors.

Comparative Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Green Tea Herbal Mouth-wash and 0.2% Chlorhexidine Gluconate Mouthwash Against Streptococcus mutans in Dental Plaque - A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background and Aim Several chemical agents can alter the profile of oral microflora but can cause undesirable effects on oral tissues. Green tea Camellia sinensis contains adequate amounts of catechins and polyphenol compounds. It has demonstrated antibacterial antioxidant anti-inflammatory antiviral antimutagenic and anticaries properties.The purpose of this clinical trial was to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial efficacy of commercially available 0.5 green tea herbal mouthwash with 0.2 chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash against Streptococcus mutans in dental plaque samples of school children. Methods This clinical trial was conducted including thirty healthy cooperative children who were randomly divided into two groups Group A 0.2 Chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash and Group B 0.5 Green tea mouthwash. Baseline and day 15 post-rinse plaque samples were collected. Streptococcus mutans colony counting was done on day zero and on day 15 and the results were compared statistically.Results Within the group paired t-test analysis showed a significant reduction p lt0.05 of Streptococcus mutans counts from baseline to post-rinse in both 0.2 chlorhexidine 1.68plusmn0.63 95 CI -1.45 to 1.77 and green tea 0.5 1.54plusmn0.16 95 CI - 1.37 to 1.69 groups. Between groups independent t-test analysis did not show any significant difference both at baseline and post-rinse p gt0.05.Conclusion Both 0.2 chlorhexidine mouthwash and green tea 0.5 mouthwash were equally efficient in reducing S. mutans counts. However 0.2 Chlorhexidine mouthwash was marginally better. Green tea mouthwash has the advantage of being non-staining having no taste disturbance and having good participant compliance.

Heavy Metals in Tea and Their Adverse Effects on Mother and Fetal Outcome

This study aimed to analyze the adverse effects of heavy metals in tea on pregnant mothers and fetal outcomes, using Camellia sinensis tea as a more common beverage after water. The tea constituents are flavonoids containing catechins, which are primary polyphenols recognized as having a strong anti-oxidant activity preventing cellular damage by free radicals. During pregnancy, excessive tea intake negatively impacts the newborn. Tea constituents and their contamination have gained attention as heavy metal contamination exceeds its critical concentrations in tea infusions which may cause adverse effects on both mother and fetus. A total of 400 pregnant women participated in the present study. A cross-sectional study was conducted at the department of Physiology of University of Sindh in collaboration with the Department of gynecology and obstetrics of Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences (LUMHS), Jamshoro, from September 2018 to August 2020. Selected pregnant women were informed and gave written consent. Chemical analysis of maternal blood was conducted at the National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh. The statistical data were analyzed using SPSS v 21.0 (IBM incorporation, USA). The student`s and Person tests for correlation were applied, presenting the results as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Statistical significance difference was calculated at 95% (p ≤ 0.05). The results of maternal parameters such as age, marital age, maternal height, body temperature, respiratory rate, and diastolic pressure had no significant difference. Simultaneously, gestational age, neck circumference, gestational weight gain, and systolic blood pressure had significant differences between pregnant tea and non-tea drinkers. Iron, Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), and Ferritin also showed statistically significant differences at p < 0.0001. In the present study, the fetal weight positively correlated with aluminum, lead, mercury, and zinc and negatively correlated with copper and cadmium. Foot length showed a positive correlation with aluminum, copper, lead, cadmium, mercury, and zinc; the chest circumference showed a negative correlation with aluminum and copper.

Camellia sinensis solvent extract, epigallocatechin gallate and caffeine confer trophocidal and cysticidal effects against Acanthamoeba castellanii

We examined the anti-acanthamoebic efficacy of green tea Camellia sinensis solvent extract (SE) or its chemical constituents against Acanthamoeba castellanii by using anti-trophozoite, anti-encystation, and anti-excystation assays. C. sinensis SE (625–5000 µg/mL) inhibited trophozoite replication within 24–72 h. C. sinensis SE exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition of encystation, with a marked cysticidal activity at 2500–5000 µg/mL. Two constituents of C. sinensis, namely epigallocatechin-3-gallate and caffeine, at 100 μM and 200 μM respectively, significantly inhibited both trophozoite replication and encystation. Cytotoxicity analysis showed that 156.25–2500 µg/mL of SE was not toxic to human corneal epithelial cells, while up to 625 µg/mL was not toxic to Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. This study shows the anti-acanthamoebic potential of C. sinensis SE against A. castellanii trophozoites and cysts. Pre-clinical studies are required to elucidate the in vivo efficacy and safety of C. sinensis SE.

Green synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Camellia sinensis tea leaf extract and their antioxidant, anti-bactericidal and anticancer efficacy

Green synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Camellia sinensis tea leaf extract and their antioxidant, anti-bactericidal and anticancer efficacy

Production and Characterization of Biocomposite Films of Bacterial Cellulose from Kombucha and Coated with Chitosan.

The purpose of this research is to produce and characterize bacterial cellulose (BC) films coated with chitosan (BC-CH). BC films were produced in a fermentation medium based on Camellia sinensis tea and dextrose (12 days at 25 °C) and subsequently treated with coating-forming solutions (CFSs) based on chitosan (BC-CH 0.5%, BC-CH 1.0%, and BC-CH 1.5%). As a result, the FTIR spectra of BC and BC-CH 1.5% showed the main characteristic bands of cellulose and chitosan. In the physicochemical characterization of the films, it was found that the incorporation of the chitosan coatings did not affect the thickness; however, it decreased the luminosity (L*) and increased redness (a*), yellowness (b*), and opacity (75.24%). Additionally, the light absorption properties in the UV-Vis range were improved. Furthermore, the application of the CFSs increased: the solubility (64.91%), the antimicrobial activity against S. aureus (6.55 mm) and E. coli (8.25 mm), as well as the antioxidant activity (57.71% and 24.57% free radical scavenging activity), and the content of total phenols (2.45 mg GAE/g). Finally, our results suggest that the BC-CH films developed in the present study show a potential application as active packaging material for food.

The effect of Camellia sinensis tea on a decreased risk of anxiety for medical students at Universitas Lambung Mangkurat Indonesia

BackgroundAnxiety is a response for inability to overcome problems that commonly occurs in medical students, thus affecting their academic performances. The content of l-theanine in Camellia sinensis (C. sinensis) tea is able to cause a relaxing effect to reduce anxiety. ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Camellia sinensis (C. sinensis) tea consumption on anxiety level in medical students. MethodThis was an analytic observational with cross-sectional approach within 332 undergraduate students at Medical Faculty ULM in December 2021. They were selected using simple random sampling technique. Data were collected online via Google form. A questionnaire and The Zung Self-rating Anxiety Scale were applied to figure out characteristics of respondents including tea consumption status, and to determine the anxiety status, respectively. Data were then analyzed using a multinomial logistic regression test. ResultsThis study demonstrated that consuming tea occasionally (≥1 glass per week) showed a lower risk of mild-moderate anxiety by 9% (adj. OR 0.91, 95%CI: 0.47-1.77) and of marked-severe anxiety by 46% (adj. OR 0.55, 95%CI: 0.12-2.43) compared to non-tea drinkers. Meanwhile, consuming 1 glass and 2–3 glasses of tea per day showed a 20% (adj. OR 0.80, 95%CI: 0.36-1.79) and a 54% (adj. OR 0.46, 95%CI: 0.15-1.37) lower risk of mild-moderate anxiety, respectively compared to non-tea drinkers. However, this association was not statistically significant (p>0.05). ConclusionsThese results indicate that there is a tendency of a decreased risk of anxiety for the increased consumption of C. sinensis tea.

Characteristics Of Kombucha From Various Herbal Tea Leaves

Kombucha has been well-known as functional food in Asia. Regular kombucha is produced using Camellia sinensis tea leaves. However, kombucha can also be produced from other substrates. This study aim to investigated characteristic of kombucha from various herbal tea by determine flavonoid content, phenolic content, antioxidant content and sensory. This study was conducted using Randomized Block Design with one factor and two duplicates of each treatment. Based on 8 day fermentation, bebuas (Premna pubescens Blume) has the highest phenolic content (926,19 µg/ml GAE), flavonoid content (391,81 µg/ml), and antioxidant activity IC50 values were 18,16 µg/ml. On the other hand, based on the sensory evaluation of kombucha (aroma and taste) panelists prefer indian jujube, while panelists prefer regular tea for color parameters

Characterization of Volatile Compounds from Tea Plants (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) and the Effect of Identified Compounds on Empoasca flavescens Behavior

The tea green leafhopper, Empoasca flavescens, is a major pest of tea Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze. Until recently, it has mainly been controlled by pesticides, but their use has led to high levels of toxic residues in plants, which threaten both the environment and human health. Therefore, a safer biological control approach is needed. Tea plants produce many volatile compounds, and different tea clones differ in their resistance to the pest. We explored the possibility that volatile compounds influence the resistance of tea. Here, we assessed the resistance of 15 clones of tea plants to the pest, the volatile compounds produced by the clones, and the effects of the compounds on E. flavescens behavior. Six clones were classified as resistant, eight as moderately susceptible, and one as susceptible. Fresh leaf samples from resistant and susceptible clones were analyzed using HS–SPME–GC–MS. Sesquiterpenes and monoterpenes were two major groups characterized, representing 30.15% and 26.98% of the total compounds, respectively. From our analysis, we conclude that 3-hexen-1-ol, 2,6-dimethyleneoct-7-en-3-one, humulene, β-bourbonene, styrene, and benzaldehyde were important for the resistance and susceptibility of the clones. In a bioassay, E. flavescens were attracted to β-ocimene and methyl salicylate, but avoided linalool compounds.

Anthropogenic legacies shaping the present composition of demarcation trees in a temperate upland field landscape in Japan

BackgroundIsolated trees are often planted in agricultural landscapes around the world, but their planting background often remains unclear. In this study, we examined the history of demarcation trees in Ibaraki Prefecture in eastern Japan by using land dispute records mainly from the early modern period (from 1600 to 1868), the Rapid Survey Map (RSM) drawn in the late nineteenth century, demarcation tree records from 2011, and interviews of the local residents.MethodsWe reviewed 39 documents on land disputes to examine the temporal and spatial usage of demarcation tree species in the early modern period. The association between the present distribution of 1486 individuals of six demarcation tree species and past land use in the RSM were analyzed with Fisher’s exact test and residual analysis. In addition, we conducted interviews with 48 farmers, most of whom were over 60 years old.ResultsThe demarcation plants in vast communal lands and village boundaries in the early modern period were mostly visually prominent tall trees, usually pines. In contrast, smaller trees were planted for demarcation in small-scale areas of forests and farmlands. Although Pourthiaea villosa (Thunb.) DC. Has been planted since the mid-eighteenth century, its planting seems to have accelerated as communal forests were divided mainly in the Meiji period (from 1868 to 1912). The present dominant state of Deutzia crenata Siebold et Zucc. in older farmlands and its ritual use, history of upland field development in the Kanto region, and ancient demarcation use in central Japan indicate its original use may date back to the medieval (from 1185 to 1600) or ancient ritsuryo period (from the seventh century to 1185). Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) and mulberry (Morus spp.) individuals were considered as early modern or modern crop remnants. Results from the map-based analysis and interviews clarified the recent increase in the use of Euonymus japonicus Thunb. and Celtis sinensis Pers. for demarcation.ConclusionsChronologically dynamic anthropogenic legacies have shaped the present agricultural landscape with different demarcation tree species. A better understanding of the dynamic transformation of vegetation under human influence adds to the historical heritage value of the landscape and should motivate its conservation.

Yellow Mombin Nectar Enriched with Encapsulated Green Tea (Camellia Sinensis Var Assamica): Physical-chemical, Rheological and Sensory Aspects

ABSTRACT This research aimed to evaluate the feasibility of applying green tea extract encapsulated in yellow mombin (Spondias mombin L.) nectar. Two formulations were developed: with microencapsulated green tea extract (NM) and control (NC). NM was the variant concentration of green tea microencapsulated (4.6 g of green tea microcapsules for each 240 mL of beverage). The samples were subjected to physical-chemical and bioactive compounds analysis, such as the study of rheological behavior and sensory analysis. The addition of microcapsules resulted in changes in all of the parameters evaluated, highlighting the contribution in antioxidant activity and total phenolic compounds. The inclusion of microcapsules did not influence the rheological behavior. For the sensory analysis, it was found that NC presented better sensory acceptance. The inclusion of microcapsules of green tea extract in yellow mombin nectar presents itself as a viable alternative for the development of a new product.

A Novel Technological Breakthrough in Effective Body Recomposition and Weight Management: A Therapeutic Strategy

Obesity and overweight are now defined as an epidemic. An array of evidence substantiates that existing weight loss strategies and programs have not worked. Fat is the lightest of macromolecules, the highest energy reserve of the body, and the last reservoir of survival insurance to be expended. Conventional weight loss concepts and therapies, for the most part, are based on two primary factors; people eat too much and don’t exercise enough. However, with the increase in gym memberships there has also been a significant increase in the purchase of more wholesome foods. The trajectory of obesity therefore should be decreasing; but it’s not. Furthermore, even the culturally ingrained term “weight loss” itself establishes “heaviness” as the primary criteria for evaluating body composition and size, i.e., scale weight, an inaccurate and erroneous measuring criterion owing to additional variables. An additional 10 factors that contribute to a reduction in metabolic rate and an increase in fat storage have been identified. Individually or in combination, these factors are almost totally ignored or omitted from considerations regarding the etiology of obesity. We developed TrimRox, a stimulant‐ and sugar‐free Prodosomed® TRCAP21 nutraceutical technology, utilizing six standardized extracts comprising of D‐ribose nicotinamide complex, Gynostemma pentaphyllum leaf extract, Myrciaria Dubia whole‐berry extract, Ilex guayusa Loes. (Guayusa) leaf extract, Purple Tea Camellia sinensis extract (PurpleForce™), and alpha Glyceryl phosphoryl choline that effectively addresses all the contributing factors. A 21‐day concept validation physician‐supervised pilot study on the TRCAP21 was conducted in 9 subjects to assess changes in various body parts, including chest, upper arms, waist/belly, hips, and thighs, as well as body weight. The results demonstrated that all subjects experienced a significant reduction in size of one or more of these body parts and significant reduction in body weight. A randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled study is in progress.

Fabrication, characterization, and application of Pickering emulsion stabilized by tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) waste microcrystalline cellulose

A massive amount of tea waste was generated in tea processing. In order to fully utilize tea waste, tea waste microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was used as stabilizer without any other treatment to fabricate Pickering emulsion. Emulsion was produced by high pressure homogenization and characterized in terms of physicochemical parameters, morphologies and stabilities. High MCC concentration, high pH, low oil-water ratio and low ionic strength were benefited for emulsion stability. Pickering emulsions stabilized by MCC were stable for 42 days with the MCC concentration of 1.00% and 2.00%, oil-water ratio of 1:9, pH of 7.0 and ionic strength of 0 mM. Encapsulation in Pickering emulsion stabilized by MCC enhanced the stability of lycopene against photodegradation and thermal degradation, and high concentration of MCC promoted protection. Lycopene loaded in Pickering emulsion showed high stability and bioaccessibility during simulated digestion in vitro. Tea waste MCC could be used to prepare low fat and low salt Pickering emulsions, and provided perspective on high value-added utilization of tea waste.