Te Aroha Research Articles

A personal reflection koha, and how ako and communication strategies support the practice of Pacific research models and frameworks at Te Wānanga o Aotearoa

Te Wānanga o Aotearoa is first and foremost a uniquely Māori learning environment, as a Pasifika educator who feels privileged in this space, it has become prominent to me more than ever to understand what my Pacific practice means in relation theory; and how my practice can complement our institutional values of Te Aroha, Te Whakapono, Ngā Ture and Kotahitanga. These values are embedded in our institution and communicate the actions to achieve successful outcomes for our tauira (Te Wananga o Aotearoa, n.d).

Digital marketing in Māori higher education: A case study of Te Wānanga o Aotearoa

The shift to neoliberalism in the 1980s meant that higher education in Aotearoa New Zealand became business-orientated—a situation which prevails today (Narayan, 2020; Olssen, 2002). The digitisation of business means that for businesses to remain relevant, they must embrace digital marketing (Herhausen et al., 2020; Makrides et al., 2020). Indeed, in higher education, too, the need for digital marketing is inescapable (Sawlani & Susilo, 2020). This paper will discuss digital marketing in higher education and will look specifically at some aspects of the digital marketing approach of Te Wānanga o Aotearoa. This paper will begin with a very brief history of Māori business during the early colonial period, as well as a short description of contemporary Māori business. This article will discuss the most current understandings of digital marketing in higher education. Importantly, this paper will use the three relationship marketing success factors identified by John (2020)—trust, commitment, and service orientation—and relate these to the four values of Te Wānanga o Aotearoa (2020)—Te Aroha, Te Whakapono, Ngā Ture, and Kotahitanga—as a means of identifying gaps in Te Wānanga o Aotearoa’s current digital marketing approach.

Differential effects of elevation on leaf size of overstorey and understorey species in a temperate rainforest

ABSTRACTConspicuous geographic variation in the average leaf size of plant communities suggests the physical environment must exert strong selection pressures on this trait. Leaf energy balance theory has recently been applied to explain global patterns in leaf size, through its strong influence on vulnerability to (a) overheating in dry sunny conditions and (b) chilling on cold clear nights. The same theory should also predict leaf size patterns on local elevational gradients, but there are fewer data available to examine this prediction. We collected recently-fallen leaf litter at 50 m elevational intervals in temperate rainforest on Mt. Te Aroha, New Zealand, hypothesising that average leaf size of angiosperm tree and shrub species should decrease with increasing elevation. Data from overstorey species (≥ 10 m tall) strongly supported this hypothesis (R2 = 0.36), average leaf size declining from 24.5 cm2 at 150 m to 4.3 cm2 at 850 m. Among understorey trees and shrubs (< 10 m tall) the relationship with elevation was weaker (R2 = 0.18) and the effect size smaller, average leaf size falling from 29.8 cm2 at 150 m to 9.8 cm2 at 850 m. The data are therefore consistent with limitation of leaf size of overstorey species by an elevational decrease in minimum temperatures. Leaf size of shorter tree and shrub species appears to be less constrained by elevational declines in temperature, a pattern that may be partly explained by protection from radiative cooling by overtopping taller trees. However, the occasional occurrence of large-leaved (notophyll) small trees and shrubs on open, recently-disturbed sites at high elevation requires clarification.

Towards an Openness of Being

This paper discusses an aspect of my PhD study on understanding psychotherapists’ experience of ongoing learning. For this study I interviewed 12 practising psychotherapists living in Aotearoa New Zealand. The personal nature of psychotherapists’ ongoing learning and, in particular, the interconnectedness between an individual’s life, past and present, and his or her vocational life as a psychotherapist, emerged as a significant phenomenon. Interview data were analysed using hermeneutic phenomenology as the philosophical underpinning. Resonances between hermeneutic phenomenology and psychotherapy practice are explored. I offer a number of participant stories from the interviews I conducted, together with an interpretation of these narratives. Heidegger’s thinking about “meditative thinking” and Sorge (care) is drawn on, as well as Bion’s idea that thinking/dreaming one’s lived experience is a principal means by which one learns from experience. This research revealed that, over the course of their professional lives, psychotherapists move towards responding to what is essential for their own learning and that this is often an unconscious process. What matters to the individual begins to emerge and to show itself more fully. This has implications for prescriptive and systematised approaches to learning; the question is posed as to how we attune to the movement of our soul.&#x0D; Whakarāpopotonga&#x0D; He matapakihanga tā tēnei tuhinga i tētahi wāhanga rangahautanga o taku tohu Kairangi: te wheako o te ako haere tonu o te kaiwhakaora hinengaro. Tekau mā rua ngā kaiwhakaora hinengaro e mahi ana e noho ana i Aotearoa, i uiuia e au mō tēnei rangahau. Ko te wheako whaiaro o te ako haere tonu o te kaiwhakaora hinengaro me te here o te koioranga tangata onamata ki nāianei me tōna koiora mahi tohunga kaiwhakaora hinengaro, i kitea he mea tino whakahirahira. I huri ki te tirohanga e kīa nei ko te āta whakamāoritanga, arā te “hermeneutic phenomenology”, hai tātarii ngā kohinga uiuinga. Ka tūruhahia he paorotanga mai i tēnei tirohanga ki te momo mahi a te kaiwhakaora hinengaro. Ka horaina atu ētahi o ngā kōrero whakaurunga o ngā uiuinga nāku i hiki, me ngā whakamāramatanga hoki mō aua kōrero. I tōia mai anō hoki tā Heitakatirohanga ki te ‘whaiwhakaarohanga hōhonu’ me te aroha me tā Pīona whakaaaro e kī nei, ko te whakaarohanga/moemoeānga wheako whaiaro a te tangata te ara matua o te akohanga mai i te wheako. Ikitea i tēnei rangaha, i roto i te roanga ake o ā rātau mahi mātanga ko ngākaiwhakaora hinengaro urupare haere aiki te iho mō tōna ake mātauranga ahakoa he hātepe maurimoe. Ko te mea nui ki te takitahika tīmata ki te puea haere ake ki te whakaatu whānui haere ake i a ia. He whainga rara tēnei mō te momo whakahau whakahaerenga ki te ako; ko te pātai koia me pehea tewhakahāngai ki te whakanekenga o te wairua.

“Dance Me Through the Panic Till I’m Gathered Safely In”

When Leonard Cohen died in November 2016, many people the world over felt very sad and indeed bereft, at the loss of such a great artist, poet and songwriter. It felt, in Auden’s (1958) words on Freud’s death, another example of:&#x0D; For every day they dieamong us, those who were doing us some good, who knew it was never enough buthoped to improve a little by living. (p. 68) &#x0D; The title of this paper comes from Leonard’s 1984 song “Dance Me to the End of Love”, and has often seemed a powerful description of what a mother provides for her baby and what we as therapists provide to our clients. We try to help them “dance through the panic” and ultimately to feel safely gathered in — firstly with us, within the therapeutic relationship, and in due course within themselves. We provide a “promise of home”, or at least some hope for our clients that they might be able to find that individual sense of self within themselves and connection to others, which feels like “home”.&#x0D; Whakarāpopotonga&#x0D; I te matenga o Leonard Cohen i te Whiringa-a-rangi 2016, pōuri kau ana te tini te mano huri noa i te ao mōteatea kau ana i te ngarohanga atu o te tohunga tito waiata, toikupu mahi toi nei. E ai ki tā Ōtene kī (1958) i te matenga o Whoritu:&#x0D; Mō ia rā taki hingarō ngai tātau, rātau e whai hua nei mō tātau, mōhio tonu kore rawa i rahi engaritōminahia mā te kaiao e whakawhanake. (w. 68)&#x0D; I ahu mai te pane o tēnei pepa mai i te waita a Renana o te tau 1984 “Kanikanihia au ki te Mutunga o te Aroha”, ā, tērā ia e whakaarohia ana he whakaahuatanga mārohirohi o te o te āhua whakarato a te whaea i tana pēpē me tā tātau ngā kaiwhakaora hinengaro hoki ki ā tātau kiritaki. Ko tā tātau he nana ki te āwhina i a rātau, “pīkarikari i te maurirere” ā, taioreore kia tau te mauritau ki a tātau, i tō tātau whanaungatanga haumanutau tae atu ki te wā e tau ai tō rātau ake mauri. Ko tā tātau he whakarato “oati mauri tau”, he maramara wawata rānei e kitea ai e ā tātau kiritaki he kiritau, he whanaungatanga ki ētahi atu pēnei tonu i te “kāinga”.

Selling the colonial spa town: The contested therapeutic landscapes of Lisdoonvarna and Te Aroha

The spa town is one of the foundational sites in the study of therapeutic landscape. As settings in which health informs the production of place and in which place is shaped by reputational associations with healing, spa towns have distinctive health and historical geographies. Drawing on a comparison between two spa towns, Te Aroha in New Zealand and Lisdoonvarna in Ireland, a number of critical therapeutic landscapes themes are explored. Two themes in particular are studied in empirical depth, the first being the commodification of health and place within common spa town narratives from the mid-nineteenth century to the early- to mid-twentieth century. A second core theme concerns itself with the contested identities of the watering-place, in relation to the relative importance of health over social identities and in framing native inhabitations against wider colonial place productions. In the tangled narratives of both towns’ health histories, we argue there is much to be learned about spatial similarities and variations in a process whereby place is commodified and sold on its reputational therapeutic characteristics. This is a process with local socio-cultural variation but with an additional potential for global-local narratives which moves beyond the spa town to wider watering-place forms.

Selling the colonial spa town: The contested therapeutic landscapes of Lisdoonvarna and Te Aroha

The spa town is one of the foundational sites in the study of therapeutic landscape. As settings in which health informs the production of place and in which place is shaped by reputational associations with healing, spa towns have distinctive health and historical geographies. Drawing on a comparison between two spa towns, Te Aroha in New Zealand and Lisdoonvarna in Ireland, a number of critical therapeutic landscapes themes are explored. Two themes in particular are studied in empirical depth, the first being the commodification of health and place within common spa town narratives from the mid-nineteenth century to the early- to mid-twentieth century. A second core theme concerns itself with the contested identities of the watering-place, in relation to the relative importance of health over social identities and in framing native inhabitations against wider colonial place productions. In the tangled narratives of both towns’ health histories, we argue there is much to be learned about spatial similari...

“We Were the Town's Tomboys”: An Interview with Raukura “Bubs” Hetet

This article is based on an extensive oral history with Raukura Te Aroha “Bubs” Hetet (1940–1993), a Māori woman from a small town in Aotearoa/New Zealand, who was aware of same-sex attraction from an early age, living in lesbian relationships for most of her adult life. She was seen as a tomboy in her small town, and describes some cross-dressing episodes when she was a teenager. Later, Bubs identified as butch in her social life and in her relationships. She worked for the New Zealand Post Office, joined the Women's Royal New Zealand Air Force, and made her home in the city of Auckland. The interview provides a rare opportunity to consider a life seldom documented in lesbian histories.

In Honor of Patricia Grace

below The pohutukawa tree isone of twelve Metrosideros species native to New Zealand. to disappear behind her too?lighting up the road thenmaking it disappear, lighting it and disappearing it,lighting itand disappearing it. And looking back through the rear-vision mirror into that long funnelof darkness, she could see now that there was nothing behind her. There was nothing back thereat all. Editorial note: From Small Holes in the Silence (Penguin Books, 2006). Copyright ? 2006 by Patricia Grace. Reprinted by permission of the author and Penguin Group (nz). 34 i World Literature Today In Honor of Patricia Grace Joy Harjo Oketv semvnvckosen pom pvlhoyes. Momen pom vlakeckat heretos. A beautiful day has been loaned tous. Your arrival makes it great. Hopiyen vlvkeckat mvto cekices. Cem vtotketv vcake tomekv, ecerakkueces. From faryou have come, and we say thankyou. Your great work we value. Ceme porakkuececkat, matvpomen ece rakkueces. You honor us, and we honor you. Vnokeckv sulken cemoces. We have lotsof love/respect foryou. E te rangatira, tena koe. Nga mihi aroha. Ka nui te aroha kei waenganui i a tatou. Greetings to you, esteemed leader. Greetings of love.There ismuch love between us all [gatheredhere]. T A Te were all created by a story. Each and V V every one of us walked, swam, flew, crawled, or otherwise emerged from the story. It is a terribleand magnificent being, this story. Each ofus has a part. Each thought,dream, word, and action of every one ofus continues to feed the story. We have to tend the story to encourage it. Itwill in turn take care of us aswe spiral through the sky. Every once in a while a storyteller emerges who brings forth provocative, compassionate, and beautiful tales, the exact story-food the people need tocarry them through tough, transformative times.Patricia Grace of the Maori people isone of these storytellersgiven to thepeople ofAotearoa, and now to theworld as she is honored as the twentieth laureate of theNeustadt International Prize for Literature. What distinguishes Grace's storytelling in the novel, short story,and children's book form isher ability to reach back to the ancestors and the old est knowledge and topull it forward and weave it togetherwith forward-seeing vision, to create what isneeded tobring the living story forward. She uses the tools of grace, humor, humbleness, and wisdom tomake the design. The design is not extravagant or show-off; it is exactly cut and crafted to fittheshape of Maori culture and ideals. In Patricia Grace's stories everyone has a voice. In her stories, there is no separation between the land, thewater, the sky, and thewill of the people. Those relationships are honored. Ifwe have gathered thematerials tomake a structure with rapt attention and songs and have followed a protocol of respect, then as we construct the story itwill want to come and fill that place; itwill endure and inspire. And we will endure and be inspired. Grace's stories make a shining and enduring place formed of thebril liant weave of Maori oral storytelling and con tainedwithin the shape of contemporaryWestern forms. We are welcomed in, and when we get up to leave, we have been well fed, we have made friends and family, and we are bound to under standing and knowledge of one another. We become each other in the moment of the story. We understand that we have all been colonized, chal lenged by the immense storywe strugglewithin. We are attempting to reconstruct ourselves with the broken parts. Patricia Grace's stories lead us back toward wholeness, to a renewal of integrity. This is the power of story.This is the power of Patricia Grace's gift to the Maori people, to indig enous people and the world. Last year as I prepared to present Patricia Grace's legacy to an esteemed panel of jurors fromall over theworld, I called togetheran infor mal meeting ofPacific Islanderwriters in Hawai'i. We sat at a table in Manoa, over home-cooked food and refreshing drinks. I had researched everything I could through books and the Inter net and wanted to know what Grace's own people, what otherwriters from the Pacific had to say about her...

Adsorbing colloid flotation for removal of metal ions in waters from base metal mines

AbstractAdsorbing Colloid Flotation (ACF) has been shown in laboratory experiments to be effective for the removal of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb) from dilute solutions. Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and sodium oleate (NaOl) were used as surfactants in single or mixed form, with Fe(OH)3 as a flocculant for colloid formation. These reagents worked best for zinc and copper ions for a feed concentration of 50 parts per million (ppm). The removal of lead improved significantly by the use of Fe(OH)3 and NaLS (Sodium lauryl sulphate), while the best removal of cadmium was achieved by the use of Al(OH)3 and HTMABr (hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide). Flotation experiments were conducted with feed concentrations of 50 and 500 parts per billion (ppb) and 50 ppm (parts per million). The experimental results showed that the residual concentration of metal ions decreased significantly with the decrease in the feed concentration. This could be the effect of excessive (much more than stoichiometric ratio) amounts of surfactant and flocculant, compared to the feed concentrations, required in the effective flotation of dilute feed solutions. The surfactant concentration and feed pH had the largest effects on the process, as observed in the case of cadmium removal. This can be attributed to the flocformation and flotation tendencies of the colloid‐metal complexes at various solution pH and surfactant concentrations. The ACF method was applied to a number of natural drainage solutions from the metal mines at Te Aroha, New Zealand, and the experimental results demonstrate that significant removal is achieved for most of the heavy metals.

Sucrose transport by the alkaliphilic, thermophilic Bacillus sp. strain TA2.A1 is dependent on a sodium gradient.

An alkaliphilic Bacillus designated strain TA2.A1, isolated from a thermal spring in Te Aroha, New Zealand, grew optimally at pH 9.2 and 70 degrees C. Sodium chloride (>5mM) was an obligate requirement for the growth of strain TA2.A1 on sucrose, and growth on sucrose was inhibited by monensin, an ionophore that collapses the sodium gradient (ApNa+) across the cell membrane. Sucrose transport by strain TA2.A1 was sodium dependent and was inhibited by monensin. The Kt for sucrose transport was 33 microM and the Eadie-Hofstee plot was linear, suggesting one high-affinity uptake system for sucrose. The affinity for sodium was low (0.5 mM), and the Hill plot had a slope of 1.6, suggesting that sodium binding was noncooperative and that the sucrose transporter had more than one binding site for sodium. Based on these results, Bacillus strain TA2.A1 uses a sodium gradient for sucrose uptake, in addition to the sodium-dependent glutamate uptake system reported previously.

The current environmental impact of base‐metal mining at the Tui Mine, Te Aroha, New Zealand

The current environmental impact of base metal mining at the Tui Mine, Te Aroha and gold mining near Waihi, was investigated by analysis of local waters, stream sediments, and aquatic vegetation X‐ray diffraction analysis of heavy metal fractions in stream sediments showed the presence of pynte in the upper reaches of the Tunakohoia and Tui Streams that drain the mineralised reefs and Tui tailings dam Relatively immobile lead (galena) was retained close to the source, whereas copper and zinc minerals were more mobile and distributed further downstream from the areas of mineralisation Gold was determined in sediments from the Ohinemun and Waitekaun Rivers along with other heavy metals derived from sulphide mineralisation at Waihi and Waitekaun Analysis of waters from the Tui and Tunakohoia Streams showed concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, lead and zinc above recommended levels for potable water in the upper parts of these waterways The discharge of these streams into the Waihou River (sampled upstream from Te Aroha and downstream to past Paeroa) did not have any significant effect on heavy‐metal concentrations in this river Aquatic macrophytes sampled in the Waihou, Ohinemun and Waitekaun Rivers had very high heavy‐metal concentrations compared with the ambient water and should be considered as potentially useful for assessing the impact of low‐metal fluxes into the waters Gold was detected in aquatic macrophytes from streams draining both the Martha Mine at Waihi and the Golden Cross Mine at Waitekaun and indicated the possibility of prospecting for gold by analysis of these plants

Sodium-dependent glutamate uptake by an alkaliphilic, thermophilic Bacillus strain, TA2.A1.

A strain of Bacillus designated TA2.A1, isolated from a thermal spring in Te Aroha, New Zealand, grew optimally at pH 9.2 and 70 degrees C. Bacillus strain TA2.A1 utilized glutamate as a sole carbon and energy source for growth, and sodium chloride (>5 mM) was an obligate requirement for growth. Growth on glutamate was inhibited by monensin and amiloride, both inhibitors that collapse the sodium gradient (DeltapNa) across the cell membrane. N, N-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide inhibited the growth of Bacillus strain TA2.A1, suggesting that an F1F0-ATPase (H type) was being used to generate cellular ATP needed for anabolic reactions. Vanadate, an inhibitor of V-type ATPases, did not affect the growth of Bacillus strain TA2.A1. Glutamate transport by Bacillus strain TA2.A1 could be driven by an artificial membrane potential (DeltaPsi), but only when sodium was present. In the absence of sodium, the rate of DeltaPsi-driven glutamate uptake was fourfold lower. No glutamate transport was observed in the presence of DeltapNa alone (i.e., no DeltaPsi). Glutamate uptake was specifically inhibited by monensin, and the Km for sodium was 5.6 mM. The Hill plot had a slope of approximately 1, suggesting that sodium binding was noncooperative and that the glutamate transporter had a single binding site for sodium. Glutamate transport was not affected by the protonophore carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, suggesting that the transmembrane pH gradient was not required for glutamate transport. The rate of glutamate transport increased with increasing glutamate concentration; the Km for glutamate was 2.90 microM, and the Vmax was 0.7 nmol. min-1 mg of protein. Glutamate transport was specifically inhibited by glutamate analogues.

An assessment of sulphide oxidation in abandoned base-metal tailings, Te Aroha, New Zealand

Tailings from the Tui base-metal mine were characterized using a variety of techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS), to assess their potential for use as a plant growth medium. With the notable exception of Pb (10 568 mg kg −1), ‘total’ metal concentrations in the surface tailings (0–200mm) were relatively low (Cu, 113; Fe, 3660; Zn, 486 mg kg −1). The theoretical acid generating potential (TAGP) and ‘total’ concentrations of Cu, Fe and Zn of the tailings, were found to increase greatly with depth, reflecting an increase in the abundance of chalcopyrite (CuFeS 2), pyrite (FeS 2) and sphalerite (ZnS), as detected by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. SEM micrographs indicate that the distribution of sulphide minerals in the tailings was originally uniform with depth. The depletion of Cu, Fe and Zn in the surface tailings is considered to be a result of sulphide oxidation, as evidenced by the craggy and highly irregular morphology of the sulphide particles and the high hydrogen ion activity (pH 2.3–4.0) in this zone. The persistence of high concentrations of acid-generating sulphide minerals between 200 and 600 mm has important implications in determining strategies for revegetating the tailings.

Contamination of groundwater in the Te Aroha area by heavy metals from an abandoned mine : Liping Pang, Journal of Hydrology (New Zealand), 33(1), 1995, pp 17–34

Groundwater contamination from the copper/lead Tui mine was investigated by modelling the groundwater flow regime, monitoring groundwater quality, and studying the retention of heavy metal contaminants by the lithologic units of the receiving environments. Metal (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Fe, Mn) concentrations in the groundwater define a leachate plume extending approximately 1 km downgradient of the tailings pond. The contaminated groundwater discharges to surface mountain streams which in turn recharge and contaminate groundwater in downgradient alluvial fans. The contamination front of iron was close to the tailings source because of its high retardation by the andesite aquifer, while the contamination front of cadmium was the furthest from the source indicating that it is the least retarded of the heavy metals. The volume and timing of contaminant desorption from the tailings for each of the heavy metals indicates the tailings will be a pollution source for hundreds to thousands of years. A number of measures to prevent contamination, including minimising groundwater contact with the tailings, are suggested

Group structure and time budgets ofArgyrodes antipodiana(Araneae, Theridiidae), a kleptoparasitic spider from New Zealand

Abstract A population of Argyrodes antipodiana, a kleptoparasitic spider, was investigated at .Te Aroha (North Island, New Zealand) by markmg individuals and web sites. Time budget, movements, and social units are discussed. A. antipodiana is most active at night, consistent with the nocturnal habits of its primary host, Eriophora pustulosa. A. antipodiana clusters around the webs of individual hosts, but the groups formed thereby sometimes change because individuals move from web to web.

Hazard area disclosure in New Zealand: the impacts on residential property values in two communities

Disclosure of the hazardousness of locations through maps and land use policies has been recommended by researchers in New Zealand in order to increase awareness of the potential for a natural hazard in a community and to allow residents to make informed locational decisions. Opposition to this recommendation has come mostly from the business sector, which argues that such disclosure will have a negative effect on property values. However, this has not been proven, and research results elsewhere are contradictory. Despite opposition, some communities in New Zealand have implemented hazard area disclosure. Two of these communities serve as case studies for this research. Te Aroha's maps and policies result from action following a damaging debris flow in 1985. Thames, a coastal community with riverine flooding problems, uses flood zone maps for building and planning decisions. Evaluation of residential real estate sales before and after disclosure suggests that hazard designation and related policies have had no marked impact on property values. Even for houses with repeat sales, hazardousness was not a significant contributor to price differentials. Indeed, differences in values can be attributed to housing characteristics irrespective of the level of hazardousness associated with a location.

The Effects of Flooding on Residential Property Values in Three New Zealand Communities

Research on the effects of natural events on property values has focused primarily on experiences in the United States and has shown that these impacts must be evaluated in the context of both the hydrologic regime and local urban economic situations. It remains unclear if these relationships exist with different flood regimes and under different institutional arrangements. The research reported here analyzes the impacts of flooding on property values in Paeroa, Te Aroha, and Thames, New Zealand. The results indicate different experiences in the three communities, but suggest several common trends. Each community has distinct housing submarkets that exhibit different housing value characteristics, independent of hazardousness, which may either mask or exaggerate flood-related impacts. In addition, initial local impacts of events vary, but eventually differences in flooded and non-flooded properties decrease. Thus, at least over the long term, hazardousness is not a factor in housing value differentials.

Morphology and incidence of landslides in the Kaimai Range, North Island, New Zealand

Abstract Studies of aerial photographs show clear evidence of increased erosion, since 1943, concentrated at differing altitudes in different parts of the Kaimai Range, North Island, New Zealand. In the Te Rere area, the increase was greatest between 1943 and 1960, but in the other 2 areas (Mt Te Aroha and Te Hunga) the increase was greatest between 1960 and 1974. There is also a high normal erosion frequency at Te Hunga due to steep terrain. Landslides do not appear to be concentrated on slopes of any particular aspect, slope, soil type, or basement geology, but may be linked with areas of poor vegetation. A sample of landslides in each area was visited and mapped in detail. Measurements demonstrated a marked difference between upland and lowland landslides. At the upland sites, landslides occurred on slopes as low as 15°, and on slopes of over 35° bedrock was usually exposed, even in the track. Presence of allophane at the failure plane, and unhealthy vegetation at the landslide sites, markedly reduces ...

Heavy Metals in Some New Zealand Bryophytes

Abstract. Cadmium, copper, lead, silver and zinc were determined in bryophytes from two mining areas in New Zealand. Background concentrations of all, except copper in Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw., were lower than in the lowest background values obtained for Swedish specimens of this species. Near the dusty treatment plant at Te Aroha, all bryophytes had high metal concentrations when compared with the substrate, which indicated foliar uptake of airborne contaminants when compared with uptake by bryophytes in mineralized areas due presumably to passive ion-exchange at the rhizoid-soil interface. Uptake of silver near a treatment plant at Maratoto and uptake of heavy metals by the aquatic bryophyte Fissidens rigidulus Hook. f. et. Wils were also investigated.