TDS Values Research Articles

Analytical Studies on the Radionuclide Levels of Sediment and Water in an Agricultural Environment in the Egyptian Delta

This paper is an environmental investigation of the concentration values of radioisotopes and hazardous elements, aimed to shed light on industrial pollution and the effect of using fertilizers in the period of irrigation water drainage from cultivated lands, especially in the River Nile, irrigated, and draining channels in the middle portion of the Egyptian river delta. Different samples were analyzed, both for water and sediment. Many physical and chemical characteristics of samples were investigated. Among them are the quantitative measure of the acidity or basicity of aqueous or other liquid solutions (pH), grain size, and the total organic matter content (TOM) have been determined for sediments. pH and TDS, beside other types of pollutants, were determined for water samples. The water and sediment samples pH are slightly alkaline. The mean value of TDS for water samples is 488 mg/l, while he usual TDS value in river is 500 mg/l. The TOM values show that the sediment samples are poor in organic matter content. The bicarbonate range in the water samples is smaller than the same range in river water. The levels of Ra-226, Th-232, and K-40 activity in sediments are highly correlated. Natural radionuclides seem to correlate with the artificial Cs-137 in sediment. For this peruse, a 240 cm3 high-purity germanium reagent Type-B was used to quantify the levels in each sample with a relative accuracy of 50 %. The radioactive element K-40 is having a typical value of 12.5 Bq/kg. The concentrations of both Cu beside Zn in water samples is smaller if compared with values that quoted by the WHO, the US-EPA, and the EC. It was also found that the average levels for both Cd and Mn are found to be close to the internationally recommended levels. The water and sediments in the southern part of the canal contain higher concentrations of heavy metals and radioactive isotopes than in the rest of the canal.

Industrial wastewater treatment using venture injector type Micro-bubble aeration as a reduction of dissolved Iron (Fe2+) levels

Water quality problems that are often encountered, especially by-product wastewater resulting from industrial processes that do not meet the requirements for wastewater quality standards. Iron levels in wastewater can cause the water to turn brownish yellow and produce an unpleasant odor, which of course has a big impact on the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to implement a treatment process to reduce the iron level in the water, ensuring that the water is safe when discharged into the environment. The purpose of this research is to analyze the initial parameters of temperature, pH, TDS, TSS, dissolved oxygen (DO) and dissolved iron (Fe2+) in industrial waste water and then wanted to know whether the venture injector type micro bubble aeration process was able to increase the value of dissolved oxygen (DO) and decrease the dissolved iron content (Fe2+) in wastewater and to know the micro bubble type aeration process Venture injectors are the best to use. The research was conducted with an experimental design using a completely randomized design (RAL) with two factors: air flow (2 LPM, 4 LPM, and 6 LPM) and aeration time (0 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, and 60 minutes), each with two repetitions. In the results of the initial parameter analysis, the pH value was 8.02 (alkaline), the temperature value was 28°C, the TDS value was 1548.3 mg/L, the TSS value was 291 mg/L, the DO value was 0.1 mg/L and dissolved iron (Fe2+) of 7.453 mg/L. After conducting research, it was found that the venture injector type micro bubble aeration process was able to increase the value of dissolved oxygen (DO) and reduce dissolved iron (Fe2+) in industrial waste water, the best increase in dissolved oxygen (DO) at 6 LPM air flow for 60 minutes was able to increase oxygen dissolved (DO) to 2.40 mg/L. The most efficient and effective reduction in the value of dissolved iron (Fe2+) at 6 LPM air flow with a time of 15 minutes was able to reduce the value of dissolved iron by 84.42%.

Effect Of EM4 and Molasses Levels on Quality of Organic Liquid Fertilizer of Cow Urine Based

The research aim was to determine the effect of EM4 and molasses level on the quality of liquid organic fertilizer based on cow urine in terms of total N, C-organic, TDS and pH. The material of liquid organic fertilizer used in this research was cow urine. The method used was an experimental method using a Complete Randomized Design (CRD). The observed variables are total Nitrogen, C-organic content and TDS values. The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance. The results of the research of the addition of EM4 and molasses with different levels showed a noticeable difference (P<0.05) in total nitrogen. Meanwhile, C-organic and TDS levels showed a very signifactly difference (P<0.01). The result of this research, the addition of EM4 (20 ml) and molasses (25 ml), namely P1, was able to produce high total N levels and with a TDS that was maximum so as not to reduce the quality of nutrients when applied to plants and the C-organic value was the highest than other treatment. The results of the values on P1 were reviewed from N total 0.316 %, C-organic 56.97%, TDS level 7184ppm and pH value 6.6.

Origin of lithium in oilfield brines in continental petroliferous basin: Insights from Li and Sr isotopes in the Jianghan Basin, central China

Oilfield brines are a significant alternative lithium resource to meet the global demand in the next decades. However, their metallogenic characteristics and mechanism remain unclear. To constrain the source and enrichment process, this study presents chemical and multi-isotope data for oilfield brines from the Middle Eocene to Lower Oligocene Qianjiang Formation of the Jianghan Basin, central China. These formation water samples collected from 159 oil wells have salinities of 47–355 g/L and lithium contents of 5.36–150.00 mg/L. The good linear relationship between δD and δ18O values indicates that the salinities are achieved by dilution of the primary brine by meteoric water. Waters from the lower of the Qianjiang Formation have higher δD and δ18O values and 87Sr/86Sr ratios than those from the upper, in conjunction with the low correlation between the δD and δ18O value and the salinity and between the Sr content and the 87Sr/86Sr ratio, indicating the impact of associated water-rock interactions. Moreover, contributions from diagenetic processes of dolomitization, dissolution of evaporites and albitization are also indicated by the high Cl/Br mass and Na/Cl molar ratios and the Ca excess and Na deficit. Chemical geothermometers give reservoir temperature values of 118 °C and 138 °C on average for the oilfield brines from the upper and lower formation, respectively. The binary linear relationships between Li contents and TDS values and Br contents imply specific enrichment processes in addition to evapo-concentration. Variations in δ7Li values (+10.6‰–+21.3%) and 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.709479–0.711516) were used to trace the process of Li enrichment in oilfield brines. The lower δ7Li values with more enriched Li in comparison to Na indicate a significant lithium input from clastic host rocks, which is also confirmed by the fact that more radiogenic waters have relatively lower δ7Li values. Overall, these results suggest that Li enrichment in the Qianjiang oilfield brines was generated by the interaction of Li-bearing minerals in the clastic host rocks with water formed by original evaporitic brines diluted by meteoric water. This work represents a significant role of lithium and strontium isotopic systematics in elucidating the Li origins of deep-seated oilfield brines in continental petroliferous basins.

Major Ion Chemistry of Waters and Possible Controls under Winter Irrigation in the Saline Land of Arid Regions

To reduce downstream ecological damage, it is crucial to analyze water and salt sources in saline–alkali farmland drainage and optimize soil salt discharge. This study employs statistical, hydrochemical, and isotope methods to identify controlling factors and characteristics in water bodies during winter irrigation. The results show average TDS values of 0.59, 6.40, and 4.14 g/L for irrigation, phreatic, and drainage water. Irrigation and phreatic water mainly belong to the HCO3-Ca·Mg·Na and Cl·SO4-Na·Mg types. Na+/(Na+ + Ca2+) and Cl−/(Cl− + HCO3−) values suggest the rock–water interaction and evaporation influences in irrigation water, while evaporation primarily controls phreatic water. The main salt types include NaCl, MgSO4, Na2CO3, and CaCO3 for irrigation water and NaCl, MgSO4, Na2SO4, and CaCO3 for phreatic water. These findings lay a research basis for analyzing water and salt sources in farmland drainage during winter irrigation in saline–alkali land.

Sistem Monitoring Nutrisi dan PH Air pada Tanaman Hidroponik Berbasis Internet of Things (IoT)


 
 
 
 Hydroponics is a soilless cultivation method that relies on water and the fulfillment of plant nutritional needs. Nutrient provision is usually done manually, which can be time-consuming. To improve efficiency, an automated system using sensors and an IoT-based application can be implemented. This system utilizes a TDS sensor, pH sensor, and NodeMCU ESP32 to monitor nutrient and pH levels in water. The values are displayed on an LCD screen and sent to the application. If the nutrient content falls below 700 ppm or the pH falls below 5 or above 8, indicating a nutrient deficiency, the nutrient pump can be remotely activated through the application. The pump stops when the nutrient level reaches 1000 ppm or the pH reaches 8. The system provides TDS and pH readings, which have an average error of 3.16% and 2.87%, respectively. This automated system can be used to reading TDS and pH values to assist in providing nutrients to hydroponic plants.
 
 
 

Feasibility study of faecal sludge treatment by Geotube and jute tube-based technologies.

The decentralized standalone treatment of faecal sludge is a generally cumbersome, energy-intensive, and expensive process. Particle size enlargement, dewatering, and disinfection are the crucial unit operations that contribute to the major portion of the operational expenditure. Therefore, the present study took up the task to investigate and yield a natural alternative to each of the above-delineated unit operations. Crushed seed powders of Moringa, Guilandina bonduc, Nirmali, tamarind, soap nut, nutmeg, jackfruit, and custard apple were experimented as natural coagulants, while a double-stitched cow dung-lined jute tube was utilized as the media for solid-liquid separation. Finally, the powder of Neem and custard apple seed and leaf were considered herbal disinfectants for the separated liquid and solid fractions, respectively. The findings of the physicochemical and biological analyses of the above unit operations were compared with a conventional polymer-based Geotube-driven treatment scheme. The natural alternatives registered some promising outcomes. However, the combined treatment efficiency of 79.32% (mean value of TS, TSS, TDS, COD, and BOD percentage removal) for pollutant removal and disinfection could not exceed the value of 97.98% offered by the conventional method. Further, the financial comparison for processing a 10 KL batch of FS indicates that the conventional scheme is considerably cheaper (USD 7.95) than the herbal alternate (USD 22.1). Therefore, though the present findings depict promising alternatives for sustainable and eco-friendly faecal sludge treatment, the authors advocate conducting further research to address the existing challenges to facilitate their seamless implementation on a field-scale level.

Hydrochemical Characteristics and Controlling Factors of Shallow and Deep Groundwater in the Heilongdong Spring Basin, Northern China

Heilongdong Spring Basin (HSB) is located in a semi-arid region in northern China. In the past few decades, it has been influenced by anthropogenic activities. Currently, there is a lack of information about the impact on the hydrogeochemistry and groundwater quality of different aquifers. To address this concern, the present study used conventional hydrochemical diagrams, stable isotope analysis and multivariate statistical techniques to analyze hydrochemical characteristics and controlling factors of shallow and deep groundwater in the study area. The results showed that all groundwater samples were weakly alkaline. The shallow groundwater (SGW) was mainly composed of SO4-Ca and SO4·HCO3-Ca·Mg water types with high TDS values. However, the predominant water types of deep groundwater (DGW) were HCO3-Ca·Mg and HCO3·SO4-Ca·Mg types with relatively low TDS. The large majority of shallow groundwater had poor water quality, which was influenced by natural factors and anthropogenic activities, characterized by high concentrations of SO42−, NO3−, and Cl−. In contrast, the overall water quality of deep groundwater was good, mainly controlled by the natural background. Nonetheless, a few karst groundwater samples of DGW in runoff areas exhibited close hydraulic connections with SGW samples and presented contamination to a certain degree. Our research results provide a scientific basis for the utilization and protection of groundwater in different aquifers in northern China.

A study on the geothermal circulation system of granite: An example from the Lancang area, Yunnan

This study assesses the geothermal water circulation process of a granite geothermal system in the Lancang area, Yunnan. Cycling processes are studied using water chemistry and isotope analysis techniques. The results show that the water chemistry type of the hot springs in Lancang is Na-HCO3, with TDS values ranging from 246 to 724 mg/l. The granite pluton, as the main heat source, has a high radiogenic heat generation rate (4.17 μW/m3 on average). δD and δ18O in Lancang are close to the global atmospheric and local precipitation lines, indicating that geothermal water originates from atmospheric precipitation. Moreover, the mountainous area from 1295.3 to 1624.5 m above sea level is the main precipitation recharge area. In addition, the main ions of geothermal water mainly come from the dissolution, weathering, and cation exchange of silicate minerals in granite, and Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the water are exchanged with Na+ and K+ in the reservoir, significantly increasing the Na+ and K+ concentrations in the water. The reservoir temperatures are 126.60 °C to 151.32 °C based on the SiO2 geothermometer, and the depths range from 2283.05 to 4024.59 m. The NW- and NE-oriented fault system in Lancang serves as a channel for geothermal water to exit the ground and form hot springs; this water is also mixed with cold water during upwelling, and the mixing ratios are 63 %-84 %. Finally, the model of geothermal water circulation in the Lancang is established.

Utilizing Bentonite as a Natural Material to Enhance the Quality of Community Water Resources in the Urban Area

In this study, the researchers investigated the state of water sources and the potential of bentonite as a water treatment agent. The study encompassed measurements of key water quality parameters for river and well water sources, including pH, TDS, conductivity, and salinity. The findings revealed that while pH levels were generally within the clean water standards, TDS values exceeded the threshold, particularly in river water samples. This suggests contamination due to urban activities and rising sea levels. Furthermore, the study explored using both activated and non-activated bentonite as an adsorption agent to remove contaminants from water sources. The results indicated that bentonite effectively increased pH levels, especially in well water samples, and significantly reduced TDS, conductivity, and salinity values, with non-activated bentonite being a preferred option for river water treatment and activated bentonite for well water treatment. These findings emphasize the potential of bentonite as a valuable water treatment solution. The specific characteristics of the water source should guide the choice between activated and non-activated bentonite. This tailored approach can lead to more effective and sustainable water treatment, contributing to improved water quality and availability for the community in the coastal region.

Coastal aquifer water quality for domestic supply of small communities in the semiarid Potiguar - Brazilian Northeast

This study analyzed groundwater quality used to supply small communities in the coastal zone of the Brazilian Northeast, identifying the risks from domestic use of water, and potential contaminants from domestic effluents. We realized analyses of 24 chemical and physical parameters in 15 samples of water from shallow wells. The data was processed through quality modeling, descriptive statistics, principal component analysis, and geoespacialization through kriging. The groundwater used by communities showed some limitations to domestic use. Parameters of Br, hardness, Na+, NO3−, Cl−, SO4−, and turbidity exceed the allowed for Brazilian Health Minister (Ministerial Order n. 888/2021). Furthermore, TDS values present low water quality, predominantly brackish and saltwater, most salinity waters are related to depth and sea proximity. Depth of saturated zone probably is a determinant in nitrate concentrations, comparing the study areas. Water self-supply is considered a risk by health because inferior natural quality of water used and contaminations from domestic sewage determine concentrations of some parameters above of legislation.

Hydrochemical Characteristics and Controlling Factors in Wudu River Basin of Guizhou Province

TheWudu River is a typical mining-type watershed in the karst mountainous area of western Guizhou Province. Based on the collection of the main stream, tributaries, spring water, and mine water samples in Wudu River Basin, the hydrochemical characteristics and control factors of Wudu River Basin were studied using Gibbs diagram, Piper diagram, and mathematical statistics analysis, and the solute contribution rate of different sources was calculated. The results revealed that the pH value of the water in the Wudu River Basin ranged from 7.87 to 8.52, with an average of 8.14. The TDS values ranged from 135 to 243 mg·L-1, with an average of 191.7 mg·L-1. The major cations in natural river and spring water were Ca2+ and Mg2+, the major anion was HCO3-, and the hydrochemical type was HCO3-Ca. However, owing to the influence of mining activities, the major cations in some tributaries were Ca2+ and Na+, and the hydrochemical types transitioned to HCO3·SO4-Ca and HCO3·SO4-Ca·Na. The ion components of river water in Wudu River Basin were affected by mine water discharge and cation exchange, carbonate rock weathering, silicate rock weathering, and agricultural fertilization. The high concentration of SO42- and Na+in mine water was the primary source of SO42- and Na+in the tributaries of the Wudu River. The method for calculating chemical material balance showed that the contribution rate of carbonate rock weathering ranged from 44.12% to 86.92%, with an average of 74.32%. The contribution rate of mining activities ranged from 3.28% to 37.07%, with an average of 11.61%. Carbonate rock weathering was the main controlling factor of hydrochemical components in the Wudu River Basin; meanwhile, mining activities also had a certain impact on river water chemistry but they showed spatial heterogeneity. The average contribution rates of atmospheric precipitation, silicate rock weathering, agricultural activities, and domestic sewage were 3.75%, 4.67%, 2.85%, and 2.81%, respectively, which had a limited impact on the hydrochemical components of the basin.

Monitoring and Assessment of Water Quality of Iril River, Manipur, India

The present study can be concluded that the analysis of the physio chemical parameters of Iril River revealed that most of the values are within the permissible limit of water quality standards. Water quality is suitable as per Standards norm of BIS and CPCB based on the determined values of pH, EC, TDS, DO, BOD, Chloride, Total Hardness, Total Alkalinity and Sulphate was monitored during the period of January 2023 to May 2023. The value of water pH recorded between 7.4- 8.34, EC ranged between 179.6 ms/cm-254 ms/cm, TDS ranged between 90.2 mg/l-126.8 mg/l, dissolved oxygen between 6.0-7.7 mg/l, BOD between 3.0 mg/l-3.9 mg/l, chloride between 28.9 mg/l-36.9 mg/l, total hardness between 112mg/l-170 mg/l, total alkalinity between 115 mg/l-174 mg/l and sulphate between 14.4 mg/l-39.3 mg/l. Hence, these rivers and hold to provide uninterrupted supply of drinking water to Iril River of Manipur without any major treatment.

Assessment of Physio Chemical Parameters and Water Quality Index of Different Ghats of River Ganga at Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

Ganga, the longest river in India, provides water to millions of people who live along its bank and depend on it for their livelihood throughout the year. For about 40% of the population, it provides water for drinking and irrigation. This study was conducted to analyse the physico-chemical parameters and WQI of five different Ghats of River Ganga at Varanasi. The data recorded from the present investigation revealed that the maximum value of pH was recorded at Dasaswamedh Ghat with 8.57 in the month of March and minimum was 7.53 recorded in the month of February Harish Chandra Ghat. EC value was recorded maximum at Tulsi Ghat with 564 mmhos/cm in the month of April and the minimum value was 131 mmhos/cm in the month of January recorded at Assi Ghat. The maximum value of TDS was 319.67mg/l in the month of February recorded at Assi ghat and minimum data recorded was 229mg/l in the month of January at Manikarnika Ghat. The DO value was recorded maximum at Manikarnika Ghat with 8.20mg/l in the month of January and the minimum value was5.97mg/l recorded in the month of January at Tulsi Ghat. The BOD value was recorded maximum at Assi Ghat with 4.63mg/l in the month of March and minimum of 2.70 mg/l recorded in the month of January at Harish Chandra Ghat. The Total Hardness value was recorded maximum at Tulsi Ghat with 138.33mg/l in the month of February and minimum value of 78.33mg/l recorded in the month of January at Assi Ghat. The Total Alkalinity value was recorded maximum with 114.33mg/l in the month of April at Ghat and minimum value was 78.67mg/l recorded in the month of January at Harish Chandra Ghat. The chloride value was recorded maximum at Harish Chandra Ghat with 31.67mg/l in the month of February and minimum value was 10mg/l recorded in the month of January at Manikarnika Ghat. The results of the different parameters when compared with BIS standards were found to be within the permissible limit except for pH and BOD. The WQI of the different Ghats indicated poor category of water quality.

Hydrochemical characterizations and groundwater quality assessment in the coastal region of the Jiaodong peninsula, North China

Groundwater resources constitute a primary water source in the coastal region of Jiaodong Peninsula (CRJP), serving as an essential foundation for socio-economic development and municipal water supply. This study sought to evaluate the hydrogeochemical properties of the CRJP's groundwater using 73 samples collected in 2017, comprehensively analyzing the chemical composition and environmental factors using mathematical statistics and hydrochemical techniques. The results demonstrate that groundwater in the CRJP possesses TDS values ranging from 262 to 28,160 mg/L, with a pH ranging between 6.4 and 8.5, characterizing a weakly alkaline water system. The cation order in groundwater is Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+, while the anionic sequence comprises Cl− > HCO3− > SO42− > NO3−. According to the Piper diagram, groundwater samples predominantly clustered into SO4·Cl-Ca·Mg and SO4·Cl-Na types. Additionally, significant spatial variations exist in the primary chemical components of groundwater. Hydrogeochemical characteristics within the region are influenced both by natural and human activities; natural elements include weathering of silicate rocks, gypsum and carbonate minerals dissolution, while human practices comprise industrial and mining activities, agricultural practices, and domestic waste discharge. The results from a health risk assessment show that non-carcinogenic risks posed by nitrate intake via drinking water are considerably high for infants in comparison to adults, teenagers, and children. Furthermore, certain regions within the CRJP show notable seawater intrusion effects on groundwater studied.

Assessment of groundwater vulnerability for seawater intrusion using DRASTIC model in coastal area at Patuakhali District, Bangladesh.

Seawater intrusion is a growing concern for coastal regions in Bangladesh. Overexploitation of groundwater, low rainfall, a high rate of evaporation, rising sea level, cyclones, storm surges, and shrimp cultivation are the causes of seawater intrusion that polluted the groundwater near the coastal area. High values of EC, TDS, Na+, and Cl- ions in groundwater indicate the seawater intrusion. Piper's Trilinear and Durov diagrams of groundwater indicated that most gathered groundwater show predominantly Na-Cl-type of water. Based on the USSL diagram, it is observed that the salinity of the study area is medium to high and the alkalinity is medium to very high. Also, in view of the Wilcox outline, most of the samples in the area of interest are permissible to doubtful, and doubtful to unsuitable. Chloride is moderately correlated with Na+ (R2 = 0.590) and poorly correlated with (HCO3- + CO32-) (R2 = 0.128), which indicates seawater intrusion. According to a comparison of the levels of Fe and Mn in the groundwater of the study area with those recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Department of the Environment (DOE), twenty-two out of thirty-one samples exceed the acceptable limit for Fe and thirty out of thirty-one samples fall within the acceptable limit for Mn. The calculated water quality index reveals that most samples are of low drinking water quality. The research area's poor water type is found in the north-central and southern parts. The WQI geographic variation map reveals that the study's water has a WQI of more than 100, making it unsuitable for consumption. The final seawater intrusion vulnerability map clearly identifies the moderate to highly vulnerable zone of the study area using DRASTIC index parameters. DRASTIC index parameters revealed that some portions of the northwestern part of the sample area show a moderately vulnerable zone. And the rest of the sampling area indicates the highly vulnerable zone.

Feasibility Study of a Reverse Osmosis Desalination Unit Powered by Photovoltaic Panels for a Sustainable Water Supply in Algeria

In recent years, reverse osmosis water desalination has developed rapidly and has become the most competitive and widely used technology in the world. The number of desalination plants is increasing rapidly as freshwater needs increase. Various membrane technologies have been developed and improved, including nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO), whose desalination costs have been relatively reduced. Therefore, this work proposes an experimental study for a small desalination unit based on RO generated by renewable energy, which is mainly suitable for arid regions or desert areas that do not have electricity and water and can be applied for emergency treatment to meet strong freshwater resource needs. In this study, to meet the drinking water demand, a reverse osmosis desalination system is designed and evaluated in order to improve and optimize its operation. This system has a daily capacity of 2 m3. We used brackish groundwater, which has been characterized as reference water, to produce synthetic water for different salinities until seawater. The analysis is based on data obtained from experiments carried out in the standalone RO pilot designed for the production of fresh water. For this purpose, we conducted relevant experiments to examine the influence of applied pressure, salt concentration and temperature on the RO membrane performance. The effects of different factors that affect the energy consumption in the RO desalination process were analyzed, and those with significant influence were explored. The effectiveness of RO desalination coupled with a photovoltaic (PV) energy system is shown. We found the recovery rate for system operation to be 32%. An optimization study is presented for the operation of an autonomous RO desalination system powered by photovoltaic panels. The energy produced by the PV system was used to feed two pumps forthe production of drinking waterwithanRO membrane, under the conditions of the town of Bou-Ismail. As results, a 3 kWp PV system was installed based on the energy demand. The design data have shown that a 3 kWp PV system can power a 1.8 W RO load given the Bou-Ismail climate. Energy consumption in the case study under Bou-Ismail weather conditions were analyzed. The desalination of brackish water at a TDS value of 5 g/L requires an energy of about 1.5 kWh/m3. Using seawater at a TDS value of 35 g/L, this value increases to 5.6 kWh/m3. The results showed that the optimal recovery rate for system operation was determined to be 32% for a feedwater salinity of 35 g/L, and 80% for a feedwater salinity of 1 g/L.

Physical Analysis of Rosella Flower, Beetroot, and Red Fruit for Sausage Colorant

This study aims to determine the physical analysis of rosella flower, beetroot, and red fruit for sausage colorant based on pH, EC, TDS, and Color L*a*b*. The material used is rosella flower, beetroot, and red fruit which has been dissolved. The method used in this research is experimental laboratory using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 4 replications. The concentration used in red fruit and beetroot is 1% (P1), 3% (P2), 5% (P3), 7% (P4), 9% (P5) and ponceau red 0.1% (P1), 0.2% (P2), 0.3% (P3), 0.4% (P4), 0.5% (P5). Parameters observed were pH, EC, TDS, and Color. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). If the data showed a significant difference, continued with Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The average pH value is 6.73-7.14 on rosella flower, 5.34-5.67 on beetroot, 6.40-6.77 on red fruit; EC value is 2.23-3.13 on rosella flower, 2.40-3.03 on beetroot, 2.65-3.79 on red fruit; TDS value is 66.50-73.00 on rosella flower, 68.25-74.25 on beetroot, 61.50-65.75 on red fruit; Color L* 17.54-18.48; a* 5.26-6.01; b* 0.67-1.06 on rosella flower, L* 36.34-38.08; a* 12.55-15.51; b* 2.68-3.32 on beetroot, L* 18.35-20.17; a* 6.47-10.81; b* 1.71-2.64 on red fruit. The results showed that rosella flower, beetroot, and red fruit had no significant effect (P>0.05) on the pH, EC, TDS, and color. But the beetroot colorant is the closest to the commercial sausage color on brand x.

Bagasse and bamboo charcoal comparison: as adsorbents for waste water to comply with Indonesian environmental quality standards

Bagasse; which is sugar cane waste; and bamboo charcoal usually are disposed of right away. However, if both are further being processed, they would have had economic values; which one of them is as adsorbent for waste formation water from petroleum production operation, to comply with Indonesian environmental quality standard for waste water disposal. The aims and the objectives of this research are to obtain the adsorption ability of bagasse and bamboo charcoal, and the adsorption ratios of the two materials. First, it is necessary to activate carbon which presents in bagasse and bamboo charcoal waste, by grinding the materials. Then, there are five concentrations for each of the adsorbent in the waste water being used; 0.5 gr/cc, 1 gr/cc, 1.5 gr/cc, 2 gr/cc, and 2.5 gr/cc. This study indicates that the adsorbent from bagasse and bamboo charcoal does able to reduce the pH, salinity and TDS values according to the standard qualities set by the government. Bagasse adsorbent with concentrations of 1.5 gr/cc, 2 gr/cc, and 2.5 gr/cc would able to reduce pH value of waste water to meet government’s standard quality, while bamboo charcoal adsorbent with concentrations of 2 gr/cc and 2.5 gr/cc would able to reduce the pH value of standard value. The higher the concentration of bagasse and bamboo charcoal the lower the values of pH, salinity, and TDS. Comparing bagasse and bamboo charcoal; bagasse performance is better than bamboo charcoal.

Evaluation The Leachate Characteristics and its Impacts on Groundwater Contamination Around Al-Diwaniyah Open Dumpsite

Groundwater contamination presents an increasing concern for environmental sustainability and human health, especially organic contamination. The effect of leachate percolation on groundwater contamination was investigated at Al-Diwaniyah open dumpsite to assess the groundwater quality of hand-dug observation wells surrounding the dumpsite. Samples of raw leachate and groundwater were collected for laboratory analysis, where they were analyzed using standard methods in order to evaluate any potential seasonal and variations for rainy, and dry seasons. Analytical results of leachate samples indicate that all physiochemical parameters were high revealing that they were highly contaminated with both organic and inorganic materials. High pH value and low BOD5/COD ratio for leachate indicated that dumpsite is old and in the methanogenic stage of anaerobic decomposition. In groundwater, average values of pH, EC, TDS, and major ion concentrations were higher in the dry season as compared to that in the rainy season. In contrast, the variation in TSS, BOD5, and COD showed more in rainy season than in dry season. GW1 and GW2 samples were more impacted by leachate percolation than GW3. The findings further revealed that except for pH, and nitrate all other examined parameters were above the permitted limitations of World Health Organization and Iraqi Quality standards. Relying on pH, EC, and major ions respectively, groundwater adjacent to dumpsite can be described as slightly alkaline, water with health hazards, and Chloride is the dominating ion. Inferred from the preceding, the noticeable influence of climate variation and distance from dumpsite on the extent of groundwater contamination. Continuously monitoring the groundwater resources in the area and constructing engineering landfills subject to the environmental limitations to control leachate infiltration into groundwater is recommended.