TCP-friendly Rate Control Research Articles

PNCTS: A Prediction and Network Coding-Based Transmission Scheme for Efficient Screen Updates Delivery in DaaS

Abstract Desktop as a Service (DaaS) provides users with flexible, customizable and highly secure cloud based virtual desktop access. As the major carrier of execution results in DaaS, screen updates play an important role in users’ quality of experience. In order to bring users the same feelings like manipulating a local device, timeliness and reliability should be balanced. However, a timely but unreliable transmission scheme (i.e. UDP) or a completely reliable transmission scheme (i.e. TCP) is inappropriate for such a transmission scenario, especially under a high-loss network. In this paper, we propose a Prediction and Network Coding based Transmission Scheme (PNCTS) for efficient screen updates delivery in DaaS. As an end-to-end partially reliable transmission scheme, it prioritizes different data obtained by partitioning screen updates and employs network coding and TFRC (TCP Friendly Rate Control) to compensate for data loss and adjust the sending rate of screen updates, respectively. To reduce the overhead of network coding, PNCTS uses a Hidden Markov Model to predict the reliability level of network and makes different encoding strategies for the data with different priorities. Simulation results show that PNCTS can improve display quality and instantaneous goodput effectively while maintaining end-to-end delay and jitter at a relatively low level under the static and time-varying network conditions.

A Routing Delay Predication Based on Packet Loss and Explicit Delay Acknowledgement for Congestion Control in MANET

In Mobile Ad hoc Networks congestion control and prevention are demanding because of network node mobility and dynamic topology. Congestion occurs primarily due to the large traffic volume in the case of data flow because the rate of inflow of data traffic is higher than the rate of data packets on the node. This alteration in sending rate results in routing delays and low throughput. The Rate control is a significant concern in streaming applications, especially in wireless networks. The TCP friendly rate control method is extensively recognized as a rate control mechanism for wired networks, which is effective in minimizing packet loss (PL) in the event of congestion. In this paper, we propose a routing delay prediction based on PL and Explicit Delay Acknowledgement (EDA) mechanism for data rate and congestion control in MANET to control data rate to minimize the loss of packets and improve the throughput. The experiment is performed over a reactive routing protocol to reduce the packet loss, jitter, and improvisation of throughput.

Simulated Performance of SCTP and TFRC Over MANETs

Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are composed of mobile nodes communicating through wireless medium, without any fixed centralized infrastructure. Providing quality of service (QoS) support to multimedia streaming applications over MANETs is vital. This paper focuses on QoS support, provided by the stream control transmission protocol (SCTP) and the TCP-friendly rate control (TFRC) protocol to multimedia streaming applications over MANETs. In this study, three QoS parameters were considered jointly: (1) packet delivery ratio (PDR), (2) end-to-end delay, (3) and throughput. Specifically, the authors analyzed and compared the simulated performance of the SCTP and TFRC transport protocols for delivering multimedia streaming over MANETs. Two simulation scenarios were conducted to study the impact of traffic load and node speed (mobility) to their performance. Based on the simulation results, the authors found that the PDR and the end-to-end delay of TFRC are slightly better than those of SCTP in both scenarios. Additionally, the performance of SCTP is significantly better than TFRC in terms of throughput.

Cooperative flow regulation protocol for real-time and non-real-time applications over satellite network

In current times, the intensity of Internet usage has been on a relentless rise, in pace with the release of numerous real-time applications like video transmission and non-real-time applications. Due to high error channels, the end-users will observe poor quality video over satellite network. The applications are competing themselves to inject their traffic into the network and hence end users get unfair shares of the bandwidth for the video transmissions. Also, the high transmission rate of video applications affects traditional Internet applications like e-mail. TCP-friendly rate control (TFRC), TFRC-satellite and multiple TFRC streams (MulTFRC), which are intended to provide congestion control, error control and increase bandwidth (BW) utilization respectively, may fail over the satellite networks with high error rate and high congestion. Besides, these connection-oriented protocols increase the applications overhead. In this paper, we present a cooperative flow regulation protocol (CFR), which provides fair access to both real-time and non-real-time applications, over networks with high congestion and high error. Verification of the proffered approach, by simulations, show that the CFR protocol reduces the loss of video frames by 30–40%, compared to DCCP and MulTFRC, and 50–60% compared to user datagram protocol (UDP) traffic, without compromise of the video quality.

Proposed Scheme of TCP-Friendly Rate Control (TFRC) for Real-Time Data Application

This project proposes a scheme of TCP-Friendly Rate Control (TFRC) for transmitting real-time data application. Traditionally, real-time data transmission has been accomplished over the user datagram protocol (UDP). The challenging issues of using Transport Control Protocol (TCP) are restrictive bandwidth and lagging. Additionally, it is widely known that TCP is ill-suited to real-time multimedia streaming application. Having known these issues, this project aims to study the possibilities for improvement of real-time data application using TFRC which is designed for long-lived streams. As known, there are many advantages of TFRC, which are congestion control and guaranteeing the required throughput. Therefore, this project explores and proposes the advantages of TFRC in transmitting and receiving real-time data. It is proposed that the investigation of TFRC in real-time data is conducted using simulation technique. During the simulation, the developed model is representing the real-time application for analyzing the performance of modified TFRC. The modified TFRC mechanism is introduced as TFRC proposed scheme and evaluated through the simulation experiment. The simulation study of this project is to analyze and evaluate some parameters of existing TFRC mechanisms. The performance analysis and simulation experiment show that the proposed scheme performs better compared to the other mechanisms involved. Finally, this study has possibilities of the ongoing work to be carried for implementing in wireless environment and IPv6.

MAC-aware Loss Discrimination for Real-time Streaming Services in Wireless Networks

This paper addresses the rate control problem for real-time applications streamed over wireless networks. In wired networks, an equation-based rate control such as TCP-friendly rate control (TFRC) can be used to control the rates of a source under the assumption that the loss is primarily due to congestion. But in wireless networks, packet loss may be due either to congestion or to channel errors. Thus, it is necessary to differentiate between packet loss due to wireless channel errors and that due to congestion. The MAC-aware rate control scheme for real-time streaming applications discriminates packet losses due to channel errors using the event generation in the MAC layer. The simulation results show that the MAC-aware rate control scheme has higher throughput than the rate control scheme without loss classification.

Congestion Control in Wireless Network using TCP Friendly Rate Control (TFRC)

Throughout the years in wireless networks, congestion control has been widely explored. With the point of improving execution and performance in wireless network many techniques and methods have been built up over the years. It is very necessary to solve the issue of congestion control for the quick extension and execution of wireless technology. When a network link or node carries more data than its capacity then network congestion will occurs. In queueing theory and network congestion it reduces the quality of service. Normal impacts of congestion control include packet loss, blocking of new connections and queueing delay. As a result of congestion is to increment in offered load either just to a little increment or even a reduction in system throughput [1].There are many ways to control the congestion in wireless networks. We studied different techniques in this paper and also work through applying TCP friendly rate control.

A Combined TCP-friendly Rate control with WFQ Approach for Congestion Control for MANET

A Combined TCP-friendly Rate control with WFQ Approach for Congestion Control for MANET

Performance Evaluation of UDP, DCCP, SCTP and TFRC for Different Traffic Flow in Wired Networks

<p>The demand for internet applications has increased rapidly. Providing quality of service (QoS) requirements for varied internet application is a challenging task. One important factor that is significantly affected on the QoS service is the transport layer. The transport layer provides end-to-end data transmission across a network. Currently, the most common transport protocols used by internet application are TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol). Also, there are recent transport protocols such as DCCP (data congestion control protocol), SCTP (stream congestion transmission protocol), and TFRC (TCP-friendly rate control), which are in the standardization process of Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). In this paper, we evaluate the performance of UDP, DCCP, SCTP and TFRC protocols for different traffic flows: data transmission, video traffic, and VOIP in wired networks. The performance criteria used for this evaluation include throughput, end to end delay, and packet loss rate. Well-known network simulator NS-2 used to implement the UDP, DCCP, SCTP, and TFRC protocols performance comparison. Based on the simulation results, the performance throughput of SCTP and TFRC is better than UDP. Moreover, DCCP performance is superior SCTP and TFRC in term of end-to-end delay.</p>

A Congestion Control Mechanism for Streaming Media Transmission over Wireless Environment

TFRC (TCP-Friendly Rate Control Protocol) has been recognized as a relatively good mechanism for TCP friendly congestion control on cable network. However, TFRC is sensitive to the network status and cannot actually distinguish congestion losses and noncongestion losses well in wireless networks. The high error rates and large delay of wireless networks result in significant performance degradation and poor quality of the streaming media transmission service in transmission. To solve this problem, this paper proposes an Explicit Congestion Notification TCP (ECN-TCP) based TCP Friendly Wireless streaming Media Rate Control (TF-WMRC) congestion control mechanism. This mechanism improves TFRC and conjunctions with ECN and RED (Random Early Detection) methods, differentiating correctly congestion losses and wireless error losses and effectively alleviating the throughput degradation caused by wireless links. Performance evaluation of network efficiency, TCP friendliness and streaming media stability in NS2 simulation platform has shown that it is a good congestion control mechanism for streaming media transmission in wireless environment.

Media-Friendly and TCP-Friendly Rate Control Protocols for Multimedia Streaming

This paper describes a design framework for TCP-friendly and media-friendly rate control algorithms for multimedia streaming applications. The idea of this framework is to start from a TCP-friendly Rate Control (TFRC) transmission rate and then alter this transmission rate so that it tracks the media characteristics of the stream (e.g., bitrate) or other application characteristics like the client buffer fill level. In this way, the media-friendly property of the algorithm is achieved. We give three rules that guide how the TFRC throughput should track the evolution of the stream’s media characteristics and remain TCP-friendly in the long term. We also present, as proof of concept, four simple media-friendly and TCP-friendly congestion control algorithms built using the aforementioned framework. These congestion control algorithms are better suited for multimedia streaming applications than traditional TCP congestion control or smooth congestion control algorithms like TFRC. We have performed evaluations of two of the four proposed media-friendly and TCP-friendly congestion control algorithms under various network conditions and validated that they represent viable transport solutions, better than TFRC, for variable bitrate video streams. More specifically, our two media-friendly and TCP-friendly congestion control algorithms maintained a TCP-friendly throughput in the long term in all experiments and avoided an empty buffer at the client side in situations when TFRC could not achieve this.

PU-TFRC-CR: TRANSPORT PROTOCOL FOR COGNITIVE RADIO NETWORKS

Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has observed a number of rarelyused frequencies, while only a few numbers are busy. Due to the rapid growth of wirelessusers and the lack of bandwidth, intelligent cognitive radio networks were introduced. Thesenetworks are emerging. Researches that have been done on CR transfer protocols TCP isbased on the window behavior. The protocol is presented by TCP in this article is usedto make an improvement on the cognitive radio networks. In TCP Friendly Rate Control (TFRC), Classic TCP congestion window was removed and instead of an equation, a functionof the elective loss rate of packets is used. Our proposed approach is Primary User-TCPFriendly Rate Control (PU-TFRC) that includes all states TFRC that a metal is added toit. In the detection state, the primary user should wait for a short time whether ACK isreceived or not. The other way is instead of waiting can be connected to the FCCs databaseand detecting the presence of PUs. Simulations show that the proposed protocol is betterthan TFRC. Finally, the throughput can be increased.

Research on Self-adaptive TFRC Congestion Control of Streaming Media in Wireless Network

Transport layer protocol, for lack of effective congestion control, made an irrational bandwidth utilization ratio between UDP and TCP. Especially for streaming media transport which is easily to cause the network congestion. TFRC (TCP-friendly rate control protocol) congestion control mechanism had solved the problem effectively. However, in the high bit error rate environment of wireless network, TFPC would mistake the bit error for congestion lost packet that degrades throughput excessively. Concerning this issue, this paper put forward a self-adaptive TFRC mechanism which distinguishes congest and bit error effectively by distinguishing parameters, and adjusts the transmission rate dynamically. Simulation result reveals that self-adaptive TFRC mechanism can use link efficiently, reduce delay variation and meet the live transmission requirement of streaming media in wireless network.

Opportunistic Hybrid Transport Protocol (OHTP) for Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Sensor Networks.

The inefficient assignment of spectrum for different communications purposes, plus technology enhancements and ever-increasing usage of wireless technology is causing spectrum scarcity. To address this issue, one of the proposed solutions in the literature is to access the spectrum dynamically or opportunistically. Therefore, the concept of cognitive radio appeared, which opens up a new research paradigm. There is extensive research on the physical, medium access control and network layers. The impact of the transport layer on the performance of cognitive radio ad hoc sensor networks is still unknown/unexplored. The Internet’s de facto transport protocol is not well suited to wireless networks because of its congestion control mechanism. We propose an opportunistic hybrid transport protocol for cognitive radio ad hoc sensor networks. We developed a new congestion control mechanism to differentiate true congestion from interruption loss. After such detection and differentiation, we propose methods to handle them opportunistically. There are several benefits to window- and rate-based protocols. To exploit the benefits of both in order to enhance overall system performance, we propose a hybrid transport protocol. We empirically calculate the optimal threshold value to switch between window- and rate-based mechanisms. We then compare our proposed transport protocol to Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)-friendly rate control, TCP-friendly rate control for cognitive radio, and TCP-friendly window-based control. We ran an extensive set of simulations in Network Simulator 2. The results indicate that the proposed transport protocol performs better than all the others.

A multimedia transmission control algorithm based on cross-layer design in UMTS networks

The performance in the air interface of 3G/UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) network is enhanced by the introduction of many advanced functionalities including ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request), HARQ (Hybrid ARQ) and AMC (Adaptive Modulation and Coding). Most existing TFRC (TCP-Friendly Rate Control)-based algorithms designed for wired-wireless heterogeneous networks fail to adapt to these advanced functionalities which results in degradation of performance. This paper proposes a novel cross-layer streaming transmission control algorithm WATC (Wireless-loss Aware Transmission Control) which makes use of the ARQ information to estimate the quality of wireless channels and improve the measurement of delay with the help of RLC (Radio Link Control) sublayer. WATC distinguishes wireless loss from congestion loss by the estimation of the quality of wireless channel and adjusts the sending rate according to the quality of wireless links and the tendency of delay variation. Simulation results show that WATC outperforms existing TFRC-like schemes in terms of loss rate control and throughput, while maintaining high throughput and fairness in multi-flow scenarios.

Adaptive multimedia streaming using a simulation test bed

The major purpose of this paper is to transmit an existing video above a complete simulated video streaming architecture based on Network Simulator (NS2). Thanks to our architecture, the visual quality evaluation of the distributed streaming platform under various conditions is simplified. Indeed, the received video can be easily visualized using a classic video client or be compared using the Peak Signal-Noise Ratio (PSNR) value and the Structural SIMilarity (SSIM) value. In the case study, we compare adaptive video congestion strategies using a transcoder, Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP) and TCP-Friendly Rate Control (TFRC).

Cross Layer Design for Video Streaming in MANETs

Mobile Ad hoc NETworks (MANETs) are becoming more essential to wireless communications due to growing popularity of mobile devices. However, MANETs do not seem to effectively support multimedia applications and especially video transmission. In this work, we propose a cross-layer design that aims to improve the performance of video transmission using TCP Friendly Rate Control (TFRC). Our design provides priority to video packets and exploits information from the MAC layer in order to improve TFRC's performance. The proposed cross-layer design utilizes SNR measurements along the routing path, in order to make the route reconstruction procedure more efficient. Simulation results show that both the use of traffic classification and the SNR utilization lead to important improvements in terms of end-to-end Quality of Service (QoS).

LTTP: An LT-Code Based Transport Protocol for Many-to-One Communication in Data Centers

TCP has been widely adopted in current data centers to ensure reliable data delivery. However, recently TCP Incast was found to occur in many-to-one communications with barrier-synchronized requirement, where the TCP goodput drops dramatically. Previous solutions to TCP Incast either require updating the OS/hardware to support fine-grained timers, or smartly control utilization of the switch buffer to reduce the probability of buffer overflow and packet loss. In this paper we explore a different approach to support many-to-one communication in data center networks, which we call LTTP (LT-code based Transport Protocol). LTTP improves LT (Luby Transform) code to achieve reliable UDP-based transmission by exploiting data redundancy, and employs TFRC (TCP Friendly Rate Control) to adjust the traffic sending rates at servers. NS-2 based simulation shows that the goodput of LTTP never degrades with the increase of the number of servers in many-to-one communications, and LTTP significantly outperforms DCTCP when the number of servers is large. Simulation results also demonstrate that LTTP flows can fairly share bandwidth with TCP flows.

Proxy-Based Multi-Stream Scalable Video Adaptation Over Wireless Networks Using Subjective Quality and Rate Models

Despite growing maturity in broadband mobile networks, wireless video streaming remains a challenging task, especially in highly dynamic environments. Rapidly changing wireless link qualities, highly variable round trip delays, and unpredictable traffic contention patterns often hamper the performance of conventional end-to-end rate adaptation techniques such as TCP-friendly rate control (TFRC). Furthermore, existing approaches tend to treat all flows leaving the network edge equally, without accounting for heterogeneity in the underlying wireless link qualities or the different rate utilities of the video streams. In this paper, we present a proxy-based solution for adapting the scalable video streams at the edge of a wireless network, which can respond quickly to highly dynamic wireless links. Our design adopts the recently standardized scalable video coding (SVC) technique for lightweight rate adaptation at the edge. Leveraging previously developed rate and quality models of scalable video with both temporal and amplitude scalability, we derive the rate-quality model that relates the maximum quality under a given rate by choosing the optimal frame rate and quantization stepsize. The proxy iteratively allocates rates of different video streams to maximize a weighted sum of video qualities associated with different streams, based on the periodically observed link throughputs and the sending buffer status. The temporal and amplitude layers included in each video are determined to optimize the quality while satisfying the rate assignment. Simulation studies show that our scheme consistently outperforms TFRC in terms of agility to track link qualities and overall subjective quality of all streams. In addition, the proposed scheme supports differential services for different streams, and competes fairly with TCP flows.

Using fuzzy policies to improve context interpretation in adaptive systems

Adaptation is an increasingly important requirement for software systems executing in large-scale, heterogeneous, and dynamic environments. A central aspect of the adaptation methodology is management of contextual information needed to support the adaptation process. A major design challenge of managing contextual data lies in the fact that the information is partial, uncertain, and inherently suitable for diverging interpretations. While existing adaptation solutions focus on techniques, methods, and tools, the challenge of managing and interpreting ambiguous contextual information remains largely unresolved. In this paper, we present a new approach to knowledge management in adaptation feedback control loops that aims to overcome these issues by applying fuzzy set theory and approximate reasoning. Our new knowledge management scheme interprets imprecise information and effectively integrates this information into the adaptation feedback control loop. To test and evaluate our solution, we implemented it in an adaptation engine to perform rate control for media streaming applications. The evaluation results show the benefits of our approach in terms of flexibility and performance when compared to more traditional methods, such as TCP-friendly rate control.