TC4 Titanium Alloy Research Articles

Study on Laser Transmission Welding Technology of TC4 Titanium Alloy and High-Borosilicate Glass.

As the demand for high-performance dissimilar material joining continues to increase in fields such as aerospace, biomedical engineering, and electronics, the welding technology of dissimilar materials has become a focus of research. However, due to the differences in material properties, particularly in the welding between metals and non-metals, numerous challenges arise. The formation and quality of the weld seam are strongly influenced by laser process parameters. In this study, successful welding of high-borosilicate glass to a TC4 titanium alloy, which was treated with high-temperature oxidation, was achieved using a millisecond pulsed laser. A series of process parameter comparison experiments were designed, and the laser welding behavior of the titanium alloy and glass under different process parameters was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and a universal testing machine as the primary analysis and testing equipment. The results revealed that changes in process parameters significantly affect the energy input and accumulation during the welding process. The maximum joint strength of 60.67 N was obtained at a laser power of 180 W, a welding speed of 3 mm/s, a defocus distance of 0 mm, and a frequency of 10 Hz. Under the action of the laser, the two materials mixed and penetrated into the molten pool, thus achieving a connection. A phase, Ti5Si3, was detected at the fracture site, indicating that both mechanical bonding and chemical bonding reactions occurred between the high-borosilicate glass and the TC4 titanium alloy during the laser welding process.

A novel high entropy composite interlayer for diffusion bonding of TC4 titanium alloy to 316L stainless steel

Titanium/steel hybrid structure exhibit broad prospects in the nuclear industry and aerospace applications. Achieving high-performance titanium/steel bonding is crucial. Herein, the novel AlCoCrNiCuAg/Cu high entropy composite interlayer was designed for vacuum diffusion bonding of TC4 alloy to 316L stainless steel. The effects of bonding temperature, holding time and assembly sequence on the interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated, and the fracture behaviors were researched. Typical microstructure of the joint bonded at 1010 °C for 90 min via AlCoCrNiCuAg/Cu sequence was TC4/β-Ti/β-Ti+TiFe/TiFe2+χ+σ/α-Fe+χ+σ/316L. With bonding temperature increased, due to the dispersed distribution of the Cuss phase in the Ti-Fe phases, the highest shear strength of 222.8 MPa was achieved at 1010 °C/90 min. The cleavage characteristics were confirmed in the fracture surfaces, suggesting the brittle fracture. The main cracks were located at the junction of the TiFe2+χ+σ and the β-Ti+TiFe layers, further confirmed that the interface appeared immense strain, accelerating the joint fracture.

Synthesis and characterization of Fe3O4@SiO2 core-shell nanoparticles for mirror and efficient magnetic compound fluid polishing of TC4 titanium alloy

To fully investigate the polishing performance of the Fe3O4@SiO2 core–shell abrasive for TC4 titanium alloy plate and solve the problem of uneven distribution of abrasive particles in magnetic compound fluid polishing (MCFP) and obtain ultra-smooth titanium alloy surface. In this paper, the functional Fe3O4@SiO2 core–shell abrasives were prepared and characterized by XRD, FTIR, VSM and TEM to demonstrate the successful encapsulation of SiO2 in Fe3O4 first. Second, a new polishing device was built to perform polishing experiments. Four different fractions of Magnetic compound fluid (MCF) were configured and utilized in polishing experiments for MCFP of TC4 titanium alloy to verify the polishing properties. Finally, the contact model between abrasive particles and workpiece is established and the material removal mechanism is discussed. The results show that SiO2 was successfully coated on Fe3O4. The polishing results show that the MCF containing the core–shell structure had the best polishing effect. The surface roughness Ra decreased from 0.201 μm to 0.025 μm after 20 min of polishing. The surface roughness of TC4 titanium alloy with an initial roughness Sa of 0.248 μm is reduced to 0.023 μm after polishing by Fe3O4@SiO2 core–shell abrasive. It is shown that the application of core–shell abrasive to process titanium alloys can obtain smooth and defect-free surfaces with good polishing performance. The surface quality of titanium alloy can be improved effectively by using core–shell abrasive, and a new idea for polishing titanium alloy is proposed. This study plays an important role in solving the problem of uneven particle distribution in MCFP. These results pave the way for further research into the application of core–shell abrasives in precision machining and expand the application scope of particles with core–shell structure.

Influence of different machining methods on the surface roughness of TC4: dry milling, water-based fluid wet milling, and foam spray milling

The surface quality of workpieces is influenced by various factors, including processing parameters, processing techniques, cutting force, and cutting vibration. Many researchers have studied wet cutting to minimize milling forces and vibrations. We explore a high-density water-based foam milling method. By this method the foam is sprayed onto the surface area of tool and workpiece to absorb vibration energy. Firstly, a milling test system was established to conduct tests on TC4 titanium alloy under three different machining conditions (dry milling, water-based fluid wet milling, and foam spray milling), and the three-dimensional (3D) milling forces and milling vibrations were simultaneously recorded during the milling process, and the workpiece’s surface roughness was measured using a contact roughness measuring instrument. Then principal component analysis method was performed on the 3D milling forces and vibrations to obtain dimensionality-reduced feature values. Subsequently, multi-feature combination prediction models of surface roughness corresponding to the three machining conditions were developed using particle swarm optimization and a generalized regression neural network. Finally, the developed prediction models were compared and analyzed. The research results indicate that high-density water-based foam spray milling can effectively reduce the milling force by 70% and the milling vibration by 85% at most. Foam spray milling reduces the average roughness by up to 49%. The roughness prediction accuracy reaches 95.43%, with an error of less than 0.054 µm.

Predicting fatigue life and crack growth rate of TC4 titanium alloy based on PINN before and after ultrasonic impact treatment

This study conducted fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) experiments on TC4 titanium alloy specimens under different stress ratios (R=0.06, 0.1, 0.5) before and after ultrasonic impact treatment (UIT) conditions. Based on this, a Physics-Informed Neural Network (PINN) model was employed to predict the FCGR of TC4 titanium alloy. As a control group, the traditional Walker FCGR formula was fitted using experimental data. The results indicate that the stress ratio R does not significantly affect the FCGR of TC4 titanium alloy. Under the same range of stress intensity factor (ΔK), the FCGR (da/dN) decreases with increasing R. The FCGR prediction established by the PINN model can well reflect the nonlinear characteristics of the crack growth process rate. The coefficient of determination R2 for fitting the experimental data reached above 0.9900, generally higher than the 0.9545 of the Walker formula. Although the degree of dispersion increased after UIT, the PINN model demonstrated stable prediction accuracy compared to the Walker formula. In addition, when calculating the fatigue crack growth life using the cycle-by-cycle method, the PINN model also exhibits stable prediction accuracy compared to the Walker formula, and this advantage becomes more apparent with increased data dispersion.

Study on the influence of geometric parameters of typical titanium alloy power milling tools

Abstract Based on ABAQUS, orthogonal finite element tests were carried out when the number of keyway milling cutter blades was three and four, and the spiral rise angle was 60° and 65°, respectively. The results showed that with the maximum number of blades and spiral rise angle, the milling quality of typical titanium alloy TC4 was greatly improved. The surface roughness decreases, and the effect of spiral lift angle on surface roughness is more significant, which provides a theoretical basis for improving the quality and energy of typical titanium alloy milling tool selection.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of 1 mm thin plate TC4 titanium alloy joint by ring laser welding

Abstract Ring laser welding was used to weld 1 mm thin plates TC4 titanium alloy, and the effects of different ring laser powers on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the weld were studied. The results indicate that the microstructure in the weld zone under different powers all contain basket structures, although the morphology of the martensite within the baskets differs. The microstructure in the weld zone is mainly composed of acicular α′ martensite, secondary α phase, and residual β phase. The microstructure in the heat-affected zone of the weld is mainly composed of acicular α′ martensite, initial α phase, secondary α phase, and residual β phase. The hardness of the weld is higher than that of the base metal, showing an overall trend of first increasing, then decreasing, and then increasing again before decreasing. The tensile specimens under different powers all fractured in the heat-affected zone of the weld, and the type of fracture is quasi-cleavage. At a laser power of 900 W, the weld has good formation, with minimal spatter on the surface, and good weld penetration. The microstructure of the weld is mainly composed of acicular α′ martensite, initial α phase, secondary α phase, and residual β phase. The hardness of the weld is 387.76 HV. The tensile strength and elongation are 1098.3 MPa and 12%, respectively.

The influence of Cu on the microstructure and properties of TC4/Q345 high-entropy joints by laser welding

FeCoNiCrCu high-entropy alloy (HEA) and Cu foils were utilized as the intermediate layer to conduct laser welding of TC4 titanium alloy and Q345 steel. Welding is performed by adding single HEA and Cu/HEA double foils as interlayer respectively. We conducted in-depth studies on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the joint by stereomicroscopy, metallographic microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM), micro-area X-ray diffraction (XRD), nanoindentation, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and tensile testing. The results indicate that the position of the copper foil significantly affects the microstructure and performance of the joint. When the copper foil is on the TC4 side, its lower melting point causes a deeper keyhole, resulting in a narrower weld bead and then reduced content of Fe and Ti in the weld. Simultaneously, the increased proportion of Cu in the weld significantly enhances the content of Cu-rich phases. In the weld zone, we observed freely distributed Cu-rich phases and Ti-rich phases generated along the interface. Under tensile loads, cracks primarily initiate and propagate along the Cu-rich phases, leading to typical delamination on the fracture surface. With the copper foil on the TC4 side, due to the increased copper content in the microstructure, the hardness of the interface between the titanium alloy and the weld decreases, while the joint exhibits the highest tensile strength, reaching a maximum of 417 MPa.

Effect of hydrogenation on fatigue crack growth resistance of diffusion bonded TC4 titanium alloy laminates

A method was proposed to improve the fatigue crack growth (FCG) resistance of TC4 (Ti6Al4V) titanium alloy laminate by hydrogenation/low-temperature diffusion bonding/dehydrogenation (H-DB-DH) combined process. Effects of hydrogen contents and different dehydrogenation temperatures on FCG behaviors and tensile properties as well as microstructures were investigated. Residual hydrogen contents beneath fatigue fracture surfaces were measured to determine the safe dehydrogenation temperature. The hydrogen content of 0.3 wt% and dehydrogenation temperature of 780 °C are optimal to produce TC4 laminate with a 9.87 % improvement of FCG life compared with the diffusion bonded one without hydrogenation. FCG rate decrease results from the comprehensive effect of recrystallization volume fraction increase, grain refinement, mean geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs) density decrease and texture intensity weakness as well as texture diversity improvement. This paper provides theoretical support for fatigue property improvement of titanium alloy by hydrogen diffusion bonding process.

Influence of Laser Power and Rotational Speed on the Surface Characteristics of Rotational Line Spot Nanosecond Laser Ablation of TC4 Titanium Alloy.

The TC4 titanium alloy is widely used in medical, aerospace, automotive, shipbuilding, and other fields due to its excellent comprehensive properties. As an advanced processing technology, laser processing can be used to improve the surface quality of TC4 titanium alloy. In the present research, a new type of rotational laser processing method was adopted, by using a beam shaper to modulate the Gaussian spot into a line spot, with uniform energy distribution. The effects of the laser power and rotational speed on the laser ablation surface of the TC4 titanium alloy were analyzed. The results reveal that the melting mechanism of the material surface gradually changes from surface over melt to surface shallow melt with the increase in the measurement radius and the surface roughness increases first, then decreases and, finally, tends to be stable. By changing the laser power, the surface roughness changes significantly with the variation in the measurement radius. Because low laser power cannot provide sufficient laser energy, the measurement radius corresponding to the surface roughness peak of the microcrack area is reduced. Under a laser power of 11 W, the surface roughness reaches its peak when the measurement radius is 600 μm, which is 200 μm lower than that of a laser power of 12 W, 13 W, and 14 W. By changing the rotational speed, the centrifugal force generated by the rotation of the specimen affects the distribution and re-condensation of the molten pool of the surface. As the rotational speed increases, the shallow pit around the pit is made shallower by the filling of the pit with molten material and the height of the bulge decreases, until it disappears. The surface oxygen content of the material increases first and then decreases with the increase in the measurement radius and gradually approaches the initial surface state. Compared with a traditional laser processing spot, the rotational line spot covers a larger processing area of 22.05 mm2. This work can be used as the research basis for rotational modulation laser polishing and has significance for guiding the innovative development of high-quality and high-efficiency laser processing technology.

A comparative study of indentation size effect models for different materials

The phenomenon of indentation size effect (ISE) has received great attention in aerospace, nuclear power, microelectronics and medicine. Although researchers have proposed various ISE models, these models often involve different form and number of parameters that can make our wonder which is the best in existed ISE models. Herein, three types of ISE test data, namely, normal ISE, reverse ISE and transition of normal to reverse ISE, are used to evaluate the sixteen ISE models. The comparatively study indicates that Hou-Jennet(H-J), Nix-Gao-Feng (N-G-Fs), Nix-Gao-Haušild (N-G-H), Nix–Gao-Abu Al-Rub (N-G-A) and Nix–Gao-Qius (N-G-Qs) models can accurately predict the normal ISE. The reason for this is that the friction stress that is not related to dislocation activities or the indentation size effect of plastic zone has been introduced into these models. Therefore, these two factors should be considered in future ISE models. The sixteen ISE models are originally proposed to describe the normal ISE of different materials. However, to our surprise, some of these models are able to capture the reverse ISE and the transition of normal to reverse ISE of different materials. The determination coefficients (DC) of the sixteen ISE models are also determined for different materials. For reverse ISE, the highest DC value for Ni Carbide Silicon (NiCSi), TC4 titanium alloy (TC4) and Pulsed electro-deposited Ni (PED Ni) are given by the Exponential (EXP), Nix-Gao-Feng (N-G-Fs) and Nix–Gao-Abu Al-Rub (N-G-A) models, respectively. For the transition of normal to reverse ISE, the Nix–Gao-Yuan-Chen (N-G-YC), Nix-Gao-Feng (N-G-Fs), and Nix-Gao-Haušild (N-G-H) models produce the maximum DC for ZrO2 ceramic (ZrO2), Cu single crystals (Cu) and Y2O3–ZrO2 ceramic (Y2O3–ZrO2), respectively. Moreover, the mean DC of the Nix-Gao-Feng (N-G-Fs) model is the maximum among the sixteen ISE models, followed by the Nix-Gao-Haušild (N-G-H) model, but they cannot accurately predict the reverse ISE. Therefore, the Nix-Gao-Feng (N-G-Fs) and Nix-Gao-Haušild (N-G-H) models should be further modified to accurately predict the reverse ISE.

Study on fatigue properties with composite waveform and variable amplitude of TC21 titanium alloy pulsed laser-arc hybrid welded joints

TC21 titanium alloy is widely used in the manufacturing of key components such as aerospace industry, its welded structure in actual service is often subjected to the cyclic loading with composite waveform and variable amplitude and leads to fatigue failure. Therefore, in this work, the composite waveform and variable amplitude fatigue properties of TC21 titanium alloy pulsed laser-arc hybrid welded joints were investigated in this paper, and the micro-deformation mechanism and crack initiation mechanism of welded joints under different initial maximum cyclic stresses were revealed. The results indicated that the micro-deformation mechanism was the competition between twinning and dislocation slip in the α′ phase at low stress. When the initial maximum cyclic stress increased, the generation and slip of dislocation dominated, and the main distribution of dislocations gradually transitioned from the α′ phase to the β phase. This caused the phase transition in the β phase to the α phase, which increased the energy at the α/β phase interface and reduced the resistance of fatigue microcrack initiation accordingly, thus promoting fatigue failure. In addition, pores were the main factor of fatigue failure for welded joints. Therefore, in this work, the influence of defect size, location and shape on the fatigue life of welded joints was considered to develop a fatigue life prediction model based on the control parameter Z-parameter and equivalent stress amplitude. The predicted composite waveform and variable amplitude fatigue life of TC21 titanium alloy welded joints was within the triple error band.

Effect of the conventional shot peening and multiple shot peening on microstructure and residual stress of TC17 titanium alloy

This study examines the residual stress, microstructure, and stress-induced phase transformation of TC17 titanium alloy after different shot peening processes. A comprehensive analysis of the unique impact of shot peening on α-Ti and β-Ti was performed. The results indicate a substantial reduction in the grain size of the deformed layer and the creation of a high density of dislocations. Additionally, increased peening intensity results in decreased grain size, and multiple shot peening promotes further reduction in grain size. Compressive residual stresses were detected in the deformed layer, and multiple shot peening significantly augmented the residual stresses in the surface and near-surface regions. In particular, the highest compressive residual stresses after triple shot peening treatments were measured at −1079 MPa (at a depth of 10 μm for α-Ti) and −792 MPa (at a depth of 50 μm for β-Ti). In addition, multiple shot peening can significantly reduce surface roughness and enhance surface nanocrystallization when approximate surface residual stresses are obtained. Remarkably, the use of single shot peening revealed parallel stacking faults in certain α-Ti samples. However, under multiple shot peening, these stacking faults evolved into face-centered cubic Ti (FCC-Ti) with broader widths and a greater number. The stress-induced phase transition orientation relation was determined to be (0001)HCP//(11¯1)FCC and [21¯1¯0]HCP//[011]FCC, with α-Ti grains being interspersed with FCC-Ti, thus promoting additional grain refinement.

Study on crack initiation mechanism of notched TC4 titanium alloy plate based on acoustic emission information entropy

ABSTRACT Titanium alloys are widely used in high-end manufacturing fields such as aerospace and nuclear energy due to their excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance, but it is prone to cracking under load, seriously affecting its performance and safety. Therefore, studying the crack initiation process of titanium alloys is of great significance for improving their service life and safety. In this study, TC4 titanium alloy material is taken as the research object, and the crack emergence mechanism during its tensile fracture process is investigated by combining tensile test and AE test. The experiments were carried out under displacement-controlled conditions, and crack emergence detection was carried out by two methods: AE characterisation parameters and AE information entropy, and SEM was used to observe and analyse the specimen fracture. The results indicate that the AE characteristic parameters of different notched specimens have the same evolution pattern, and this method can be used to predict crack initiation, but there is a certain degree of uncertainty. Compared with the former, the information entropy theory can more accurately predict crack initiation. Therefore, the analysis of the entropy of AE information can be used as a highly practical real-time condition detection method to provide effective detection means for engineering applications.

Research on Tool Wear and Machining Characteristics of TC6 Titanium Alloy with Cryogenic Minimum Quantity Lubrication (CMQL) Technology

Titanium alloys are crucial in precision manufacturing due to their exceptional properties, but traditional machining methods lead to tool wear, deformation, and high costs. Conventional cooling fluids reduce heat but cause environmental issues, necessitating more sustainable solutions. Cryogenic Minimum Quantity Lubrication (CMQL) technology, using liquid nitrogen or carbon dioxide with minimal amounts of cutting fluid, offers an eco-friendly alternative that reduces machining temperatures and friction. This study tested the TC6 titanium alloy under conventional and CMQL conditions, focusing on tool wear, surface quality, and machining efficiency. Results showed that CMQL significantly decreased tool wear and surface roughness, with a 42% reduction in surface roughness during drilling and a 20–30% efficiency increase. The findings highlight CMQL’s potential to improve machining quality and efficiency while promoting environmentally friendly practices in the industry.

Effect of WC content on the microstructure and wear resistance of Laser-cladded WC/Ni60A composite coatings

In this study, WC/Ni60A composite coatings with various WC contents were prepared on the surface of the TC4 titanium alloy using laser cladding. SEM, EDS, XRD, microhardness testing, and friction-wear performance testing were performed to characterize the coatings. The results revealed that an increase in the WC content reduced the coating dilution rate and increased its porosity. The microstructure of the composite coating included WC, Ni3Ti, Ni17W3, and TixW1−x species as well as carbides and borides. With increasing WC content, the wear rate decreased, and the wear mechanism changed from microabrasion and adhesive wear to localized adhesive wear. The coating with 45 wt.% WC showed the best wear resistance for the denser and more uniform distribution of its hard phase.

The influence of anodization on laser transmission welding between high borosilicate glass and TC4 titanium alloy

This study investigates the influence of the thickness of the oxide film formed on the surface of TC4 titanium alloy after anodization on the laser transmission welding between the titanium alloy and high borosilicate glass. The effects of oxidation time on the morphology and thickness of the oxide film were examined, and the elemental and phase composition of the oxide film were characterized. The differences in welding strength, weld morphology, and fracture surface between the titanium alloy before and after oxidation treatment and high borosilicate glass welding were compared, and analyzed the welding seam formation mechanism. Within our research scope, the results indicate that with an increase in oxide film thickness, the surface roughness gradually increases and the internal voids gradually increase, resulting in a decrease trend in the bonding strength of the welded joints with the increase in oxide film thickness. The interpenetrating structure formed by the mutual infiltration of glass and metal in the molten pool is identified as the main reason for their connection.

Interfacial microstructure and mechanical property of dissimilar resistance spot welded joint of TC4 titanium alloy and 316L stainless steel with nickel interlayer

Dissimilar materials of TC4 titanium alloy and 316L stainless steel were joined by means of resistance spot welding with nickel interlayer in different thicknesses. A significant enhancement in terms of nugget morphology quality with less defects was achieved for the welded joints with nickel interlayer compared with that without interlayer. With increasing the nickel interlayer thickness from 50 μm to 300 μm, the effective nugget diameter increased gradually from ∼4.8 mm to ∼5.2 mm, which was lower than that of the interlayer-free welded joint being ∼5.9 mm. A thinner intermetallic compound layer with dual-layered structure features with thickness of ∼11 μm was formed at the nugget/titanium interface in the welded joint with nickel interlayer compared with that of the interlayer-free welded joint, meanwhile an intermetallic compound layer with thickness of ∼3 μm was formed at the nugget/stainless steel interface, which exhibited serrated structure features. The introduction of nickel interlayer in the welded joint could suppress the formation of the brittle Ti–Fe intermetallics such as Fe2Ti, and facilitate the formation of TiNi, Ti2Ni and TiNi3. A more homogeneous current density distribution and a lower peak temperature (1809 °C) during welding were achieved via employing nickel interlayer. With increasing nickel interlayer thickness from 0 μm to 300 μm, the tensile shear load of welded joints experienced an increased tendency first and then decreased, meanwhile the maximum tensile shear load of 3.7 kN was obtained with the interlayer thickness of 200 μm, which was 61% higher than that of the interlayer-free welded joint.

Enhancing corrosion and wear resistance of a 7075 aluminum alloy via depositing TC4 coating

Aluminum alloys have been widely used in engineering due to their high strength and low density. However, their poor corrosion and wear resistance have largely limited their application in marine equipment. This study successfully improved the corrosion and wear resistance of a typical 7075 Al alloy by depositing a high-performance TC4 titanium alloy coating using in-house annular laser cladding equipment. Microstructural investigations revealed that the defect-free TC4 coating is metallurgically bonded to the 7075 Al alloy substrate along with excellent bond strength. Electrochemical test results showed that compared to the hot-forged 7075 Al alloy and hot-forged double-phase TC4 bulk alloy, the TC4 coating exhibits superior corrosion resistance due to its net-basket α-single-phase microstructure. Further, wear testing results showed that the coefficient of friction and wear volume of the TC4 coating are far lower than that of 7075 Al alloy. The enhanced wear resistance is closely related to the high hardness of the TC4 coating and its excellent fatigue-wear resistance. Therefore, this work can serve as a reference to improve Aluminum alloys' corrosion and wear resistance by depositing Titanium alloy coatings using the annular laser cladding process, which shall widen the potential applications of Aluminum alloys in marine equipment.

Effect of Swing Amplitude on Microstructure and Properties of TC4 Titanium Alloy in Laser Welding

The welding of TC4 titanium alloy sheets with a thickness of 1 mm was successfully accomplished by a swinging laser. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the welding seam under different swing amplitudes were studied. In this paper, the microstructure, phase composition, mechanical properties, and fracture morphology of the weld with swing frequency of 50 Hz and different swing amplitudes (0.2 mm, 1 mm, 2 mm, and 3 mm) were tested and analyzed. The results show that basket-weave microstructures are present in the fusion zone of welds under different oscillation amplitudes, but the morphology of martensite within the basket-weave differs. The weld microstructure is mainly composed of acicular α′ martensite, initial α phase, secondary α phase, and residual β phase. The hardness of the weld is higher than that of the base metal, and the overall hardness decreases from the weld center to the base metal. When the oscillation amplitude A = 1 mm, the weld microstructure has the smallest average grain size, the highest microhardness (388.86 HV), the largest tensile strength (1115.4 MPa), and quasi-cleavage fracture occurs. At an oscillation amplitude of A = 2 mm, the tensile specimen achieves the maximum elongation of 14%, with ductile fracture as the dominant mechanism.