Taylor's Analysis Research Articles

Resistance and adaptation to criminal identity: using secondary analysis to evaluate classic studies of crime and deviance

Qualitative data offer rich insights into the social world, whether alone or in tandem with statistical analysis. However, qualitative data are costly to collect and analyse. Moreover, it is a commonplace that only a portion of the data so labouriously collected is the subject of final analysis and publication. Secondary analysis is a well-established method in quantitative research and is raising its profile in application to qualitative data. It has a particular part to play when research is on sensitive topics and/or hard-to-reach populations, as in the example considered here. This article contributes to discussion of the potential and constraints of secondary analysis of qualitative data by reporting the outcome of the secondary analysis of a key study in the sociology of prison life, Cohen and Taylor's research on the long-term imprisonment of men in maximum security. The article re-visits Cohen and Taylor's original analysis and demonstrates support for an alternative, if complementary, conceptualisation, using archived data from the original study. Among the methodological issues discussed are the recovery of the context of the original fieldwork and the role of secondary analysis in an incremental approach to knowledge production.

C111 レーザー誘起マイクロ衝撃波の可視化計測

A micro laser induced shock wave in a small region was observed by shadowgraph technique. The shock wave was produced on a metal surface when the metal was irradiated by a pulse laser. Titanium and SUS304 was used as the target. The laser used for the irradiation was λ=532nm in wavelength and its irradiation intensity, lo was changed from 630to7690 GW/m2. The flow visualization was carried out by using a laser shadow graphic technique. The shock mach number was calculated from these images. We obtained the shock wave energy conversion coefficient, which is based on Taylor's self-similar analysis. The experimental results showed that the coefficient was 0.08to0.2 for the relatively low irradiation intensity.

O mal-estar contemporâneo na perspectiva de Charles Taylor

Este artigo apresenta o argumento de Taylor acerca do mal-estar contemporâneo, cujo foco incide na crítica ao self pontual e à sociedade política daí decorrente. A postulação de uma identidade pessoal apenas possível pela interlocução referida a uma ordem normativa constitui o núcleo da reflexão efetivada, expressando a base do republicanismo de Taylor. Nesta representação da democracia, dou destaque ao conceito de bem comum, derivado de sentimentos e ações partilhadas. Nele incide a conexão entre linguagem e cultura, formulada de modo a conferir um valor intrínseco à cultura, e assim sustentar que o que é comum é um bem. Contesto tal formulação, argumentando ser possível rejeitar o relativismo ético sem recurso ao fundamentalismo, caso se aceite a impossibilidade lógica do reconhecimento de uma alteridade radical.

Diffusivity of Solutes Measured in Glass Capillaries Using Taylor's Analysis of Dispersion and a Commercial CE Instrument

We present a strategy for the rapid, efficient, and accurate measurement of the coefficient of diffusion (D) of solutes using a commercial capillary electrophoresis (CE) instrument. This approach utilizes the classic analysis of Taylor of the dispersion of solutes pumped hydrostatically through glass capillaries. To obtain accurate values of D, we modified Taylor's analysis of dispersion to account for the finite time required to reach steady-state flow in the capillary when using a CE instrument. Neglecting this effect results in measured diffusivities of phenylalanine, a model solute, that are in error by as much as 60% when compared with published values. We provide an analysis of this effect and a simple strategy for avoiding these errors. Using this approach, we analyze profiles of concentration fronts and measured values of D for phenylalanine to within 5% of published values. We also analyze profiles of pulses of solute. To determine values of D accurately, measurements of dispersion first need to be made as a function of injection volume to correct for the finite width of the injection plug, before they are corrected for unsteady-state flow. This approach also yields values of D for phenylalanine to within 5% of published values. In contrast to other techniques used for the determination of D, this approach requires no fluorescent labeling and is applicable to solutes of any molecular weight.

Humane healthcare as a theme for social ethics.

The concept of 'humane healthcare' cannot and may not be limited to a personal virtue. For elucidating its meaning and making it functional as a critical ethical criterion for healthcare as a social institution, it is necessary to reflect on the social, cultural, and historical conditions in which modern healthcare finds its offspring and its further development. Doing this is the object and aim of social ethics. Social ethics in itself covers a broad area of different approaches. A main division can be made between a liberal and a communitarian approach. This article focuses on the latter and concentrates on one of its representatives, Charles Taylor. The paper starts with two clarifying paragraphs: one about the terms humane and human, a second about the scope of social ethics. Next, because the term humane presupposes a certain view of man, attention will be paid to the lack of consensus in this respect within modernity, using some reflections of Taylor. In his view, resigning in this lack is a threat for one of the main motives behind modernity: the pursuit of a good and meaningful life. In the following section Taylor's analysis is applied to contemporary healthcare, by means of two examples. At the end the question is raised how to promote humane healthcare? In a short and conclusive sketch, three suggestions are offered for further research: scrutiny of goals and meanings within healthcare and culture, the broadening of the concept of autonomy and the upholding of human dignity as an intrinsic and imperative value.

The Analysis of Trade and Transboundary Pollution

This paper develops a two-country, two-sector model of international trade in which the stock of environmental capital accumulates over time. It shows how the pattern of production and the welfare level of each country change by opening trade when there is production externalities in the form of worldwide-scale pollution.There have appeared many theoretical studies on the interaction between trade and the environment. Among them, we focus on the model of Copeland and Taylor [3] (1999) which analyzes the pattern of production and the welfare level of each country in the Ricardian type of trade model with local environmental pollution.In this paper we re-examined their analysis under the supposition that pollution generated in one country possibly influences the economic activities of other countries. Then we show essentially the same results as those in Copeland and Taylor's analysis. But we deepen their analysis and obtain an implication that the relationship between the relative demand of manufacturing goods to the agricultural ones and the relative level of foreign environmental capital to the home one plays the significant role in determining the pattern of production. In addition, we make clear the relationship between the pattern of production and the transboundary degree of pollution.

Resistance and Adaptation to Criminal Identity: Using Secondary Analysis to Evaluate Classic Studies of Crime and Deviance

Qualitative data offer rich insights into the social world, whether alone or in tandem with statistical analysis. However, qualitative data are costly to collect and analyse. Moreover, it is a commonplace that only a portion of the data so labouriously collected is the subject of final analysis and publication. Secondary analysis is a well-established method in quantitative research and is raising its profile in application to qualitative data. It has a particular part to play when research is on sensitive topics and/or hard-to-reach populations, as in the example considered here. This article contributes to discussion of the potential and constraints of secondary analysis of qualitative data by reporting the outcome of the secondary analysis of a key study in the sociology of prison life, Cohen and Taylor's research on the long-term imprisonment of men in maximum security. The article re-visits Cohen and Taylor's original analysis and demonstrates support for an alternative, if complementary, conceptualisation, using archived data from the original study. Among the methodological issues discussed are the recovery of the context of the original fieldwork and the role of secondary analysis in an incremental approach to knowledge production.

Resistance and Adaptation to Criminal Identity: Using Secondary Analysis to Evaluate Classic Studies of Crime and Deviance

Qualitative data offer rich insights into the social world, whether alone or in tandem with statistical analysis. However, qualitative data are costly to collect and analyse. Moreover, it is a commonplace that only a portion of the data so labouriously collected is the subject of final analysis and publication. Secondary analysis is a well-established method in quantitative research and is raising its profile in application to qualitative data. It has a particular part to play when research is on sensitive topics and/or hard-to-reach populations, as in the example considered here. This article contributes to discussion of the potential and constraints of secondary analysis of qualitative data by reporting the outcome of the secondary analysis of a key study in the sociology of prison life, Cohen and Taylor's research on the long-term imprisonment of men in maximum security. The article re-visits Cohen and Taylor's original analysis and demonstrates support for an alternative, if complementary, conceptualisation, using archived data from the original study. Among the methodological issues discussed are the recovery of the context of the original fieldwork and the role of secondary analysis in an incremental approach to knowledge production.

Cultural relativism and the recognition of cultural differences

The demand for the recognition of cultural differences is central to a number of debates associated with multiculturalism. Following Charles Taylor's analysis of the relation between modernity and cultural pluralism, it is argued that the demand of cultural relativism, namely, that the equal value of cultures should be recognised, is not justifiable. This however should not serve as an excuse for underestimating the significance of cultural differences or for ethnocentric indifference towards the claim for recognition. The prerequisites for claims towards recognition are further explored by distinguishing between two justifiable claims: on the one hand the claim that the right to differ should be recognised and on the other hand the claim that the inherent value of the difference should be recognised. It is argued that the possibilities of granting recognition are in most cases restricted to the first claim. Although the second claim may also be justified, it is in most cases not possible to meet it. The conclusion is that we here encounter an aporetic ground for both cultural critique and intercultural tolerance; in fact a better ground for tolerance than cultural relativism which easily leads to indifference.

The mask of art: breaking the aesthetic contract--film and literature

Clyde Taylor exposes the concept of art as a tool of Ethnocentricity and racial ideology. He challenges the history of Aesthetics as a recent invention of privileged Western consumerism, and questions the myth of its ancient Greek origin. Aestheticism, he says, is a party to the establishment of whiteness as cultural norm. The experience is revealed to be the stylistic/structural contribution to the Western master narrative which dominates historical interpretation. Areas such as cinema studies, the avant garde, Marxist and feminist criticism are seen as seriously compromised by this reasoning. Examining various texts including The Birth of a Nation, Taylor demonstrates how rationales of art are used to mask personal, class, and cultural biases. Taylor offers a critique of representation as one alternative to aestheticism. Imitation of Life, The Cotton Club, and The Marrow of Tradition are read as doppelganger discourses where the values of one social group are mobilized as the narrative double of a more powerful group. Taylor's innovative analysis of the semantics of unequal power refers to these doublings as ironies of discourse. Novels and films by Chinua Achebe, Toni Morrison, Richard Wright, Ousmane Sembene, Spike Lee, Souleymanne Cisse, Victor Masayesva, and Julie Dash, and the Vietnam Memorial design of Maya Lin are scrutinized in terms of resistance to the reign of the dominant system of aesthetics. According to Taylor whatever was once gained through this narcissistic aesthetic gaze has long since been exhausted. Liberation from its narrow assumptions will open richer resources to human imagination and creativity.

Estimation of flow stress under high rate plastic deformation

The impact of a cylindrical specimen against a rigid anvil was analysed in 1948 by G. I. Taylor. In 1987, Jones, Gillis and Foster proposed a modification to Taylor's analysis. This modification included a new equation of motion for the undeformed section of the specimen and relaxed one of the assumptions of Taylor's original work. While Jones and co-authors were able to show the existence of an exact solution, the utility of the analysis was severely limited by its complexity. The present paper introduces and approximation into this model which produces a simple algebraic formula to estimate its exact solution. Results of 92 tests of copper, aluminum and steel specimens are reported and used to evaluate this new approximation to the Jones, Gillis and Foster analysis.

Sampling for Liriomyza huidobrensis (Diptera: Agromyzidae) Larvae and Damage in Celery

A sampling plan to estimate population levels of Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) larvae and total mining damage was developed for use in celery. Dispersion indices from Taylor's power law were calculated from 1992 data obtained from whole plant samples collected from commercial fields at two times during the cropping season and utilizing one of three different leafminer management strategies. Analysis of covariance indicated that variance–to–mean relationships were consistent among petiole position among plants, pest management strategies, and time of growing season for live L. huidobrensis larvae and total numbers of mines per petiole. In an attempt to develop a presence–absence sampling plan, all equation was derived to relate the proportion of petioles infested, P(l), to the mean number of live larvae or the mean number of mines per petiole. However, predicted frequencies of infested petioles delivered from this equation were significantly greater than the frequencies of petioles infested with live larvae or infested with mines observed in validation studies. This lack of fit between predicted and expected frequencies precludes use of a presence–absence sampling plan to predict mean densities from the proportion of leaves infested. The results from Taylor's dispersion analysis were also used to evaluate a constant precision–level sampling plan. Validation tests of this sampling plan indicated that the formula used to ca1culate critical stoplines accurately predicted the observed cumulative totals of live larvae or total numbers of mines. Implementation of a sequential sampling plan for L. huidobrensis larvae with a 0.25 level of precision and with a possible maximum sample size of 100 petioles (to compensate for the prohibitively large sample sizes necessary at low densities) should greatly reduce the amount of labor necessary to achieve accurate estimates of population densities and to facilitate the use of action thresholds based upon these estimates.

Structure of coal water slurry sprays

A model of coal water slurry (CWS) sprays is presented with new experimental data for CWS viscosities and surface tension. The model is based on the aerodynamic theory of spray atomization that has been successfully used for diesel sprays. However, the higher CWS viscosity makes their behavior different from diesel sprays. For comparison with experiment the following spray parameters are identified; spray angle, intact core length, drop diameters, and velocities of drops and gas. The results from the computations have been compared with experimental measurements reported in the literature. Computed spray angles and penetration rates agree well with experimental measurements. Computed drop sizes show the right trend when the injection pressure and the axial location at which the Sauter mean diameter is measured are varied. Nomenclature A = function in Taylor's analysis AV = constant of the initial spray angle B = function in Taylor's analysis B({ = constant of the initial drop size equation C, Cc = constants of the intact core length Cd = coefficient of discharge of the nozzle /)„ = nozzle diameter d() = initial drop diameter calculated from Eq. (2) /*, = dimensionless frequency of fastest growing wave Im = imaginary part k = wave number L = length of the nozzle Pa =. ambient gas pressure Re = real part S = spray tip penetration distance s = real part of nondimensiona l temporal growth rate Ta = Taylor number p,a2lpg^V^ t = time th = breakup time U = average axial centerline velocity of drops/gas U{} = average injection velocity u' - axial perturbation velocity of the CWS jet Kinj = ideal injection velocity VT = relative velocity between the liquid and gas v' = radial perturbation velocity of the CWS jet Xi = length of the CWS spray intact liquid core x = axial distance y = radial distance a = temporal growth rate of the CWS velocity perturbation

Numerical studies of solute transport in a fracture surrounded by rock matrix: Effect of lateral diffusion and chemical reactions on the overall dispersion

In some approximations to the transport of radionuclides in geological media, it is assumed that the radionuclides are transported by advection-dispersion in a single fracture and diffusion in the surrounding rock matrix. The concentration in the main fracture is assumed to be constant in the direction transverse to groundwater flow, and the effect of this approximation is accounted for by use of the Taylor dispersion coefficient. Since in the calculations carried out to date this dispersion coefficient is based on Taylor's original analysis which had not considered interactions with a surrounding rock, the adequacy of the approximation needs to be examined carefully. For this purpose, we carry out a detailed numerical analysis of the problem by using an explicit finite difference technique. We find that indeed in the presence of the interactions with the surrounding rock, it would be necessary to modify the standard dispersion coefficient so that the solution of the laterally averaged equation produces agreement with the more detailed analysis.

The displacement of identity: on being Irish

Abstract Taylor's (1991) analysis of English territoriality inspires an exploration of the prospects for the displacement of identity. Irish identity, customarily assumed by tens of millions who have no contact with Ireland and its present circumstances, provides a suitable case to examine the disconnection of nationality and politics. After a glance at historical origins, the ambiguities involved in the emergence of Irish nationalism in the 19th century are touched upon to clarify the sources of the Irish Republic's national myth. The numbers catered for by this sense of being Irish are small compared with those in the USA, Great Britain and the Commonwealth who readily profess to being Irish. Clearly there is a widespread sense of commonality which has little to do with the present realities of Ireland's geography and politics. Perhaps nationality, territoriality and politics can be divorced.

An integral equation justification of the boundary conditions of the driven-cavity problem

The driven-cavity problem, a renowned bench-mark problem of computational, incompressible fluid dynamics, is physically unrealistic insofar as the inherent boundary singularities (where the moving lid meets the stationary walls) imply the necessity of an infinite force to drive the flow: this follows from G.I. Taylor's analysis of the so-called scaper problem. Using a boundary integral equation (BIE) formulation employing a suitable Green's function, we investigate herein, in the Strokes approximation, the effect of introducing small “leaks” to replace the singularities, thus rendering the problem physically realizable, The BIE approach used here incorporates functional forms of both the asymptotic far-field and singular near-field solution behaviours, in order to improve the accuracy of the numerical solution. Surprisingly, we find that the introduction of the leaks effects notably the global flow field a distance of the order of 100 leak widths away from the leaks. However, we observe that, as the leak width tends to zero, there is exellent agreement between our results and Taylor's thus justifying the use of the seemingly unrealizble boundary conditions in the driven-cavity problem. We also discover that the far-field, asymptotic, closed-form solution mentioned above is a remarkably accurate representation of the flow even in the near-field. Several streamline plots, over a range of spatial scales, are presented.

Buoyantly-driven two-phase countercurrent flow in liquid discharge from a vessel with an unvented gas space

This paper details experiments and analyses regarding the phenomenon of liquid discharge into a gaseous atmosphere from the bottom of a vessel with an unvented, upper gas space. The primary goal is the development of a simple model that predicts the rate of liquid discharge under the prevailing unvented condition. A literature survey of previous work on this phenomenon yielded only simple experiments and analyses that were limited in scope. Experiments were subsequently undertaken with an air-water system, using a larger volume and a wide range of drain line diameters. In addition to flowrate data, visual information was acquired regarding the physical mechanism possibly governing the prevalent flow regimes. The governing physical mechanism is identified as the stability of a gas-liquid interface, perturbed by buoyancy, at the drain line entrance. G.I. Taylor's fundamental analysis of interfacial stability lead to the determination of criteria for flow regime transition among the three prevalent flow regimes, corresponding to so-called small, medium, and large diameters. Also, analysis of the growth of interfacial instabilities lead to the application of flooding models for drainage rates within each regime. The models for moderate and large diameters were then compared against data, which confirmed their success in predicting discharge rates under the unvented condition. The motivation for this effort, besides the basic scientific significance of studying such a fundamental phenomenon, was its numerous applications, one of which is commercial nuclear reactor systems. Specifically, the phenomenon prevails in liquid coolant discharge from a PWR pressurizer, with an unvented steam volume, into a steam atmosphere existing in the adjoining hot coolant leg. Such a phenomenon could occur as part of a transient, or severe accident, scenario, entailing saturated conditions and steam production in the normally subcooled primary heat transport loop. The developed model was implemented in the Modular Accident Analysis Program (MAAP), a computer code designed to predict reactor system behavior in response to postulated off-normal conditions, including severe accident scenarios.

Empirical Evidence on Put-Call Parity in Australia: A Reconciliation and Further Evidence

The results of the put-call parity studies by Loudon (1988) and Taylor (1990) are in direct conflict despite the authors reporting the use of virtually identical models and methods. Employing an improved version of Taylor's data collection procedures, we test the parity theorem in the period studied by Loudon. The results are similar to those of Loudon. As a result, we run separate checks of Taylor's data and analysis. The check of the data reveals that over sixty per cent of Taylor's observations are invalid. The check of the analysis reveals that the lower boundary of the put-call parity relation was incorrectly calculated by Taylor. Correcting this error results in fundamentally different conclusions.

Low-order finite elements for parameter identification in groundwater flow

Improved evaluation and characterization of the geologic subsurface are necessary precursors to enhancing our ability to recover desirable resources and guard against undesirable contaminants. Mathematical models are increasingly used to assess the effects of these activities when the fidelity of material parameters describing the system control the reliability of the resulting prediction. Inverse models provide a formal means of space, or history, matching observed data to determine the unknown spatial distribution of the required parameters. The finite element method is one of the most popular numerical methods and is used in this study for transmissivity identification in steady groundwater flow. To optimize parameter identification, a comparison of different elements is carried out. It is well known that high-order elements usually result in improved accuracy in forward solution of engineering problems. However, this fact might not be true in the inverse solution. The study in this paper uses different element orders for Taylor's series analysis and in coding a finite element program. The analysis indicates that strong variation of transmissivity results in a larger residual error for high-order elements than for low-order elements. An example with an analytical solution is used for numerical comparison. The computed results show that low-order elements, rather than high-order elements, yield better results in parameter estimation. When the variation of unknown parameters is large, the error within the high-order elements is large. It is recommended that low-order finite elements or constant elements be used for an inverse solution. The comparison also illustrates that any minimization procedure may be used to minimize the residual error and to limit numerical difficulties in inverse solution. A two-dimensional example shows that the relative errors are very small when a constant element is used but that errors increase as the measured head distribution flattens.

An interpretation of Taylor's statistical analysis of particle dispersion

An interpretation of Taylor's statistical analysis of particle dispersion