Taylor Scale Research Articles

Lagrangian particle tracking at large Reynolds numbers.

In the study of fluid turbulence, the Lagrangian frame of reference represents the most appropriate methodology for investigating transport and mixing. This necessitates the tracking of particles advected by the flow over space and time at high resolution. In the past, the purely spatial counterpart, the Eulerian frame of reference, has been the subject of extensive investigation utilizing hot wire anemometry that employs Taylor's frozen flow hypotheses. Measurements were reported for Taylor scale Reynolds number Rλ > 104 in atmospheric flows, which represent the highest strength of turbulence observed on Earth. The inherent difficulties in accurately tracking particles in turbulent flows have thus far constrained Lagrangian measurements to Taylor scale Reynolds numbers up to approximately Rλ = 103. This study presents the Lagrangian particle tracking setup in the MaxPlanck Variable Density Turbulence Tunnel (VDTT), where Taylor scale Reynolds numbers between 100 and 6000 can be reached. It provides a comprehensive account of the imaging setup within the pressurized facility, the laser illumination, the particles used, and the particle seeding mechanism employed, as well as a detailed description of the experimental procedure. The suitability of KOBO Cellulobeads D-10 particles as tracers within the VDTT is illustrated. The results demonstrate that there is no significant charge exhibited by the particles and that the impact of their inertia on the results is negligible across a wide range of experimental conditions. Typical data are presented, and the challenges and constraints of the experimental approach are discussed in detail.

Potential‐temperature variance budget in a saturated coastal‐fog environment

AbstractIn this work, we explore the intricacies of the potential‐temperature variance budget in coastal fog. We propose an improvement to the theoretical framework of the budget, whereby we include the heat exchange due to water‐phase changes. We then show this framework's consistency with a real‐world case study from the Coastal Fog (C‐FOG) Research Program. Results show that the presence of intermittent energy bursts is driven by the sudden turbulent injection of heat into the environment caused by the condensation of water vapour, and the improved theoretical framework proves satisfactory in detailing the observed process. The heat excess is transported vertically, creating a two‐term balance of high‐order moments. A bulk parametrization of this balance is also proposed to provide a simplified representation of the phase‐change process and suggest that it could be used for operational purposes. Finally, the length‐scales of the processes are evaluated from the parametrizations. The analysis indicates that the scales of the phase change of water vapour are consistent with the buoyancy production and Taylor scales.

Reynolds number effect on the parameters of turbulent flows over open channels

Abstract Experimental investigations were conducted to analyze the effect of Reynolds numbers on turbulent flow properties in a nonuniform sand bed channel. Steady flow simulations were performed over the nonuniform sand bed channel, considering five Reynolds numbers within the range of 36500–53886. This article endeavors to delineate the influence of Reynolds number on turbulent flow properties through meticulous laboratory studies. Observations revealed that higher Reynolds numbers corresponded to increased longitudinal velocity. As the Reynolds number increases by 10 to 47%, various turbulent flow properties exhibit distinct trends. Specifically, the longitudinal velocity, longitudinal turbulent intensity, vertical turbulent intensity, turbulent kinetic energy, Reynolds shear stress, and Taylor scale show increases ranging from 5 to 30%, 15 to 25%, 15 to 20%, 25 to 60%, 20 to 40%, and 35 to 45%, respectively. Taylor scale analysis indicated higher magnitudes associated with higher Reynolds numbers. In-depth examinations of turbulent anisotropy, third-order moments of velocity fluctuations, kurtosis, turbulent kinetic energy production, and dissipation provided additional insights into flow behavior across different Reynolds numbers. This study contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of flow dynamics in nonuniform sand bed channels under varying Reynolds number conditions, bridging the gap between laboratory studies and real-world scenarios.

What is the Reynolds Number of the Solar Wind?

The Reynolds number, Re, is an important quantity for describing a turbulent flow. It tells us about the bandwidth over which energy can cascade from large scales to smaller ones, prior to the onset of dissipation. However, calculating it for nearly collisionless plasmas like the solar wind is challenging. Previous studies have used formulations of an “effective” Reynolds number, expressing Re as a function of the correlation scale and either the Taylor scale or a proxy for the dissipation scale. We find that the Taylor scale definition of the Reynolds number has a sizable prefactor of approximately 27, which has not been employed in previous works. Drawing from 18 years of data from the Wind spacecraft at 1 au, we calculate the magnetic Taylor scale directly and use both the ion inertial length and the magnetic spectrum break scale as approximations for the dissipation scale, yielding three distinct Re estimates for each 12 hr interval. Average values of Re range between 116,000 and 3,406,000 within the general distribution of past work. We also find considerable disagreement between the methods, with linear associations of between 0.38 and 0.72. Although the Taylor scale method is arguably more physically motivated, due to its dependence on the energy cascade rate, more theoretical work is needed in order to identify the most appropriate way of calculating effective Reynolds numbers for kinetic plasmas. As a summary of our observational analysis, we make available a data product of 28 years of 1 au solar wind and magnetospheric plasma measurements from Wind.

Attitudes towards induced abortion among gynecologists in Kurdistan region of Iraq

BackgroundUnsafe abortion is a major contributor to maternal morbidity and mortality in countries where induced abortion is restricted. In Kurdistan Region of Iraq, induced abortion is strictly forbidden except for life-threatening situations, increasing the risk of seeking unsafe abortions. Attitudes among healthcare professionals who directly encounter cases and consequences of induced abortion can be studied to improve women’s access to safe abortion. This study aimed to examine attitudes towards induced abortion among gynecologists in Kurdistan Region of Iraq.MethodsThis cross-sectional facility-based study was conducted in the first quarter of 2022 in Kurdistan Region of Iraq in the cities of Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, and Duhok. Convenient sampling was used to invite 330 gynecologists to participate, with 171 ultimately completing the questionnaire, giving a response rate of 53%. Questionaries using the Taylor and Whitehead abortion attitude scale were sent in person or digitally. The data was then analyzed using Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests to determine the independence of attitudes and associations between attitudes and sociodemographic factors.ResultsAmong 171 gynecologists, 25% of the gynecologists agreed that induced abortion is unacceptable under any circumstances. Most (71%) disagreed that a woman has the right to choose to have an induced abortion. Around 51% considered induced abortion murder, and 41% agreed that induced abortion goes against all morals. Around 57% disagreed with the legalization of induced abortion, while 43% agreed. Gynecologists who were unmarried (P = 0.025), under the age of 40 (P = 0.044), and with less than 10 years of clinical experience (P = 0.043) were more likely to support the legalization of induced abortion in Kurdistan Region. None of the variables was found to be independently associated with attitudes towards abortion legalization.ConclusionsDespite some younger gynecologists having more favorable attitudes towards induced abortion, most gynecologists in Kurdistan Region had less favorable views. Most gynecologists were willing to provide post-abortion care regardless of their legal status. We recommend conducting more studies to investigate the consequences of current abortion legislation among women in need of induced abortion in Kurdistan Region of Iraq.

Motywacja i zaspokojenie potrzeb w pracy a work-life balance i poczucie satysfakcji z życia pracowników polskich korporacji w okresie przed pandemią Covid-19

Introduction: Maintaining a balance between personal and professional life (work-life balance, WLB) is one of the key factors important for the effectiveness of functioning in the professional area and also has a direct impact on the sense of satisfaction with life. The article explores the relationship between motivational factors and needs satisfaction at work and WLB and life satisfaction. Research Aim: The aim of the research was to determine the relationships between the different types of motivation regulation postulated in the theory of self-determination by Deci and Ryan (2000) and the satisfaction of needs at work (autonomy, competence and bonds with other people) and WLB and the sense of life satisfaction of corporate employees. Method: The study covered 82 employees of five institutions from the financial sector, aged 22 to 62.27 (33%) of the respondents held a managerial position. The following questionnaires were used in the study: “Work-Life Balance” (Hill Hawkins, Ferris, Weitzman, 2001), “SWLS” (Juczyński, 2012), Work Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation Scale (WEIMS) Tremblay, Blanchard, Taylor, Pelletier, Villeneuvei (2009), and Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction Scale – Work Domain (Deci et al., 2001). Results: Among the respondents, a negative relationship between amotivation – lack of motivation to work and WLB was found. The factor that turned out to be positively associated with WLB was the satisfaction of the need of autonomy at work. Positive relationships were also found between intrinsic motivation and life satisfaction, as well as WLB and life satisfaction. Conclusions: The results of the study indicate that it is not so much the specific type of motivation that affects the maintenance of WLB, as the lack of motivation is associated with the disturbance of this balance. The key need that is met at work translates into WLB is the need for autonomy. Our study reported a positive relationship between WLB and life satisfaction. This means that maintaining a work-life balance can be considered as one of the important aspects of well-being.

Direct numerical simulation of adverse pressure gradient turbulent boundary layer up to [formula omitted

A direct numerical simulation of a moderate adverse pressure gradient turbulent boundary layer flow on a flat plate was performed on a fairly long domain with a Reynolds number from Reθ≃2000 to Reθ≃8000. The mean streamwise velocity profile does not exhibit a clear log region even at the highest Reynolds number. The Reynolds stresses exhibit a well defined peak in the outer region which moves away from the wall before to stabilise at a wall distance y of 0.45 boundary layer thickness after evolving over 20 local boundary layer thicknesses. These outer peaks are the consequences of an excess of production over dissipation and they all scale with the shear stress velocity for wall distance 0.2δ<y<0.85δ. The different terms of the Reynolds stresses equations are analysed in the outer region and the analysis confirms that the leading terms are the same as for a zero pressure gradient turbulent boundary layer except that the production and dissipation are not negligible in the outer region. The most significant contribution of scales smaller than two Taylor scales is on the pressure strain term of the shear stress equation. The probability of the occurrence of small scale vortices conditioned by the presence of an ejection or a sweep shows that the shear stress contained in ejections is associated with the production and transport of near wall vortices away from the wall. The local mean shear generated by the sweeps increases the production of near wall vortices. Lastly, the large scale structures analysed by means of two point correlations of the streamwise fluctuating velocity are shown to be strongly modified by the adverse pressure gradient. The correlation reveals a decoupling between the near wall streaks and the large scale streamwise structures enhanced by the adverse pressure gradient.

Detecting ultrafast turbulent oscillations in near-nozzle discharged liquid jet using x-ray phase-contrast imaging with MHz frequency

Characteristics of a discharged liquid jet in near-nozzle are determined by the in-flow turbulences generated by the evolution of inflow vortices and cavitation. High-fidelity simulations have indicated that such physical processes can generate ultrafast turbulent fluctuations (in the range of MHz) originating from the nature of turbulence by the interaction between the large and small-scale turbulence in the flow. Detecting ultrafast turbulent oscillations while resolving small-scale turbulences in the optically dense near-nozzle liquid jet has not been observed through experimental methods so far. In this study, therefore, ultrafast x-ray phase-contrast imaging, which can provide a clear image in the near-field using a high-energy x-ray source, was applied to observe the fluctuation of flow velocity in the near-field to obtain the ultrafast turbulent oscillations at the discharged jet. To capture the ultrafast variance of flow velocity originating from the nature of turbulence, the high imaging frequency was applied up to 1.2 MHz. With the implemented methodology, turbulence intensity distributions of discharged liquid jets were measured for various injection pressures and nozzle geometries. Such turbulence intensity results were also correlated with the initial dispersion angle of the spray. In addition, the turbulence length scales, which can be detected through the current methodology, were estimated and discussed considering standard-length scales. The results showed that the current experimental method introduced in this study can provide important insights into the turbulence characteristics of spray by resolving Taylor scale turbulences and can provide valuable validation data and boundary conditions for reliable spray simulations.

Features of the course of ankylosing spondylitis depending on the psychosocial status and duration of the disease

Purpose: to study the influence of psychosocial indicators and duration of the disease on the quality of life (QL), anxiety-depressive spectrum disorders (ADSD) and clinical and laboratory activity in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Materials and methods: the study involved 112 patients with AS. The author assessed clinical and laboratory activity of the disease, QOL (SF-36), the presence of ADSD (using the Taylor, Hamilton, and Spielberger scales), and autonomic disorders depending on the duration of the disease and the level of education. Results: in most patients with AS, signs of ADSD were detected, while in persons with higher education (HE), ADSD were significantly more common, and they had a higher level of anxiety and depression. Patients with HE have lower vital activity, the ability to adapt to social functioning, and an indicator of mental health. The study of the effect of AS duration on QL allowed the author to establish an association between an increase in AS duration and a decrease in the indicator of the psychological component of health. Conclusions: male patients with a higher level of education, who are characterized by lower indicators of QOL, mainly psychological health, have a greater tendency to develop ADSD. An increase in the duration of AS disease does not affect the development of ADSD. With the duration of AS for over 10 years, the indicators of the psycho-emotional and physical components of QOL decrease. There is a tendency in the increase in anxiety and depression levels, antioxidant protection factors are getting exhausted, inflammatory activity progresses, and personal perception of pain intensifies.

BURNOUT SYNDROME AMONG THE REPRESENTATIVES OF DIFFERENT PROFESSIONS

Burnout Syndrome (BS) is a serious problem for which both individuals and organizations pay a lot. Nowadays the problem of maintaining professional and psychological health among specialists of various professions attracts attention of scientists from different fields: psychology, medicine and psychotherapy.&#x0D; The main aim of the study is a comparative analysis of the burnout syndrome in specialists of different professions. Sample: 105 respondents: teachers, medical workers, firefighters-rescuers aged from 23 to 68, with experience from 1 year to 43 years.&#x0D; We use the data obtained by questioning respondents and testing for achieving the purpose of the study such as the V.V. Boyko’s “Method for diagnosing the level of emotional burnout”; - a clinical questionnaire for the detection and evaluation of neurotic conditions by K.K. Yakhin, D.M. Mendelevich; - a technique for measuring the level of anxiety (J. Taylor scale).&#x0D; Data processing was carried out in the form of statistical analysis in the SPSS.22.0 program. As a result, we revealed correlation links between indicators of emotional burnout and work experience, satisfaction with the work schedule, labor incentives, functional content of the work, individual personal and psychological characteristics. The study reasonably shows the factors in the formation of the burnout syndrome, identified causal and concomitant relationships.

The Variation of the Solar Wind Correlation Scale and Taylor Scale Upstream of Mars Observed by MAVEN

The correlation scale and Taylor scale, which characterize the turbulence and dissipation levels, of the solar wind upstream of Mars are determined using the Mars atmosphere and volatile evolution magnetic field data from 2015 to 2020, which covers half of a solar cycle from the solar maximum to the solar minimum. Our analysis suggests that the correlation scale varies between 10 and 20 hr and the Taylor scale between 0.3 and 1 s. Applying the frozen-in flow approximation, we convert the two temporal scales to the two spatial scales, which are about (1.5–3.0) × 107 km and 150–500 km, respectively. We further compare the correlation scale and Taylor scale to the sunspot number (SSN) to study the impacts of solar activity. The highest correlation coefficient between the correlation scale and the SSN is 0.78, where the two data sets are shifted by 16 months with the correlation scale behind the SSN. For the Taylor scale, the highest correlation coefficient is 0.52 with the time lag of 17 months. We also analyze the effective magnetic Reynolds number that is the square of the ratio of the two scales. It is more than 3 × 109, suggesting the good assumption of the frozen-in flow. However, its correlation with the SSN is weak.

Self-similarity of scalar isosurface area density in a temporal mixing layer

Understanding the behaviour of scalar isosurfaces in a turbulent flow is of particular interest for many problems in turbulent mixing that contain sharp interfaces between regions of the flow. Common examples include combustion, where the chemical reactions occur in thin regions within the flow, and the turbulent/non-turbulent interface in shear flows, where a thin region separates the rotational, turbulent motions from the irrotational, non-turbulent background. Recent advances in computing technology allow for in-depth analysis of these interface problems that are difficult to quantify in a laboratory setting. In this paper, the results of a direct numerical simulation of a passive scalar $\varPhi$ evolving on a turbulent, temporally developing mixing layer are described. A novel approach has been taken to calculate the surface area of individual scalar isosurfaces, $A_{iso}$ , throughout the simulation, as well as the mean isosurface area density, $\varSigma$ , as a function of the cross-stream direction and time. A notable finding is that the profiles of $\varSigma$ develop in a self-similar manner when scaled by the Taylor scale of the scalar field, $\lambda _\phi$ . Remarkably, the scaling appears to hold for a wide range of isovalues. A rough scaling argument based on the formal definition of $\varSigma$ and properties of a temporal mixing layer is presented which also exposes a dependence on $\lambda _\phi$ . Based on these results, a possible scaling for the isosurface area is presented as $A_{iso}/A_0 \sim (Re \, Sc)^{1/2}$ , where $Re$ and $Sc$ are local Reynolds and Schmidt numbers, respectively.

CHANGES IN QUALITY OF LIFE AND EXPRESSION OF ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION IN PATIENTS WITH DIVERTICULAR COLON DISEASE

The constant increase in the incidence of diverticular disease (DD), especially in middle-aged and elderly people, the establishment of new additional etiological factors of development and pathogenetic mechanisms of progression make the problem of this nosology extremely relevant. The presence of persistent symptoms such as abdominal pain, stool disorders, which constantly bother 20% of patients and frequent recurrences of diverticulitis and their complications, which occur in 25% of such patients, lead to high levels of stress. Diverticular disease has a negative impact on the quality of life of patients, which worsens with increasing duration of the disease. Most studies on quality of life and the development of anxiety and depression concern patients with complicated diverticular disease and patients after surgery for their complications. At the same time, there is limited information and statistics on the relationship between uncomplicated diverticular disease and anxiety, depression and reduced quality of life.&#x0D; The aim of the study: to assess the severity of anxiety and depression and reduced quality of life in patients with diverticular disease of the colon.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The study included 48 patients with diverticular disease, 32 - with irritable bowel syndrome and 15 healthy individuals. Depending on the severity of clinical manifestations, the nature of the course, the results of laboratory, radiological, sonographic results and computed tomography used classification of DD according to B. Lembske, and among patients such types as 0, 3a, 3b prevailed, which was 87.5 %. Taylor scales, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and the Spielberg-Hanin situational anxiety level were used to assess the severity of anxiety and depression. The quality of life of patients and patients in the control group was assessed using the GIQLI questionnaire and the WSAS questionnaire (appendices A and D).&#x0D; Research results. According to the Taylor scale, a high level of anxiety (35.8 ± 0.8 points) occurred in 58.3%, and average (23.9 ± 0.7 points) in 22.9% of respondents, while in healthy people the indicator was low (12.0 ± 1.1 points). In 20.8% of patients with diverticular disease, symptoms of depression prevailed with an index of 12.2 ± 1.1 points. According to the results of the Spielberg-Hanin questionnaire, 72.9% of patients with DD had moderate anxiety (39.7 ± 1.2 points), and 20.1% had depression (6.7 ± 1.0 points). There is a direct correlation between anxiety indicators according to the Taylor, Spielberg - Khanin scale (r = 0.71 p &lt;0.05).&#x0D; The quality of life of patients with DH decreased by 30.2% due to intestinal symptoms and slightly less due to the emotional component. Diverticular disease decreased physical status (by 18.7 points) and social activity (by 9.3 points). Appendix D of the WSAS also confirmed a decline in employment and social activity and a quality of life (Appendix A).&#x0D; Conclusions. Thus, uncomplicated diverticular disease causes anxiety in 81.2%, and depression - in 20.8%, and according to Spielberg - Khanin - in 72.9% and 20.1%, respectively. Diverticular disease also reduces the quality of life according to the GIQLI questionnaire by 37.64%. Assessment of manifestations of anxiety and depression and reduced quality of life will allow to choose further tactics of treatment of patients with diverticular disease.

Two-dimensional Modeling of the Tearing-mode-governed Magnetic Reconnection in the Large-scale Current Sheet above the Two-ribbon Flare

We attempt to model magnetic reconnection during the two-ribbon flare in a gravitationally stratified solar atmosphere with the Lundquist number of S = 106 using 2D simulations. We found that the tearing mode instability leads to inhomogeneous turbulence inside the reconnecting current sheet (CS) and invokes the fast phase of reconnection. Fast reconnection brings an extra dissipation of magnetic field which enhances the reconnection rate in an apparent way. The energy spectrum in the CS shows a power law pattern and the dynamics of plasmoids govern the associated spectral index. We noticed that the energy dissipation occurs at a scale l ko of 100–200 km, and the associated CS thickness ranges from 1500 to 2500 km, which follows the Taylor scale l T = l ko S 1/6. The termination shock (TS) appears in the turbulent region above flare loops, which is an important contributor to heating flare loops. Substantial magnetic energy is converted into both kinetic and thermal energies via TS, and the cumulative heating rate is greater than the rate of the kinetic energy transfer. In addition, the turbulence is somehow amplified by TS, in which the amplitude is related to the local geometry of the TS.

Measurement of the Taylor scale in a magnetized turbulent laboratory plasma wind-tunnel

The fluid Taylor scale is measured in the Bryn Mawr Experiment (BMX) of the Bryn Mawr Plasma Laboratory and examined as a potential dissipation scale of magnetic turbulence within the plasma. We present the first laboratory measurements of the Taylor scale of a turbulent magnetized plasma through multi-point correlations of broadband magnetic fluctuations. From spatial and temporal correlations, respectively, the measured Taylor scales are 2±1 and 3±1 cm. These measurements are on the same order of magnitude as estimated ion dissipation scales within the BMX plasma with ion inertial scales between 1 and 10 cm and ion gyroscales between 0.1 and 1.0 cm. From these measurements, a magnetic Reynolds number can be computed. Since Taylor scale values are determined using multi-point correlations and a Richardson extrapolation technique, an estimate of the magnetic Reynolds number can be found without the added complication of specifying a model of microscopic diffusivity, a parameter often difficult to obtain experimentally.

A sub-grid scale cavitation inception model

Unresolved pressure fluctuations at the sub-grid scale (SGS) level of large eddy simulation (LES) or Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes computations affect cavitation inception predictions, as SGS low pressures are simply ignored. We present a framework to take the unresolved SGS flow into account. Representing the SGS flow as canonical turbulence, in this paper, homogeneous isotropic turbulence (HIT), the pressure fluctuations, and transport and cavitating behavior of nuclei in such turbulence can be evaluated from direct numerical simulations (DNS) and used to create a model of cavitation inception that accounts for SGS fluctuations. To accomplish this, nuclei of different sizes were transported in DNS of HIT using their pressure history to drive the Rayleigh–Plesset equation that simulates bubble dynamics. In this way, expected average cavitation frequencies were tabulated for a range of SGS Taylor scale Reynolds numbers (Reλ), nucleus size, turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate, and mean pressure. The model uses this table to estimate the cavitation event rate in each cell of a computational fluid dynamics solution. Inception can then be predicted by comparing the total cavitation rate with the detection criterion. The model is first assessed on two cases of HIT (at Reλ = 240 and 324) by comparing the pressure statistics, which it predicts in LES runs using the SGS cavitation model against the statistics of DNS. Then, a high Reλ (1660–1880) HIT flow is simulated using LES, and cavitation events are compared against experimental data. The inception model successfully predicts the inception pressure and the cavitation rates in the flow.

Estimation of Turbulent Length Scales at a Turbocharger Inlet Using Stereoscopic Particle Image Velocimetry

Abstract Stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (SPIV) measurements are carried out at the inlet of a turbocharger compressor at four different shaft speeds from 80,000 rpm to 140,000 rpm and over the entire range of flow rates from choke to mild surge. This paper describes the procedure used in processing the SPIV data leading to the estimates of turbulent length scales—integral, Taylor, and Kolmogorov, to enhance the fundamental understanding and characterization of the compressor inlet flow field. The analysis reveals that at most operating conditions, the three different length scales have markedly different magnitudes, as expected, while they have somewhat similar qualitative distributions with respect to the duct radius. For example, at 80,000 rpm and at a flowrate of 15.7 g/s (mild surge), the longitudinal integral length scale is of the order of 15 mm, the Taylor scale is around 0.5 mm, and the Kolmogorov scale is about 10 μm. With the onset of flow reversal, the turbulent kinetic energy and turbulent intensity at the compressor inlet are observed to increase rapidly, while the magnitudes of the Kolmogorov scale and to a certain extent, the Taylor scale are found to decrease suggesting that the increased turbulence gives rise to even smaller flow structures. The variation of length scales with compressor shaft speed has also been studied.

Analysis of stress factors in medical university students based on the international classification of functioning and the use of “Restorative” herbal blend for their psychocorrection

A survey of medical university students was conducted (20 people, 45% worked with patients with coronavirus infection). We studied stress factors and the psychological effectiveness of the course medication intake of the "Restorative" herbal blend (oregano grass, thyme grass, blackberry leaf, echinacea leaf). The reception period is 20 days. The available stress factors were evaluated by a developed questionnaire, in which scaling was performed in the paradigm of the International Classification of Functioning. The psychological state before and after taking the herbal blend was assessed using the methods "Coping behavior in stressful situations", "Taylor's scale of anxiety manifestations", "Emotional burnout" by V. Boyko. The most significant challenges for respondents are caused by prolonged and intense psychoemotional loads, violations of the work and rest regime. After taking the herbal blend, mental resources increase, anxiety and depression decrease. The subjects begin to deal with stress productively, and not emotionally reacting. The emotional deficit, saving of mental resources, inadequate response to adverse factors are reduced, which indicates the general strengthening effect of the "Restorative" herbal blend not only on the body as a whole, but also on mental processes.

Psychological effects of the course reception of multicomponent herbal blend "Antistress

The study of the effectiveness of the course intake of multicomponent herbal blend "Antistress" (rhizomes with roots of valerian officinalis, motherwort grass, hawthorn flowers, peppermint leaf, lemon balm leaf, herba hyperici) was conducted. The subjects were 20 students of a medical university, 45% of them worked with patients with coronavirus infection. The deadline for receiving the herbal blend is 20 days. The psychological state was assessed using the methods "Coping behavior in stressful situations", "Taylor Scale of anxiety manifestations", "Emotional burnout" by V. Boyko. After taking the herbal medicine, the overly emotional response to stress disappeared, anxiety decreased. Initially inflated indicators of emotional burnout have decreased to normal or close to normal: tension has decreased; forced resistance to adverse circumstances that have generally ceased to be perceived as such; emotional reserves that can be spent productively and with pleasure in professional activities have increased. In many respects, this result was obtained due to the combination of medicinal plants in the herbal blend: along with soothing and improving the functional state of the cardiovascular and nervous system components, herba hyperici, which is a natural antidepressant, was also included in the blend.

Positive effect of polyprenol-containing drug on anxiety, depression and cognitive disorders in patients with acute coronary syndrome

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Introduction Polyprenols (natural isoprenoid lipids) are precursors of dolichols which is present in every cell and involved in a dolicholphosphate pathway. It seems the polyprenols from plants can be used for a substitution therapy in dolicholphosphate pathway disorders. There is one polyprenol-containing drug in Russia – Ropren® which contains polyprenols isolated by the original method from needles of European spruce. In clinical trials hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic effects of Ropren® in patients with liver pathology and positive effect in alcoholic psychosis and Alzheimer"s disease were founded. Considering that the myocardial infarction is often accompanied by the phenomena of anxiety, depression and decreased cognitive functions that impair prognosis of the disease the search for a drug aimed at reducing the expression of these conditions is relevant. Purpose To study the effects of Ropren® on anxiety-depressive condition and cognitive functions in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Methods Our registered single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial "POLYNCOR" were included patients (n = 68) with acute coronary syndrome hospitalized on the first day from the beginning of the symptoms. All patients received standard therapy (including atorvastatin 40 mg) and were randomized on 2 groups: the 1st group (n = 34) received Ropren® 8 drops during а meal 3 times a day (144 mg/day) for 3 weeks then 3 drops 3 times a day (90 mg/day) for 5 weeks; the 2nd group 2 (n = 34) received placebo with the same dosage regimen. On the 3rd, 10th days of hospitalization and after 2 months of therapy the following parameters were analyzed: the level of depression on the CES-D scale, anxiety on the Taylor and Sheehan scales, cognitive functions were assessed on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MoCA). Statistical data processing was performed using the Statistica v.10.0 package using nonparametric analysis methods. The results are presented as Me (Q1; Q3). Results At discharge there were no differences between groups and the majority of the patients had signs of anxiety, depression and decreased cognitive functions. After 2 months of therapy comparing with the 3rd day of hospitalization the decrease of anxiety score: 2.5 (1.5; 7.5) vs. 15.5 (9,5; 20,5) respectively (p&amp;lt; 0.05) according to Taylor scale and 5.5 (5; 14) vs. 30 (17,5; 39) respectively (p&amp;lt; 0.05) according to Sheehan scale, and depression score: 8 (6.5; 9.5) vs. 18 (15,5; 20,5) respectively (p&amp;lt; 0.05) according to CES-D scale were founded in the study group. Also in the study group cognitive functions score were improved from 23 (21; 25) to 26.5 (25; 28) (p&amp;lt; 0.05) according to MoCA scale. Conclusion Polyprenol-containing drug Ropren® contributes to significant reduction of anxiety, depression and improving of cognitive functions in patients with acute coronary syndrome after 2 months of therapy.