Taxonomy Of Strategies Research Articles

Characterizing Alternative Monetization Strategies on YouTube

One of the key emerging roles of the YouTube platform is providing creators the ability to generate revenue from their content and interactions. Alongside tools provided directly by the platform, such as revenue-sharing from advertising, creators co-opt the platform to use a variety of off-platform monetization opportunities. In this work, we focus on studying and characterizing these alternative monetization strategies. Leveraging a large longitudinal YouTube dataset of popular creators, we develop a taxonomy of alternative monetization strategies and a simple methodology to detect their usage automatically. We then proceed to characterize the adoption of these strategies. First, we find that the use of external monetization is expansive and increasingly prevalent, used in 18% of all videos, with 61% of channels using one such strategy at least once. Second, we show that the adoption of these strategies varies substantially among channels of different kinds and popularity, and that channels that establish these alternative revenue streams often become more productive on the platform. Lastly, we investigate how potentially problematic channels -- those that produce Alt-lite, Alt-right, and Manosphere content -- leverage alternative monetization strategies, finding that they employ a more diverse set of such strategies significantly more often than a carefully chosen comparison set of channels. This finding complicates YouTube's role as a gatekeeper, since the practice of excluding policy-violating content from its native on-platform monetization may not be effective. Overall, this work provides an important step toward broadening the understanding of the monetary incentives behind content creation on YouTube.

English vocabulary learning strategies of university students in Papua

This study investigated vocabulary learning strategies (VSL) used by university students in Papua and the relationship between VSL use and English learning achievement. It employed quantitative and qualitative approaches. Quantitative data was collected using Takač's questionnare of VLS and analysed by applying Oxford's Taxonomy of Language Learning Strategies (LLS). Three hundred and thirty-six students majoring in English department and non-English department participated in the questionnaire. Twelve students and six English teachers contributed their perspectives as qualitative data on the learning and teaching of vocabulary at their universities. Key findings included: memory strategies and compensation strategies were the most frequently used strategies; students majoring in English used a wider range of strategies and used them more frequently than did students majoring in other fields of study; high-achieving students used a wider range of strategies and used them more frequently than their low-achieving counterparts; the majority of students were interested in learning new vocabulary through games, songs, movies, role-plays, and using vocabulary cards; more emphasis on VLS instruction need to be placed.

Using Surface Strategy Taxonomy (SST) in Analyzing Students’ Errors in Conducting Recount Paragraph

Writing is considered as one of the most complicated skill in English that leads students to do some errors in conducting particular paragraph. This research was conducted to analyze students’ error in writing recount paragraph. A Theory on Surface Strategy Taxonomy (SST) which is proposed by Dulay, Burt, and Krashen (1982) was used to analyze the students’ work. There were 4 types of errors had been classified according to the theory, namely: omission, addition, malformation, and disordering. A qualitative design was administered in conducting this research. Meanwhile, as the data, a 200-to-250-word recount paragraph had written by each of 30 female students of the tenth grade of a Senior High School in Aceh. The findings showed that the most errors made by the students was in the form of disordering for 29,4%; errors in omission for 27,5%; errors in addition for 21,8%; and errors in malformation for 21,3%. As the conclusion, although errors in writing recount paragraph was something possible to be made by EFL students, to decrease them, the teachers or instructors should facilitate and expedite EFL classroom with more appropriate and various ways of recount text material learning process.

The Realisation of the Refusal Speech Act in Tanjung Tanah Dialect of Kerinci

This study investigates the realisation of the refusal speech acts addressed by the native speakers of Tanjung Tanah (Tj. Tanah) dialect of Kerinci to the interlocutors of high, low and equal social status. Twenty-five native speakers of the Tj. Tanah dialect; 10 males and 15 females whose ages between 19 to 26-year-old were selected to be research participants. Data were collected by means of an open role-play. Then, the role-play’s data were transcribed and were classified according to the taxonomy of the refusal strategies formulated by Beebe, Takahashi, & Uliss-Weltz (1990). The results showed that the native speakers of Tj. Tanah dialect employed two direct strategies, fourteen indirect strategies, and four adjuncts to refusal. In addition to this, they made different frequency of the semantic formulas when declining the wish of the interlocutors of different social status. Mostly, they made higher frequency of ‘Reasons’, direct ‘No’, ‘Negative Willingness’ and ‘Elaborative Reasons’ to the interlocutors of high and low social status. In contrast, they made higher frequency of direct ‘No’, ‘Reasons’, ‘Negative Willingness’ and ‘Persuasion’ to the interlocutors of equal social status. Clearly, the social status of the interlocutors affects the participants’ choice of the refusal strategies.

Team adaptation and safety in aviation

Managing complexity in safety–critical sociotechnical systems requires practitioners to adapt continuously to new challenges. However, adaptation has been subjected to a variety of interpretations depending on the particular research paradigm, which makes it difficult for practitioners to understand and apply to safety management. We use a systematic review of the literature on human adaptation in order to derive a model of team adaptation to guide further research and application to new circumstances by both researchers and practitioners. The cybernetic model and its associated taxonomy of adaptation strategies have been used in a retrospective analysis of human performance data. All elements of the taxonomy are explained in the context of an emergency scenario of Quanta’s flight QF32. Practical implications from this study are highlighted for modern Resilience and Safety II approaches to safety management.

Extralinguistic cultural references (ECRs) rendered into subtitling: The case of the historical film series Diriliş: Ertuğrul

This article concerns itself with various aspects of subtitling as a form of Audiovisual Translation (AVT), with special focus on the constraints the subtitler works under, the difficulties involved in rendering cultural references, and different kinds of strategies that have been proposed to deal with them. The study is mainly centered on the taxonomy of strategies proposed by Jorge Díaz-Cintas, Aline Remael, and Santamaria Guinot. In the first stage, the English subtitles corresponding to the Extralinguistic Cultural References (ECRs) selected from the sound track of the Turkish film series Diriliş: Ertuğrul have been analyzed in the light of these strategies. Then, the subtitler’s methods of dealing with ECRs have been evaluated in order to find out to what extent the translation of ECRs in subtitles have been able to create an effect on target viewers similar to the one created on viewers of the film in the source culture. The analysis of the ECRs selected from the film series generally pointed to an inclination on the part of the subtitler towards keeping close to the norms of the target language and culture, an approach that seems to have been adopted when this did not give rise to a distortion in the meaning of the original expression.

What competition law can do for data privacy (and vice versa)

Attempts to temper big technology firms’ outsized influence in online advertising demonstrate a convergence of opinions between experts as to the extent that the activities of such companies impinge on aspects of citizens’ lives, ranging from the loss of privacy to instances of exclusionary behaviour by incumbents drawn up to handicap competitors. But cutting back big technology firms’ influence through competition law risks inconsistency when different values such as privacy and competition are engaged. This article presents a taxonomy of competition enforcement strategies that can help navigate disputes in online advertising. It reveals that most inconsistencies are the result of an effort in competition policy to divide up separate competition enforcement strategies into mutually exclusive accounts. If these accounts are viewed as complements rather than as substitutes, most inconsistencies disappear. The article offers a shared understanding of competition law and data privacy and seeks to cultivate a more cohesive and nuanced policy debate.

Digital Peer-Supported Self-Management Intervention Codesigned by People With Long COVID: Mixed Methods Proof-of-Concept Study.

BackgroundThere are around 1.3 million people in the United Kingdom with the devastating psychological, physical, and cognitive consequences of long COVID (LC). UK guidelines recommend that LC symptoms be managed pragmatically with holistic support for patients’ biopsychosocial needs, including psychological, emotional, and physical health. Self-management strategies, such as pacing, prioritization, and goal setting, are vital for the self-management of many LC symptoms.ObjectiveThis paper describes the codevelopment and initial testing of a digital intervention combining peer support with positive psychology approaches for self-managing the physical, emotional, psychological, and cognitive challenges associated with LC. The objectives of this study were to (1) codesign an intervention with and for people with LC; (2) test the intervention and study methods; (3) measure changes in participant well-being, self-efficacy, fatigue, and loneliness; and (4) understand the types of self-management goals and strategies used by people with LC.MethodsThe study used a pre-post, mixed methods, pragmatic, uncontrolled design. Digital intervention content was codeveloped with a lived-experience group to meet the needs uncovered during the intervention development and logic mapping phase. The resulting 8-week digital intervention, Hope Programme for Long COVID, was attended by 47 participants, who completed pre- and postprogram measures of well-being, self-efficacy, fatigue, and loneliness. Goal-setting data were extracted from the digital platform at the end of the intervention.ResultsThe recruitment rate (n=47, 83.9%) and follow-up rate (n=28, 59.6%) were encouraging. Positive mental well-being (mean difference 6.5, P<.001) and self-efficacy (mean difference 1.1, P=.009) improved from baseline to postcourse. All goals set by participants mapped onto the 5 goal-oriented domains in the taxonomy of everyday self-management strategies (TEDSS). The most frequent type of goals was related to activity strategies, followed by health behavior and internal strategies.ConclusionsThe bespoke self-management intervention, Hope Programme for Long COVID, was well attended, and follow-up was encouraging. The sample characteristics largely mirrored those of the wider UK population with LC. Although not powered to detect statistically significant changes, the preliminary data show improvements in self-efficacy and positive mental well-being. Our next trial (ISRCTN: 11868601) will use a nonrandomized waitlist control design to further examine intervention efficacy.

The Ability of 1st Class Students of SMAN 11 Enrekang to Arrange Verbal and Nominal Sentences

This research aims to reveal the ability of 1st graders of SMAN 11 Enrekang in compiling verbal and nominal sentences using the simple present tense and the difficulties that occur when compiling verbal and nominal sentences using the simple present tense. The researcher used quantitative method by applying the Surface Strategy Taxonomy in analyzing the data. The results of this research indicating that there are four types of errors. The frequency and percentage based on the surface strategy taxonomy are 63.59% misformation, then 16.18% addition, 13.88% omission, and 6.35% misordering. Furthermore, there are three difficulties experienced by students in compiling verbal and nominal sentences using the simple present tense, 1) Students do not understand the grammatical system; 2) students just write down what comes to mind without following the grammar; and 3) students do not understand vocabulary. The teachers recommend practicing grammar rules, in the simple present tense for mistakes. In addition, other researchers can provide techniques to improve students' mastery of the simple present tense

Investigation of Socially Responsible Investment Strategies Taxonomy

Purpose: To generalize a taxonomy of responsible investment strategies based on assessing the main trends in the development of SRI at the global level and by major geographical regions. Analyse the types of existing SRI strategies and rank them according to their leading positions and active use in different geographical regions.&#x0D; Design/Method/Approach: System-structural in order to generalize approaches to the typology of socially responsible investment strategies in accordance with the current assets structure managed by investment managers, including by geographical regions; systematic analysis to identify current trends and patterns in the investment processes in line with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs); statistical and graphical methods for quantitative and visual presentation of analysis results.&#x0D; Findings: The current mechanism of socially responsible investments distribution in comparison with traditional assets is characterized; global trends in the field of SRI are assessed; the taxonomy of SRI strategies in accordance with general scientific approaches and classifications of international investment organizations aimed at achieving the Sustainable Development Goals at the global level has been formed and generalized.&#x0D; Theoretical Implications: A comprehensive assessment of global investment processes is carried out in the context of responsible investment and achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals; the most optimal approaches to the RI strategies typology have been determined based on its current trends, the level of attraction of them in different regions in order to apply them in the impact investments programs, developing the country's profile as an investment donor.&#x0D; Research Limitations/Future Research: The the obtained results will be used in the further study of the transformation of the stock market in Ukraine based on the responsible trajectory and fractal analysis. Also, identified responsible investment strategies can serve as a basis for developing the investment profile of the impact investment donor country, as well as for highlighting priority areas for attracting investments to restore the country's economy after crises, military conflicts and other macroeconomic destabilization factors.&#x0D; The study was performed within the state budget research “Fractal model of the stock market transformation in Ukraine: socially responsible investment to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals” № 0121U100473&#x0D; Paper type: Empirical

Conceptualising the authorial burden

Authoring Interactive Digital Narratives creates a burden of content creation due to their structure. This is referred to as the authorial burden. This article presents a framework for understanding the authorial burden, and it presents a taxonomy of different strategies that seek to overcome this burden.

Students’ Error of Using Passive Voice Based on Surface Strategy Taxonomy

Students’ Error of Using Passive Voice Based on Surface Strategy Taxonomy

SURFACE STRATEGY TAXONOMY: ERROR ANALYSIS IN ACADEMIC WRITING

This research aimed at describing the types of errors and their sources produced by 25 students of the Academic Writing Class of the Talent Scouting Program at IAIN Salatiga. This research used a qualitative method using students' writing assignments as the data source. The Theory of Surface Strategy Taxonomy was used in the data analysis. In finding the source of error, the researcher used comparative analysis. This study found four types of errors, with a total of 29 errors, including the omission 17 times, misinformation 5 times, addition 5 times, and misordering 2 times. Meanwhile, four error types were found for the source of errors: developmental or intralingual errors 14 times, unique errors 6 times, interlingual errors 2 times, and ambiguous errors 7 times.

Interlanguage Errors In Senior High School Students’ Recount Text Writing

&lt;p&gt;This research is mainly concerned with the analysis of interlanguage errors of senior high school students in writing recount text. The purposes of this research are: to analyze the dominant types of interlanguage errors made by students in their recount text writing under the surface strategy taxonomy, to analyze the reasons why the errors occur to the students in writing their recount text, and to analyze the way interlanguage processes influence students to make errors in writing their recount text. This research used descriptive-qualitative methodology. The samples of this research were 15 eleventh-grade students of MA PK Ma’arif 2 Kuwarasan. The data were collected through documentation, table checklist, and interview. The technique of data analysis was triangulation. The results of this research indicate 1) the four kinds of error based on surface strategy taxonomy (omission, addition, misordering, and misformation); the dominant error that appears in students’ writing recount text is misformation error, 2) the reasons why this error occured, and 3) the three interlanguage processes influencing the students in making errors covering overgeneralization, strategies of second language learning, and language transfer.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Keywords: interlanguage, error analysis, &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;recount text &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;writing&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Interpreting Error in The Use of Simple Present Tense in EFL Students’ Writing

This study suggests two research questions. First, what types of simple present tense errors made by students in their writing text? Second, what are the errors' causes? This study aimed to describe types of errors and examine the causes of errors in the use of simple present tense in writing text made by eleventh grade students of SMK PGRI 5 Jember. Descriptive qualitative research was used in this study because the data in this study were presented in the form of words rather than numbers, were obtained in a natural context, and were discussed descriptively. The data was compiled using information provided by English teachers and students. This information was gathered from students’ writing worksheet, student questionnaires response and the answer of students’ interview. Thus, error analysis is performed based on surface strategy taxonomy there are; omission, addition, misformation, and misordering. This study focus on research errors caused by intralingual transfer. The participants of the study were 37 eleventh grade students of OTKP 3 in SMK PGRI 5 Jember. The results showed that there are the most frequent error that were committed by students is omission error, and the causes of students in making error in the use of simple present tense are overgeneralization, ignorance of the rules’ restrictions, and false concept hypothesized. It is expected that analyzing students' errors in using simple present tense in writing descriptive text will improve the teacher's teaching strategy and help students overcome their errors, particularly in writing.

The undigital behavior of innovative startups: empirical evidence and taxonomy of digital innovation strategies

PurposeThis paper aims to conceptualize the digital behavior of startups and investigate the emerging behaviors about digital strategies of the Italian startup firms enrolled in the Startup Act policy initiative. Digital technologies were divided into intra- and inter-organizational digital infrastructures, and this categorization offers startups the opportunity to identify a set of enabling technologies that could be used to improve their digital strategies.Design/methodology/approachAn empirical analysis has been conducted to investigate the degree of adoption of digital intra- and inter-organizational digital infrastructures in the entire population of 6,178 Italian firms listed in the Register of Innovative Startups.FindingsThe paper proposes a taxonomy bringing together four startup behaviors for adopting digital technologies: digital follower, technical influencer, social influencer and digital leader. From the perspective of policy makers, considering the financial efforts that public authorities are supporting in the last decade, implications are mainly concerned with policy measures aimed both to reinforce the overall adoption of digital technologies and to develop a balanced adoption of intra- and inter-organizational digital infrastructures.Originality/valueMeasures addressed to support female and foreign entrepreneurship could be useful to support a more dynamic and well-balanced cultural and racial contamination, thus improving the adoption of digital tools.

Erroneous Analysis in English Writing Assessments among Undergraduates in a Public University

A number of studies on morphological error analysis has been carried out in different settings, contexts, and levels of study to observe, analyze and describe the errors related to English grammar rules. Using Surface Strategy Taxonomy by Dulay et al. (1982), this current study focused on the investigation of the types and factors of errors in English writing assessment specifically among undergraduates in a public university in Malaysia. This current study employed a qualitative research method by using case study. 30 samples of English writing assessment were analyzed based on the taxonomy and the framework of Sources of Errors by Richard (1974). The findings revealed In general, it was observed that the students made a total of 248 errors on 30 transcripts; 95 were omission errors, 91 were misformation errors, 54 were addition errors and only 8 were misordering errors. The results also highlighted that omission was recorded as the top error committed by learners followed by misformation, addition and the least common error reported to be misordering. As for the source of error, intralingual error marked as the most prevalent factor contributed to the errors. The findings of the study may provide some light in emphasizing the possible interventions to assist learners in their writing as well as developing remedial program to help learners to master English grammar.

The Accuracy of Simple Present Tense In Students’ Writing Descriptive Text At Tenth Grade of Smk Kesehatan Cendikia Husada Academic Year 2020/2021

Abstract The accuracy of simple present tense is the purpose of learning simple present tense which intends to train students in writing and speech that necessary. However, many students are confused in using simple present grammar. The research aims to investigate types of error and to investigate the extent of accuracy of simple present tense in writing descriptive text. The instrument used was a written test in which students were asked to write a descriptive text with the theme "My shoes". The analysis uses surface strategy taxonomy by determining the types of omission, addition, misformation, and misordering. Finding the level of accuracy, the researcher used an agreement from the simple present tense grammar which includes subject-verb agreement, verb-verb agreement, and verb-time agreement. Then, data obtained 30% omission, 11.25% addition, 50% misformation, and 8.75% misordering, errors in the simple present tense agreement, namely 98.9% subject-verb agreement, 0% verb-verb agreement, and 1.1% verb-time agreement. So the data obtained subject-verb agreement as to the most agreement error and misformation became the most error of the four types of errors. From these data, the average level of accuracy of simple present tense in writing descriptive text was 61% while the error rate was 39%.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

THE ERROR ANALYSIS OF SPEAKING SKILL ON THE SIXTH SEMESTER ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDENTS AT INDO GLOBAL MANDIRI UNIVERSITY

This research aimed at finding out the types of error based on Surface Strategy Taxonomy (Dulay, Burt, and Krashen, 1982) that found at ELT student’s speaking and analyzing some factors influencing their errors. The subject of this research was the sixth semester students of English Education from Indo Global Mandiri University who already taken speaking 3 and structure 4 courses. Qualitative study was used as a method to obtain the data. The data was taken from final exam video of speaking 3 course. The researcher analyzed the data following the Error Analysis (EA) procedures which involves transcribing, coding, classifying error, also explaining the errors and their factors. The result shows that the most dominant error were omission (55,50%), followed by addition (22,49%), misformation (18,66%), and misordering (3,35%). The current research investigated the factor of errors based on their source were intralingual and interlingual interference. Meanwhile, intralingual was considered as the major cause of the students’ errors. In conclution, the students still have a problem in terms of grammatical aspect of their speaking. It is suggested that the students should pay more attention to the grammatical aspect and improve their speaking skills.

An Error Analysis of Using Simple Past Tense in Writing Narrative Text at Tenth Grade Students of Senior High School 1 Jambi

This study aims to identify whether students make errors and find the types of errors made by students in class X MIPA 1 of Senior High School 1 Jambi City. This research is descriptive qualitative. The subject of this research is X MIPA 1 of Senior High School 1 Jambi City academic year 2021/2022. The data collected through the students' writing test. The results of this study indicate that there are errors made by students in the use of the past tense. All errors in using the past tense have been categorized and identified, namely omission, addition, misformation, and misordering. The findings of this study indicated that there were 102 total errors made by students which are classified into four categories based on the surface strategy taxonomy. There are 14 omission errors, 27 addition errors, 49 forming errors, and 12 sorting errors. The students made a dominant error in misformation. This can be seen from the results of the percentage where the wrong formation is 48.04%, then followed by stacking errors of 11.76%, omissions of 13.73, and addition errors of 26.47%. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the students of class X MIPA 1 SMAN 1 Jambi City made the most types of errors, namely misformation. This misformation error is the most difficult for students because they do not really understand the movement of verbs and the infinitive to the past tense. Students need to practice more in writing narrative texts so that they understand the use of simple past tense and the students can make good narrative texts.