Tax Exemption Research Articles

Policy design for renewable energy development based on government support: A system dynamics model

Energy's centrality to life, work, and progress underscores its indispensable role in modern society. However, burgeoning energy consumption and finite resources have prompted concerns regarding resource sustainability. Consequently, renewable energy sources have gained prominence as alternatives, integral to societal advancement. Therefore, with the increase in the price of fossil fuels and its limitations and the attention to renewable energies, in this research, we decided to study the implementation processes of the development of this type of energy about possible future scenarios and possible implementation policies at the time of each scenario. Let's pay Considering the dynamic complexities of this issue over time and the involvement of government sectors in policy discussions and private sectors in the implementation and participation of these two groups simultaneously, using dynamic system modeling to design a dynamic model that economic aspects, technical, political and environmental aspects should be evaluated simultaneously in a causal-disability manner. To implement this model, two scenarios of government support and non-support for this industry were taken into consideration, and in each scenario two policies of workforce training and technology import for the use of private sector managers and in the best scenario two policies of tax exemption and reduction of technology import tariff for Government decision-making was reviewed. The results showed that when this industry enjoys government support, the speed of development of renewable energy projects can be greatly increased by importing equipment. Without governmental backing, expedited progress is achievable through skilled labor training and employment. Tax exemptions are the most effective policy tool for stimulating renewable energy project processes, production, and sales. The findings underscore the pivotal role of strategic governmental intervention in facilitating renewable energy development, which is essential for meeting energy demands while mitigating environmental impact.

Effect of gasoline prices on urban air quality: Evidence from China new vehicle registrations

The emissions from motor vehicle are increasingly becoming a major source of urban air pollution in China. This study examines the impact of fuel price on expected new vehicle prices based on a hedonic valuation model. Utilizing monthly panel data from Chinese cities and employing panel ordinary least squares regression and mediation effect models, this paper finds the effects of fuel price fluctuations on new vehicle registrations and air pollution. Empirical findings indicate that rising gasoline prices lead to an improvement in urban air quality by reducing the number of new vehicle registrations. The study categorizes vehicle engine displacement into five levels, revealing that higher gasoline prices prompt residents to reduce purchases of medium-displacement vehicles and shift to small-displacement vehicles, while the impact on the registration of larger-displacement vehicles is less pronounced. The purchase tax exemption for new small-displacement vehicles has a moderating effect. Considering China's uneven economic development, the influence of gasoline prices on new vehicle registrations gradually diminishes as regional residents' incomes rise. Gasoline prices are used by regulators to guide the restructuring of vehicle consumption, thereby helping to mitigate urban environmental problems.

Taxes and Islamic Philanthropy: Unlocking the Potential of Waqf in Individual Tax Reductions

Waqf, which is a form of Islamic philanthropy based on the principles of social justice and wealth distribution, has great potential to influence tax structures and government policy. This study examines the potential for integration between the tax system and Islamic philanthropy, with a focus on utilizing the concept of waqf as an instrument to reduce individual tax burdens. The research method is a literature survey of more than 20 articles related to social funds sourced from waqf as a strength of Islamic philanthropy by trying to study and analyze using qualitative methods. The results of the research are that there are five strategies that can be implemented within the framework of waqf cooperation with taxes. First, waqf assets that have been developed and have added value are entitled to tax benefits. Second, the results of cash waqf investments are eligible for tax incentives. Third, waqf assets may qualify for income tax exemption. Fourth, provide tax benefits to waqf donors. Lastly, provide tax incentives to business actors who help waqf institutions or movements. So the potential of waqf as a tax reduction instrument can be optimized, providing significant benefits for Muslim communities and driving the sustainable growth of Islamic philanthropy.

A guiding framework for promoting public-private partnerships in research and innovation: Evidence from a developing country context

Public-private partnerships have long existed in literature, primarily in the construction sector. However, there is a paucity of research on the research and innovation ecosystem. This research aims to develop a framework for promoting public-private partnerships in research and innovation to foster public-private linkages. Primary data was collected from 192 participants selected from public and private sector organizations. The relative importance index was used to rank key elements for promoting public-private partnerships in research and innovations. The best practices include sharing knowledge, engaging in win-win partnerships, and establishing innovation hubs and intellectual property policies. Effective elements include leveraging innovation in geographical proximity, a supportive regulatory framework, joint financing of research equipment and tax incentives for research equipment. Priority sectors include renewable energy, smart agriculture and education. Websites and direct engagements are essential platforms for engaging in collaborations. The research recommends that the government should provide seed funding to support the early phases of the research and extend tax exemptions for research equipment and infrastructure. Research institutions should establish innovation hubs and operationalize intellectual property policies. The study proposes a framework for promoting public-private partnerships in research and innovation in a developing country like Zambia.

Legal and administrative elements of the construction of tax exemptions and allowances in the context of granting public support

Among the forms of public assistance of a passive nature are tax concessions and exemptions. A given form of aid can be of liquidity support, rescue and restructuring and pro-development nature for the enterprise. This form of assistance is reflected in the reduction of revenues to the state and local government budgets. Tax credits, used as investment incentives for entrepreneurs, can affect the growth of production, and in the case of new investments, the creation of new jobs or the retention of existing ones. The article presents the provisions of the tax law on real estate tax in correlation with the law on state aid, in the context of an assessment of - to what extent on the grounds of real estate tax it is possible to operate reliefs and exemptions that constitute state aid for entrepreneurs. The legal problems of providing state aid and the issues of tax procedures in the field of tax reliefs and exemptions and the calculation of the net value of state aid are presented.

Are Residents Willing to Pay for Electric Cars? An Evolutionary Game Analysis of Electric Vehicle Promotion in Macao

This study uses an evolutionary game model to analyze the interplay between Macao residents’ willingness to purchase electric vehicles (EVs) and the government’s promotion strategies. It assesses the effectiveness of incentives like tax exemptions and price reductions. Despite these initiatives, challenges such as high initial costs, limited vehicle range, and long charging times continue to hinder the widespread adoption of EVs in Macao. Government subsidies increase the appeal of EV purchases, but if not managed carefully, they risk creating dependency. Simulation analysis shows that an active purchasing strategy by Macao residents can stabilize the model’s development. However, to achieve wider market penetration and environmental goals, this study highlights the need for the government to align subsidies with market dynamics and for residents to increase their environmental awareness. This study outlines actionable strategies for policy-makers, emphasizing the importance of infrastructure improvements and financial incentives in promoting electric mobility. Policy-makers should focus on expanding the network of charging stations to enhance the convenience and viability of EV usage. Additionally, implementing targeted financial incentives, such as subsidies or tax breaks, can lower the cost barrier for potential EV buyers, thereby increasing the attractiveness and adoption of electric vehicles.

Incentivizing green building technology: A financial perspective on sustainable development in India.

Future viability depends on ensuring a sustainable society because green energy methods may efficiently reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Nevertheless, stakeholders, consumers, and developers continue to be notably ignorant of the financial incentives connected to green technology. Moreover, there is still a dearth of studies on the range of financial incentives offered by different authorities in India. Monetary incentives, such as tax breaks, indirect tax exemptions, and refunds, are crucial in encouraging the use of green technology in the modern world. This study explores the importance of financial incentives for green building technologies in India, which also looks at the wide range of incentives provided by federal, state, and local governments. Furthermore, the study highlights various state government programs such as goods subsidies, exemptions from local taxes, and fee waivers. Notably, several incentives aimed at consumers, developers, and other stakeholders have been implemented by the Indian Green Building Council (IGBC). This review study emphasizes the effectiveness of financial incentives in green construction projects and draws attention to a clear knowledge gap regarding the adoption of green technology. This study also provides insights into potential future directions. Studies and research results emphasize the importance of spreading the word about financial incentives as a key factor in determining the adoption of green technologies. Many parties, including governmental organizations, municipal governments, developers, and clients engaged in green building technology projects, stand to gain increased awareness.

The Influence of the Motor Vehicle Tax Reduction Program and Exemption of Name Transfer Duty on Taxpayer Compliance in the City of Banjararu, South Kalimantan

Tax is a mandatory contribution that applies to every tax on tax objects and the proceeds received from the tax are handed over to the government. In essence, national development in a country is carried out by the community together with the government. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of reduced motor vehicle tax and exemption from transfer of title fees on taxpayer compliance. This research uses quantitative research based more on data that can be calculated to produce a solid quantitative assessment. With measurement using a Likert Scale. The samples in this research were 100 motor vehicle tax payers. This research questionnaire was tested using validity and reliability tests. Hypothesis testing data analysis uses multiple linear regression. Based on the results of hypothesis testing, it can be concluded that tax whitening has a positive and significant effect on taxpayer compliance. Exemption from transfer of name fees has a positive and significant effect on taxpayer compliance. And simultaneously, the variables of taxpayer whitening and exemption from transfer of name fees have a positive and significant effect on taxpayer compliance. This program can support the Banjarbaru city government to maximize revenue in the tax sector. For further research, you can use other variables in research on taxpayer compliance because in this study it only had a small effect of 41.2%, the remaining 58.8% was influenced by other variables.

Extinction of the Cause for Reduction and Exemption of Land Value Tax and Its Attribution of Responsibilities: An Analysis of High Administrative Litigation Division of Taipei High Administrative Court Judgment (112) Su Tze No. 14

Extinction of the Cause for Reduction and Exemption of Land Value Tax and Its Attribution of Responsibilities: An Analysis of High Administrative Litigation Division of Taipei High Administrative Court Judgment (112) Su Tze No. 14

Development of a hub-and-spoke durable left ventricular assist device program in Brazil, a middle-income country

ObjectivesTo describe the experience of a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) program in a middle-income country in a hub-and-spoke model. MethodsPatients fulfilling strict inclusion and exclusion criteria were referred from different centers in Brazil for LVAD implantation through a philanthropy program financed via a Brazilian Federal Government tax exemption structure. LVAD implantation was performed in hub-and-spoke model with a single implanting center. Data was collected retrospectively using hospital records and telephone contact with other centers. Patients that received LVAD implants external to the philanthropic program, either at this or other Brazilian centers, were not included. ResultsBetween January 1st, 2013, and December 31st, 2020, 20 adult patients underwent long-term continuous flow LVAD implantation with decentralization of post-implant patient care in regional centers. Patients were referred from 11 centers from 7 states in Brazil and underwent LVAD implantation through a philanthropy program. The median age was 52.5 years and 85% were INTERMACS profile 3 patients. Two patients had Chagas cardiomyopathy. The overall survival censored for competing risks at 1 year and 2 years were 90% and 84% respectively. Three patients (15%) underwent heart transplantation in the first 2 years after LVAD implantation. Twelve patients returned to their original centers and were followed remotely. ConclusionsThis study presents a successful LVAD implantation program in a hub-and-spoke model in Brazil. Centralization of LVAD implantation with decentralization of post-implant patient care in regional centers is feasible and safe, enabling optimal allocation of resources in middle-income countries.

Policy Forum: Tax Exemption for Canadian Non-Charitable Non-Profits—More Information, Please!

Policy Forum: Tax Exemption for Canadian Non-Charitable Non-Profits—More Information, Please!

Предпринимательский доход или целевой капитал: спорный вопрос налогообложения товариществ собственников недвижимост

Understanding the meaning and content of legal norms is one of the most important processes carried out in the field of application of legislation on taxes and fees, while legal and technical techniques for expressing certain legislative provisions establishing special tax regimes are of great importance. The uncertain nature of the rules on the formation of endowment capital by non-profit organizations allows the business practices of these partnerships to be brought under preferential tax regimes, although they do not form endowment capital, but they can actively use a pseudo-legal mechanism for tax exemption.

Combined strategies for green roof incentive policies in Lisbon: Evaluating the potentiality of concession grants and identifying priority intervention areas

Incentive policies to promote new technologies is a strategy often employed by policymakers and governments. In some cities worldwide, mechanisms to encourage the adoption of Green Roofs (GR) have been implemented over the years. Although GR is not a new technology, the use of incentives, such as subsidies and tax abatements and/or exemptions, is still a recent strategy in many countries. The study covered in this paper proposes to explore the potential of combined incentive mechanisms for green roofs, using direct incentives (financial subsidies) and indirect incentives (tax/fee rebates). The granting incentives were verified by the feasibility assessment from both private (saved money) and public perspectives (reduction in municipal revenue) using scenarios of abatement percentages for fees and taxes and combining direct and indirect incentives. In addition, priority intervention areas for the installation of green roofs were defined based on three parameters: (i) the proportion of existing green spaces, (ii) urban heat islands and (iii) the potential of the building stock for green roof retrofit. The results show that granting a combined solution can be an effective option for facilitating the implementation of green roof projects. Moreover, the study serves as a decision support guide for politicians, urban planners, and public managers to formulate incentive proposals and make well-informed decisions regarding the incentive policies for GR.

Impact of tax policy on the development of agrarian enterprises and organisations

The purpose of this study was to analyse the role of tax policy in the agricultural sector to determine its impact on innovative development, investment decisions, and competitiveness of enterprises in this area. The study performed a comparative analysis of various aspects of tax regulation, review of taxation instruments, consideration of special tax regimes in such countries as the USA, Germany, France, Spain, Poland, and Kyrgyzstan. The study investigated various aspects of tax regulation that have direct and indirect impact on the functioning of the agricultural sector. The role of tax policy in stimulating investment and development in agriculture by providing tax incentives and subsidies for investment in innovative technologies, process mechanisation, and research was examined. Special tax regimes aimed at supporting agricultural enterprises were analysed, and examples of tax policies in different countries, including the USA, the European Union, China, India, and Kyrgyzstan, were provided. The state of agricultural development in Kyrgyzstan was reviewed, and the main challenges, government support measures, and the main land tax rates across the country were identified. The key point was to develop recommendations for improving the tax system to stimulate agricultural development derived from the synthesis method. This involves the introduction of tax exemptions and investment incentives, differentiation of tax rates depending on segments and regions of agriculture, stakeholder consultations, simplification of tax administration, and attraction of foreign investment through special tax regimes. Concrete examples were also given of large agricultural enterprises in different countries where improved tax policies can contribute to the development and efficiency of their operations

Protection of historical monuments in Poland and property tax regulations

The aim of this study is to analyse the tax exemptions that make the Polish tax system easier for owners of immovable monuments in terms of property tax. The authors attempt to determine whether Polish property tax regulations can indirectly contribute to the improvement of the condition of immovable monuments. This is an important issue, as even the most perfect conventions and laws cannot protect monuments from destruction; for this, financial resources are necessary. As can be seen from the dogmatic and legal analysis, the solutions concerning tax exemptions for historic properties should be assessed as being far from sufficient to serve as effective financial and legal incentives for owners to care for the preservation of historic buildings. In this respect, the authors postulate making changes related to the extension of the existing exemption. In this article, the dogmatic-legal method based on the analysis of the texts of legal acts has been applied, as has the empirical method in terms of determining the number of immovable monuments in Poland.

Evolution of Tax Exemption Policy and Pricing Strategy Selection in a Competitive Market

The evolution of tax exemption policies and consumer preferences for low-carbon products affect firms’ optimal pricing strategy selection in a competitive duopoly market. In our study, we build a two-period pricing model to examine the pricing strategy choices between low-carbon and traditional firms. Low-carbon firms offer consumers greater value, improving their overall experience and satisfaction. Given the evolution of government policies from tax exemption to taxation for low-carbon products, we divide the changes in carbon tax into two periods. Since each firm can choose either the uniform pricing strategy (setting the same price in both periods) or the tiered pricing strategy (setting different prices for two periods), four scenarios may occur. Conventional wisdom suggests that a firm’s pricing increases should result in a reduction in consumer demand. Interestingly, our results show that as traditional firm raises prices, consumer demand for traditional products could increase simultaneously in the second period. In such a case, the low-carbon firm selects the uniform pricing strategy and the traditional firm chooses the tiered pricing strategy. Moreover, as tax exemption policies evolve in duopoly markets, the cancellation of the tax exemption policy may intensify competition between traditional and low-carbon firms under certain conditions. Furthermore, given one firm’s pricing strategy, our results show that the other firm could adopt either a uniform pricing strategy or a tiered pricing strategy, which depends on the low-carbon advantage and tax rate.

비상장 중소·중견기업 주식의 양도소득세에 관한 문제점과 개선방안

To revitalize the capital market, the government provides tax-free benefits for minority shareholders such as KOSPI (1% or less than 5 billion won), KOSDAQ (2% or less than 5 billion won), and KONEX (4% or less than 5 billion won) if stocks are transferred through the stock market. The taxation of capital gains tax on the over-the-counter market limits the expansion of the unlisted capital market. Since 2018, in order to help small and medium-sized companies belonging to the over-the-counter market and revitalize investment smoothly, K-OTC's over-the-counter market has provided the benefit of exempting minority shareholders from the taxation of capital gains tax when they transfer the stocks of small and medium-sized companies. As for the size of the K-OTC market, the transaction value has increased by more than 10 times so far, starting with the provision of non-taxable benefits in 2018, and the increase of the size of all transactions by more than 2.5 times. In other words, the exemption from the capital gains tax of small and medium-sized companies by minority shareholders in the K-OTC market has led to the expansion of the K-OTC market. However, due to the expansion of the K-OTC market, other over-the-counter markets, as K-OTCBB, are shrinking over time. Considering that companies listed on K-OTCBB are mainly small or have not met the listing requirements of the K-OTC market, the non-taxation of capital gains tax on stocks of small and medium-sized companies provided only to K-OTC is expected to adversely affect securing investment funds for companies listed on K-OTCBB. This is expected to hinder the growth of many small and medium-sized companies and reduce the options of new investments that are attractive to investors. To solve this problem, this paper proposes the following improvement measures. Markets that comply with the standards of Article 178 (1) 1 of the Capital Markets and Financial Investment Business Act, Article 286 (1) 11 of the Capital Markets and Financial Investment Business Act, and the K-OTCBB operation enforcement regulations conducted by the Korea Financial Investment Association should be added to expand the exemption from the stock transfer income tax by adding the content of “stocks in which a single seller and buyer trade over-the-counter stock certificates of small and medium-sized enterprises through mutual consultation on the terms of transaction”. If the K-OTCBB's transfer tax exemption for small and medium-sized enterprises is expanded through the revision of Article 94 of the Income Tax Act, it is expected that the expansion of the K-OTCBB market will lead to the expansion as in the previous case in 2018. In addition, the introduction of an expansion of the capital gains tax exemption will help small and medium-sized enterprises smoothly secure funds. Through this, the size of the K-OTCBB market will grow, and it can provide attractive new investment destinations for investors. As a result, it is expected that it will have the effect of introducing investors' funds into the capital market, and it will lead to the growth of small and medium-sized enterprises and the development of the capital market.

조선시대 筆巖書院의 운영과 재정

Piram-seowon is one of Korea’s representative academies included in ‘Seowon, Neo-confucian Academies of Korea’, which was inscribed in World Heritage List in 2019. Piram-seowon was recognized as Outstanding Universal Value in that it retains a variety of data that can be used to understand the operation and finances of the Seowon in the late Joseon Dynasty. The Wonim(board of directors) of Piram-seowon consisted of the Wonjang(director), Won-yi(deputy director), Jangeui(manager), Seakjang (manager), and Yusa(manger). Among these, the director was appointed as a representative of Neo-Confucian scholars or high-ranking official in the Joseong Society. Local officials were in charge of the Won-yi and Jangeui. Other members were generally elected by literati residing near Jangseong. Piram-seowon has 30 Wonseang(students) recognized by the government, plus additional students. In a seowon, activities centered on ritual rites and lectures are confirmed centered on the Wonim and Wonseang. The guestbook, which has been recorded since the mid-17th century, contains a list of about 3,000 people, allowing the region and origin of those who visited Piram-seowon to be confirmed in detail. The main pillars of Piram-seowon in terms of financial management were slaves and farmland. The slaves show the unique operating method of Piram-seowon, and a representative example is the record of the family relationships of the slaves centered on the maternal line. The number of slaves at Piram-seowon was around 30 since the late 18th century. In the case of fields, the level of tax exemption was consistently maintained at around 3.23ha. Based on finances comprised of slave and farmland, the expenditures of the Piram-seowon were carried out within the scope of income. In addition, the finances of the seowon were secured through various donations.

Fiscal Policy to Encourage Investment in the Marine Logistics Sector

The marine logistics sector plays a crucial role in a country's economic growth, particularly for archipelagic nations like Indonesia. However, investment levels in this sector remain low, which can hinder potential economic growth. This research aims to analyze various fiscal policies that can encourage investment in the marine logistics sector. The methods used in this research are qualitative and quantitative descriptive analysis. The results indicate that fiscal policies such as tax incentives, subsidies, and government funds allocated for maritime infrastructure development can increase the attractiveness of investment in this sector. Tax incentives, such as reductions in corporate income tax rates, exemptions or reductions in import taxes for equipment, and tax allowance facilities, can be effective instruments to attract investment. Subsidies, such as capital assistance, low-interest loans, and operational cost compensation, can also help reduce investment risks and encourage investor participation. Additionally, adequate allocation of government funds for the development of maritime infrastructure, such as ports, docks, and other logistics facilities, is crucial for enhancing the sector's efficiency and competitiveness. However, fiscal policies alone are not enough. Improved regulations and better law enforcement are also necessary to create a conducive investment climate in the marine logistics sector.

Evaluation of the Effect of Tax Reduction and Exemption Policies During the Epidemic

Evaluation of the Effect of Tax Reduction and Exemption Policies During the Epidemic