Tax Collection Efforts Research Articles

Analisis Peningkatan Upaya Pemungutan Pajak (Tax Effort) Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Jawa Tengah

Regional Tax Collection Efforts in Indonesia are still low. There are only a few local governments in Indonesia with Tax Effort values ​​above the average. There is a unique fact that the 3 (three) regions that contribute the largest regional taxes in Indonesia (apart from DKI Jakarta), namely the regions in West Java, East Java and Central Java, actually have Tax Effort values ​​that are still below the average. flat. The aim of this research is to determine the influence of variables such as GRDP per capita, Development of the Manufacturing Industry Sector, Development of the Services Sector, Number of MSMEs, and Capital Expenditures on District/City Tax Effort in Central Java Province. The data used in this research is secondary and panel data. The research time span covers seven years, from 2017 to 2023, involving 35 districts/cities in Central Java Province. Data sources were obtained from the Ministry of Finance (Directorate General of Fiscal Balance) and the Central Statistics Agency. Data analysis in this research used multiple linear regression analysis. The results obtained showed that the development of the service sector and MSMEs had a positive impact on Regency/City Tax Effort in Central Java.

Natural disasters and local government finance: Evidence from Typhoon Haiyan

This paper examines how natural disasters affect local public finances and their interplay with intergovernmental transfers and external resources. Exploiting the randomized nature of the 2013 Typhoon Haiyan, one of the most devastating natural disasters in recent history, we document its causal effect on the local government fiscal dynamics. Combining data on local government finance with reports on the level of damages and using difference-in-differences with instrumental variable to analyze the data, we show that local public revenue and expenditures remain largely unaffected, except for debt payments. However, we find important heterogeneity in local revenue responses: poorer municipalities raised comparatively lower revenue in the aftermath of the Typhoon. We also provide evidence that external funding did not lead to lower tax collection efforts, but instead leads to higher local expenditures, suggesting that disaster aid does not cause a moral hazard problem in local governments' spending decisions.

PENAGIHAN DARING UNTUK PENCAIRAN TUNGGAKAN PAJAK: STUDI KASUS DI KPP PRATAMA BATAM UTARA

Delinquent tax account has been surging for the past years as a resultant of low tax collection with high tax arrears. This could not be any worse, but things all went south when Covid-19 pandemic hit Indonesia in 2020. Many businesses struggle through this downturn economic period since the government impose restriction to all physical activity including working amid safety concern. In addition, this restriction has been limiting tax collection effort of tax bailiff. Online collection means such as using email blast or whatsapp blast and outbond call centre has yet to be implemented by DGT. Conversely, Batam Utara Tax Office has implemented online collection since this pandemic hits Indonesia for its benefits such as increase collection efficiency and ensuring tax bailiff safety. This study aims to define taxpayer’s response to online collection. A field study was undergone in this research using data collected from taxpayers who registered with Batam Utara Tax Office. The result was promising. Taxpayers’ response ranged from 10,1% to 14,6%, and Rp335,5 million were collected. It concludes that this new collection method can be an option for DGT in handling delinquent tax.

The General Allocation Fund (DAU) Formulation Policy: Incentives or Disincentives to the Fiscal Independence of Local Governments

The implementation of fiscal decentralization in Indonesia is expected to improve economic welfare for the people in the regions because it can bring the government closer to the community in providing public services according to people's preferences. As a consequence of decentralization, the central government provides transfer funds to local governments. The amount of transfer funds to local governments is around thirty percent of total National Budget (APBN), excluding central expenditure funds allocated to regions. Central government expect the fiscal dependence of local governments to be reduced. In fact, since regional autonomy was implemented in 2001 until 20 years later, regional independence has never been achieved. Ratio of local revenues (Pendapatan Asli Daerah,PAD) to total revenues in Regional Budget (APBD) ranged from 36.8 percent in Java to only 6.1 percent in Maluku and Papua., the rest still expects transfer funds from the central government. It is suspected that regional independence is closely related to the formulation of the General Allocation Fund (Dana Alokasi Umum, DAU) where PAD is a component of reducing DAU in the formulation. It can be seen from this formulation that the central government has ambiguous policies. On the one hand, it punishes local governments whose PAD efforts are high by providing a smaller DAU, but on the other hand they hope that the regional fiscal dependence will be decrease through an increase in PAD. When there is a view that the effort to collect local taxes is not an important factor for the regions, the regions will prefer to receive a higher DAU rather than increasing their tax collection effort but reducing the DAU. This study will try to analyze the efforts of local governments and will examine the data on variables related to the DAU whether it is consistent with its formulation. Through Weight Least Square (WLS) analysis which is more suitable for heteroscedasticity data that may arise from the diversity of data between regions, this study will see whether the DAU formulation becomes an incentive or disincentive for regional fiscal independence through increasing PAD. The results showed that the PAD variable had a negative relationship with DAU. This means that the DAU formula actually becomes a disincentive for regions to increase their PAD. The greater the PAD, the smaller the DAU received by the local government. Review this policies or reformulate the DAU formulation in accordance with the principles of local government fiscal independence need to be implemented immediately.

Crowding in or crowding out? How local government debt influences corporate innovation for China.

The pressure upon local governments to redeem their debt could affect government fiscal ability. It could consequently affect their fiscal policies on corporations, which might distort corporate innovation. Based on the data of Chinese Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share listed companies and the local government implicit short-term debt financed by local government financing vehicles (LGFVs) in 31 provinces, this paper shows that local government debt (LGD) negatively affects corporate R&D investment in China, thereby suggesting a strong crowding-out effect. The crowding-out effect is more pronounced when the firm is a non-state-owned enterprise (NSOE), the firm's size is small, the firm's age is young, or the firm is in the lower market competition. This paper provide evidence by interacting the terms that local government actions, such as consumption of fiscal resources, strengthening tax collection efforts, or consumption of credit resources, might partially account for the crowding-out effect. This study illustrates the innovation costs of local government debt.

A PHILIPPINE MODEL FOR INFORMATION SHARING FOR EFFECTIVE REVENUE COLLECTION THROUGH E-GOVERNANCE

—Local revenues are the backbone by which local governments anchor the sustenance of their operations, functions and projects within their jurisdiction. Local Government Units (LGU’s) in the Philippines depend heavily on local revenue generation- for their development. Although having the Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA) given by the national government through which they support their activities and promote their growth, each local government unit through its treasury office rely on an effective local tax administration and collection system in order to get the best possible resource to serve this purpose. Nevertheless, the problem of local revenue tax collection is a perennial problem and this is traced to many factors that play a part in the inability of the local treasury office to exercise their function to the fullest merit. Optimum tax collection efforts can be enhanced by the local treasury office should it have the ability to synchronize information records which allows the treasury office to check and verify the records taxpayers paying business taxes. Access to this knowledge will give the local treasury the capability to maximize tax collection effectively. And because the local treasury organization like any other government organization is structured to become compatible with new technology development to help it faced with changes in its environment, present day technology in terms of information is now made part of that response. Verification of accuracy of payments through collaborative inter agency efforts is now available. This requires three agencies to collaborate in comparing actual gross sales/receipts from declared gross sales/receipts based on the gathered documents like the books of account, audited financial statements, vat returns and the official receipts as proof of payment of the local business taxes. Three agencies have been mandated to collaborate on this endeavor: the Local City Treasury, the Bureau of Internal Revenue and the Secur

Tax Amnesties in Tax Reform Policy: A Case Study from Pakistan and Lessons for Developing Economies

Abstract An optimally designed tax amnesty scheme can serve as a strategic component in a larger tax reform process. Such a reform can particularly assist in the tax collection efforts of developing economies like Pakistan. Pakistan’s tax amnesty schemes in 2018 and 2019 helped grow the tax base substantially. India’s and Indonesia’s schemes in 2016 also showed promise. My study compares the recent tax amnesties adopted by these three countries (Pakistan, India and Indonesia). Based on these experiences, I propose improvements in the composition of Pakistan’s tax amnesty design. An optimal tax policy cannot rely only on wide-spread enforcement, particularly in countries with large underground economies--like Pakistan, India and Indonesia. Instead, it should focus more on the optimal amnesty design alongside targeted enforcement efforts, aimed especially at documenting and taxing large underground economic activities.

Vertical fiscal imbalance and local fiscal indiscipline: Empirical evidence from China

Based on Chinese city-level panel dataset, this paper examines the effects of vertical fiscal imbalances (VFI) on local fiscal indiscipline in a partial fiscal decentralization setting. We find that higher VFI induces a form of fiscal indiscipline: a reduction of tax collection effort by local governments. In addition, by exploiting the unique Chinese fiscal institution of “extra-budgetary” revenues, we show that in this case higher VFI does not alter local governments’ tax collection effort. Even though local governments also possess full taxing power for “extra-budgetary” revenues, these revenues do not contribute to the determination of central fiscal transfers to local governments, thus creating very different incentives for local governments response to VFI. Our results shed light on the working mechanism of the VFI and provide significant implications for improving the design of fiscal decentralization policy in China and elsewhere.

Indonesia Tax Authority Measure on Facing the Challenge in Taxing Digital Economy

This article is intended to examine the challenges of taxing digital economy due to rapid development of technology in Indonesia. Those changes should be responded equally from the government perspective pertaining to the changes in tax regulation, structure/institutional of tax organization, human resources who understand the pattern and development of digital business and have capability to formulate tax regulation suitable for the business pattern, and information technology reliable in transforming the business of the tax organization. This study occupies constructivism paradigm and qualitiative research method. The data was gathered through literature review, documentation study and interview with informant. The research showed that for all of those aspects, the Indonesian government has realized that the change is very crucial. The government of Indonesia also fully realizes that the rapid development of the economic activities and should respond it by publishing various proper regulations and initiatives. However, some of the regulations are still insufficient to respond to the existing challenges. This indicates that in reality, the government is still unable to respond to the current dynamic properly and proportionally. Organization changing on the context of bureaucracy reform also still on the progress, similarly on the development of human resources capacity and the use of technology to optimize tax collection effort. Therefore, more comprehensive improvement through engagement of various agents to properly respond to the current economic development is essentially required.

“CUCI OTAK” PENANGGUNG PAJAK (STUDI PADA JURUSITA PAJAK KPP PRATAMA SURABAYA WONOCOLO)

Abstra ct: Hostage or Gjzeling is one tax collection efforts to penanggung pajak in certain places within a maximum period of 6 (six) months from the tax insurer placed in the hostage-taking and can be extended for ever 6 (six) months. Many of the constraints faced by jurusita pajak in the line of duty gijzeling, this study aims to explore ways gijzeling using a qualitative approach or non-positivistic with interpretive paradigm in approaching the true reality. The result showed that the efforts made for the success of jurusita pajak in gizjeling process is to: 1) believes that the process gijzeling a law enforcement efforts, the process of education to taxpayers, as well as carry out the mandate of the State to save the state money; 2) manage the conflict with tax insurer with a hang rule to the taxpayer, neutral, professional, and uphold integrity; 3) uploading awareness by downloading penangung pajak. Key words : Gjzeling, penanggung pajak, jurusita, brainwashing

Other Dimensions of Tax Billing with Gjzeling (Study on Tax Confiscation Officials at KPP Pratama Surabaya Wonocolo)

Hostage or Gjzeling is one of the tax collection efforts to tax payers in certain places within a maximum period of 6 months from the tax insurer placed in the hostage-taking and this can be extended for about 6 months. Many of the constraints faced by tx confiscation officals are related to the duty of gijzeling. This study aims to explore the ways of  gijzeling using a qualitative approach or non-positivistic with interpretive paradigm in approaching the true reality. The result shows that the efforts made for the success of tax confiscation officials in gizjeling process are to: 1) believe that the process of gijzeling is for the law enforcement efforts, the process of education to taxpayers, as well as carrying  out the mandate of the State to save the state money; 2) manage the conflict with tax insurer based on the hang rule to the taxpayer, neutral, professional, and uphold integrity; 3) uploading awareness by downloading "brainwashing" penangung pajak

Optimal fiscal decentralization: Redistribution and welfare implications

The literature has been inconclusive regarding the welfare effects of fiscal decentralization (FD), defined here as the extent to which local governments collect and spend local tax revenues. We present an original model to investigate formally the distributional and welfare implications of FD. In contrast to the standard approach that compares the implications of full FD with that of centralization, we consider that the central government chooses the level of FD to maximize welfare in a heterogeneous country. Noncooperatively, local governments choose their tax collection effort to maximize local utility. We show that an increase in the tax rate leads optimal FD to increase so as to compensate for the welfare loss from decreasing optimal local tax effort. Hence, welfare and income distribution improve in FD at its intermediate, rather than extreme, levels. We coin this result as the decentralization-Laffer curve. As regional spillovers increase, FD is less desirable as it deteriorates welfare and income distribution. This finding provides a novel support for the decentralization theorem and contributes to the fiscal policy debate.

Does Fiscal Decentralization Promote Fiscal Discipline?

ABSTRACTWe investigate the efficiency and equity implications of a redistributive rule that takes into account both local tax collection efforts and deviation of local incomes from respective targets under alternative fiscal mechanisms. We show that, if the general budget constraint is binding, the proposed transfer rule leads to higher fiscal discipline under fiscal decentralization (FD) than under centralized redistribution. Although the centralized decision yields better income distribution than FD, FD also improves income distribution unambiguously when equalization across regions is targeted explicitly. When localities act strategically, the private sector’s utility weight enhances the disciplinary effect of decentralization.

Is the Tax Collection Effort an Indicator of the Financial Condition of Spanish Municipalities?

ABSTRACT The financial crisis beginning in 2007 drastically affected the financial resources of different governmental organizations, causing critical imbalances between resources and expenditure needs. This study aims to analyze whether the municipal tax collection effort in Spain could be an indicator of the financial condition of these institutions. As a preliminary step, a new methodology is used to assess their financial condition. We test tax collection effort as an indicator on a sample of more than 5,000 Spanish municipalities with fewer than 75,000 inhabitants. Results confirm that the budgetary solvency dimension is associated with the tax collection effort for all municipalities studied. Furthermore, in municipalities with populations of fewer than 5,000 inhabitants, the level of the tax collection effort is indicative of most of the financial condition dimensions.

Fiscal efficiency, redistribution and welfare

The expanding literature on fiscal decentralization (FD) emphasizes the role of institutional mechanisms for FD's welfare effects. We analyze the welfare effects of FD in case of a fiscal transfer mechanism that punishes inefficiency in tax collection and compensates for local income deficiency. In addition, a portion of transfers is earmarked for investment. Given a level of FD and these rules, the representative local government chooses its tax collection effort to maximize local utility. The solution of the model reveals that the stricter the redistributive rule, the higher are steady-state fiscal efficiency and welfare. While the effectiveness of the redistributive parameters increases with centralization of the revenue pool, it decreases with the tax rate. Both welfare and income distribution, on the other hand, improve with the degree of revenue centralization and the tax rate. Besides, fiscal efficiency and redistribution decrease with investment-earmarked transfers.

Sub-National Revenue Mobilization in Mexico

This paper estimates potential Mexican sub-national tax revenues using a stochastic frontier model. The results suggest that states are exploiting their current tax bases, particularly the payroll tax, appropriately. Mexican municipalities, however, have a low rate of tax collection compared to their potential, especially in relation to the property tax, which is their most important source of revenue and relatively simple to collect. Empirical evidence further suggests that tax collection efforts are strongly related to GDP per capita, and that some political economy factors can influence them. Political affiliation, for example, influences municipalities' tax collection effort more than that of states. The analysis of a scenario in which some VAT and PIT taxation powers are returned to the states suggests that a state surcharge on the VAT and PIT could increase states' own revenues. Without broadening the tax base and redefining the revenue-sharing allocation criteria, however, doing so would have a strong and adverse impact on the revenue distribution of sub-national governments.

Dealing with Delinquent Property Taxes

Collection of delinquent property taxes has historically been a difficult task. The nonjudicial tax collection system in Georgia has hampered property tax collection efforts through burdensome notice requirements and clouded titles upon property sales, among other things. This article examines the problems of Georgia’s old tax collection system and how these problems were addressed by a new judicial collection process.

Modelling central-local fiscal relations in China

This paper discusses the impact of the lack of credibility of the Chinese central government on localities' revenue collections. The model shows that under the Chinese system, the center's pre-announced revenue-sharing methods are time-inconsistent. Without a mechanism that can force the central government to commit to the pre-announced policy, the localities are tempted to reduce their tax collection efforts. The finding of the model suggests that applying a rule that restricts the center's frequent revision of revenue-sharing methods may help solve the time-inconsistency problem.