Tax Audit Research Articles

Contemporary tax administration and revenue generation by Board of Internal Revenue Services: A Study of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

Contemporary strategies of collecting revenue through taxation are what Board of Inland Revenue (BIR) Services need in Nigeria. Such strategies are rooted in the enabling tax laws as amended. This study is an examination of tax administration and revenue generation, based on the activities of the board of the Internal Revenue Service in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The study appraised five specific variables of tax administration as they impact revenue generation in the State. The survey method which involves the use of questionnaires was applied to collect data for the study. Also, data were derived through the review of relevant literature and from the report of the Auditor General of Akwa Ibom State on the Board of Internal Revenue. The population of the study consisted of 450 staff of the Akwa Ibom Board of Internal Revenue Service, while the sample size adopted for the study was 399 staff using the Taro Yamane formula. A regression analysis was employed to analyze the data at 0.5 level of significance. The study found that tax assessment/collection, tax enforcement, tax collection accounting, tax audit and tax education/awareness do have a significant impact on revenue generation by the board of Internal Revenue Service in Akwa Ibom State. From the findings, it was concluded that contemporary tax administration significantly impacts revenue generation in Akwa Ibom State. It was recommended that tax accountability should be utmost, and the Akwa Ibom State Government should build the capacity of its citizens through behavioural change and industrialization to generate tax income, where the accountability process will engender revenue generation.

How does digital tax administration affect R&D manipulation? Evidence from dual machine learning

Governing firms' R&D manipulation is crucial amid the prevalent opportunism during innovation in emerging economies. This study employs data on listed companies in China from 2010 to 2021 and uses the Golden Tax Project III as a quasi-natural experiment to estimate the effect of digital tax administration (DTA) on R&D manipulation via a dual machine learning model. Based on the capability, opportunity, and motivation-behavior (COM-B) theoretical framework, we explore the key pathways and identify the heterogeneous effects of DTA on various R&D manipulation motivations and directions. The results indicate the following: (1) DTA can regulate firms' R&D manipulation behavior and incentivize innovation quality and diversity. (2) DTA reduces R&D manipulation by enhancing accounting information quality and transmission efficiency in capital markets (internal and external information channels), strengthening tax audits (external monitoring channels), and curbing managerial self-interest and tax avoidance motives (internal motivation channels). (3) The DTA primarily functions as a governance instrument to address manipulation in various directions driven by tax avoidance and executive self-interest motives. These findings offer valuable insights for exploring governance models to address R&D manipulation in emerging economies.

PENGARUH PEMERIKSAAN PAJAK, JUMLAH PENGUSAHA KENA PAJAK DAN PENAGIHAN PAJAK TERHADAP PENERIMAAN PAJAK PERTAMBAHAN NILAI

This study aims to analyze the effect of tax audits, the number of taxable entrepreneurs and tax collection on value-added tax revenue, case studies at KPP Pratama Kuningan and KPP Pratama Cirebon Satu. The population in this study is tax audit data, the number of taxable entrepreneurs, tax collection and value-added tax revenue at KPP Pratama Kuningan and KPP Pratama Cirebon Satu 2018-2022 per month totaling 60 months at each KPP. The sampling used in this study used a saturated sample where all populations were used as samples. This study used multiple linear regression method. Statistical testing using SPSS Version 23. The results showed that the results of simultaneous tests of Tax Audit, Number of Taxable Entrepreneurs and Tax Collection had a significant effect on Value Added Tax Revenue. As for the partial test results of the Tax Audit variables, the Number of Taxable Entrepreneurs and Tax Collection have a positive and significant effect on Value Added Tax Revenue. Keywords : Tax Audit, Number of Taxable Entrepreneurs, Tax Collection, Value Added Tax Revenue.

ALTERNATIVE WAYS TO MANAGE COOPERATION IN TAX RELATIONS: CHALLENGES OF DIGITALIZATION AND TAX COMPLIANCE

The recent advancements in tax administration have witnessed a significant shift from traditional paper-based reporting to comprehensive digitalization of tax filing and analysis processes. The integration of information and communication technologies into tax relations, alongside the enhancement of tax systems through digital tools—such as electronic registration of tax invoices, electronic reporting, and electronic verification—has streamlined processes and improved tax compliance. However, it remains essential to investigate whether merely transitioning to electronic reporting suffices and to explore alternative management methods for interactions between businesses and regulatory authorities. This article aims to substantiate the patterns of change in tax relations due to the evolution of information technologies and to evaluate alternative options for ensuring the accuracy of tax reporting metrics, which could enhance tax compliance levels. Tax management, a subset of overall management, allows for the assessment and analysis of the impact of the tax environment on business operations amidst uncertainty. The challenges posed by the evolving tax landscape, including legislative volatility and subjective interpretations by regulatory bodies, necessitate a reevaluation of tax management practices. Furthermore, the increasing volume of data enables tax administrations to focus limited resources on addressing serious tax violations. This dynamic calls for a shift towards automation and digitization of accounting practices, paving the way for electronic audits. Despite the progress in electronic administration, the core criterion for tax compliance remains the submission of accurate tax reports and the fulfillment of tax obligations. The article discusses the OECD's recommendations for developing alternative cooperation frameworks between tax authorities and businesses, emphasizing the need for transparency and predictability in tax relations. In conclusion, successful transformation of tax relations between businesses and the state requires more than just electronic reporting; it necessitates a unified source of information for assessing tax risks and ensuring compliance. Ukraine is encouraged to adopt advanced practices for identifying tax risks and facilitating electronic tax audits, thereby enhancing the overall efficacy of tax administration

OPTIMIZATION OF MANAGEMENT DECISIONS IN TAX RELATIONS: NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND STANDARDS IN ACCOUNTING PROCESSES

The article addresses the critical role of accounting information in the context of tax relations, particularly in the dynamic business environment influenced by globalization. It emphasizes the necessity for structured data organization and information flow to enhance managerial decision-making processes. A significant focus is placed on the quality of accounting data, which is foundational for effective tax reporting and compliance. The study reviews existing literature, highlighting the contributions of Ukrainian researchers who stress the importance of relevant and high-quality accounting information for decision-making. The paper aims to explore the evolving approaches to accounting data formation, driven by globalization and the challenges it presents in tax interactions. It discusses the implications of adopting International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), which have been developed to ensure transparency, comparability, and high-quality financial reporting across borders. The article notes that while IFRS adoption is mandatory for many entities in Europe, discrepancies in implementation exist among member states, leading to varied disclosure requirements. Furthermore, the introduction of the Standard Audit File for Tax (SAF-T) is examined as a modern solution for enhancing data exchange between businesses and tax authorities. This XML format enables tax officials to access comprehensive accounting information, facilitating tax audits and compliance checks. The integration of SAF-T with IFRS reporting is posited to improve data quality and operational efficiency while addressing the increasing demand for reliable accounting information. In conclusion, the article argues that the implementation of IFRS and SAF-T can significantly enhance financial transparency and comparability, thereby reducing risks and costs associated with investment evaluations in the global market. However, it also acknowledges potential challenges in managing accounting practices and the need for advanced measures to accurately reflect a company's financial status and performance. This comprehensive analysis underscores the importance of high-quality accounting data in navigating the complexities of modern tax relations

The reality of an economic transaction in tax law: problems of proof

The article is devoted to the problems of proving the reality of an economic transaction in tax legal relations. The concept of the reality of an economic transaction is absent in the Tax Code of Ukraine. However, in practice, this concept is widely used by controlling authorities during tax audits. In the way of recognizing the economic transaction as unrealistic, the controlling authorities create the prerequisites for adding to the taxpayer the amounts of liabilities that, from the point of view of the controlling authorities, were understated by the taxpayer. A significant part of cases on appeals of tax notices-decisions concerns the results of tax audits in which the transaction was recognized as unreal, so in appeal cases the question arises of proving (and vice versa, refuting) the reality of economic transactions. The available array of information on this issue needs to be organized, researched, compared and recommendations formed, in order to achieve a greater degree of legal certainty. The reality of an economic transaction is a necessary requirement for displaying the results of the transaction in the taxpayer’s tax records. The criteria of reality have been developed by judicial practice, but they need to be detailed and clarified in order to achieve legal certainty. It is the controlling body that must prove the unreality of the business transaction, however, if it provides such evidence, the tax payer has the duty to refute them. The article determines the distribution of the burden of proving the reality of economic transactions, determines the place of private law and criminal law prejudice in proving the reality or unreality of transactions. The significance of the presumption of legality of the transaction for tax legal relations is clarified, the importance of primary documents in the process of proof in such disputes is investigated, it is determined the line between the principle of individual responsibility of the payer and the doctrine of “due diligence”, recommendations are provided for supervisory authorities and taxpayers regarding proof in this category of disputes.

Strategic Taxpayer Compliance During the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Study at the Medan Two Intermediate Tax Service Offices

This study aims to analyze strategic taxpayer compliance during the Covid-19 pandemic at the Medan Madya Dua Tax Office using quantitative methods. The research population is 1,966 taxpayers, consisting of 1,800 corporate taxpayers and 166 individual taxpayers. Independent variables include tax incentives, tax counseling, tax sanctions, supervision by Account Representative (AR), and tax audits, while the dependent variable is taxpayer compliance. Data were measured using dummy variables and nominal scales, and analyzed by multinomial logistic regression. The results showed that tax sanctions with a fine category of more than 2,000,000 tended to make taxpayers report tax returns on time with a probability of 59.63% higher than those on time. AR supervision with the SP2DK issuance category also increases the probability of late SPT reporting by 59.23%. The study shows that the variables of incentives, counseling, sanctions, AR supervision, and tax audits significantly affect taxpayer compliance in reporting annual tax returns. It is recommended that further research be carried out at the Primary and post-pandemic Tax Service Offices.

The Effect of E-Commerce, Tax, Supervision, and Tax Audit on Value-Added Tax Revenue (Case Study on Kudus Regency Taxpayers)

Internet technology has a huge influence on the world economy. More economic activities are carried out using internet media. Seeing the potential for the development of e-commerce has made business people dive into the digital world. The explosion of e-commerce is about the attraction of the business world and the state represented by the tax authorities, in this case, the Directorate General of Taxes, Central Java Regional Office in Kudus Regency. In line with the government's proposal to tax e-commerce as a source of state revenue and expenditure, awareness of the important role of e-commerce in the current digital-based business environment requires collaboration between relevant stakeholders to strive for a climate and mechanisms that encourage the development and growth of e-commerce, trade and protect the activities that take place therein. This research used a questionnaire on 185 Kudus district taxpayers registered on the marketplace using 25 SPSS data analysis. E-commerce is proven to have an influence on value-added tax revenue. Tax supervision has been proven to have an influence on Value Added Tax Revenue. The audit proved that taxes have a positive effect on value-added tax revenues. The research results show that all variables used have a positive effect on value-added tax revenues.

The Effect of Implementing Tax Extensification, Tax Intensification, Tax Audit on Tax Revenue at the Tax Office East Medan Pratama Services in 2023

This research aims to determine the level of tax extensification, tax intensification, tax inspection of the East Medan Pratama KPP during the period January – December 2023. The population in this research is tax employees who work at KPP Pratama Medan Timur. The research method used is a non-probability sampling method, namely census sampling. The respondents of this research were Tax Employees who worked at KPP Pratama East Medan, totaling 43 people. The instrument used is the distribution of questionnaires to collect data from the variables Tax Extensification, Tax Intensification and Tax Audit. The data analysis techniques used are validity test, reliability test, descriptive analysis, normality test, multiple linear regression analysis, partial hypothesis test or t test and calculation of the coefficient of determination.

Transfer Pricing and Activity Based Costing:

Activity based costing (ABC) is based simply on the premise that businesses must understand the factors that change each major activity and the costs of these activities, and how different activities add values to the firm related to the products in order to run the business effectively and efficiently. The role of transfer pricing policy is to allocate costs within the firm to determine the optimal product mix. The activity based costing approach justifies the transfer prices a multinational corporation uses to transfer unique company services among its divisions located in different countries. This article is an attempt to explain how this approach reduces the probability of costly tax audits and assists in obtaining an advanced pricing agreement. Moreover, this article contrasts the traditional and ABC approaches and shows how the approaches can significantly affect transfer pricing tax liability. Nevertheless, this article provides a glimpse of the potential of ABC in the development of an effective transfer pricing mechanism, one that lowers the risk of a transfer price audit and gives the multinational enterprise (MNE) the flexibility to adjust costs to compete successfully in the global market.

Determinants of Tax Audit Effectiveness in Ghana

Determinants of Tax Audit Effectiveness in Ghana

Perception on Tax System Structure, Tax Compliance Costs and Tax Compliance Behaviour in Yemen

This study considered the tax system structure into tax penalty, tax rate, and tax audit, and then examined their effects on tax compliance behaviour among small and mediumsized enterprises (SMEs) in the manufacturing sector of Yemen. Also, the tax compliance cost in Yemen was considered as a mediating factor in the tax system structure and tax compliance model. The study used a survey questionnaire to collect data based on previous studies. The study empirically found a strong positive and significant association between the tax rate, tax penalty, and tax audit and manufacturing SME tax compliance behaviour in Yemen. Whereas tax compliance cost is negatively related to tax compliance behaviour. For the mediation effect, only the relationship between two factors, that is tax rate and tax penalty with tax compliance behaviour were mediated by of tax compliance costs. While no evidence for the mediating effect of tax compliance costs on the relationship between tax audit and the tax compliance behaviour is found. By referring to Deterrence Theory, this study has contributed by extending the tax literature through a framework that examined tax compliance cost as a mediator in the association between manufacturing SME tax compliance behavior in Yemen and the structure of the Yemeni tax system.

Tax Audit and Tax Compliance, Does Religiosity Moderate?

The purpose of this paper was to investigate the impact of tax audit on tax compliance and examine the moderating effect of religiosity on the associations between tax audit and tax compliance in Pakistan. In this study, 400 questionnaires were distributed by using convenience sampling to actual as well as potential taxpayers of Pakistan, after which a total of 247 useable questionnaires were deemed suitable for analysis. Partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS SEM) was devised using SmartPLS 3 to validate the measurement model and structural model and the predictive relevance of the study’s model. The findings showed that tax audit was positively associated with the level of tax compliance. They also demonstrated significant moderating effect of religiosity on the relationship between tax audit and tax compliance. Tax authorities and policymakers in developing majority societies in developing countries and in other South Asian countries, especially in Pakistan may use the results to focus their interest on the formulation of policies founded on the outcomes of the study to strengthen revenue collection. This study extended the deterrence theory in the context of tax compliance by studying the effect of tax audit on tax compliance as well as the proposed moderating effect of religiosity in the purview of deterrence theory on tax compliance. The study explored the said relationships among actual as well as potential taxpayers in socio-cultural context of Pakistan. Moreover, the suitability for the use of PLS-SEM as a statistical tool in investigating the above-mentioned relationships was also discussed.

DETERMINAN PENERIMAAN PAJAK PERTAMBAHAN NILAI

The purpose of this research is to obtain empirical evidence of the effect of the Self Assessment System, Tax Audit, Tax Collection, Number of Taxable Entrepreneurs, Number of e-billings and Number of e-filings on value added tax revenue at KPP Pratama Tanjung Pandan. The population in this study were all corporate taxpayers at KPP Pratama Tanjung Pandan. The sampling technique in this study used purposive sampling technique so that the samples are taken based on certain criteria. The criteria used are corporate taxpayers who are registered and active as taxable entrepreneurs at the Tanjung Pandan KPP Pratama during the 2015-2022 period. The research carried out is a time series study for 8 years with monthly data units, so the total number of samples was 96. The results of this research show that 2 (two) independent variables, Self Assessment System and e-billing have a positive effect on value added tax revenues at KPP Pratama Tanjung Pandan. Meanwhile, the other 4 (four) independent variables are tax audit, tax collection, taxable entrepreneurs, and e-filing have no effect on value added tax revenue at KPP Pratama Tanjung Pandan.

Pengaruh Keadilan, Kepatuhan, Pemeriksaan, Sistem dan Diskriminasi Perpajakan Terhadap Wajib Pajak Mengenai Penggelapan Pajak

This research aims to analyze Tax Justice, Tax Compliance, Tax Audit, Tax System and Tax Discrimination against Tax Evasion. The population in this study are individual taxpayers registered at PT. Pelindo Regional 2 Tanjung Priok. The sample for this research is individual taxpayers registered at PT. Pelindo Regional 2 Tanjung Priok. This research used the Slovin method and obtained a sample of 100 people. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire method distributed to respondents and processed using SPSS version 26. Based on the results of the analysis, it shows that tax justice, tax inspection and tax discrimination have no effect on tax evasion, while tax compliance and the tax system have an effect on tax evasion.

Tax audits of customs payments

Tax audits of customs payments

Tax Audit Strategy in Promoting the Improvement of Corporate Governance in the Field of Accounting

Tax Audit Strategy in Promoting the Improvement of Corporate Governance in the Field of Accounting

New Legal Basis for International Risk Assessment Procedures in Germany: ICAP, ETACA

The new section 89b of the German Fiscal Code finally introduces a legal basis for international risk assessment procedures. Under these procedures, which are designed for cooperation and transparency, the tax administrations of two or more jurisdictions must at the request of the taxpayer provide an assessment of any tax default risks for facts already realized. If the risk is assessed as low, a formal review of these facts in a subsequent tax audit may be redundant.

Influence of Tax Audit and Tax Collection on The Receipt of Income Tax Article 25 For Corpotare Taxpayers At KPP Pratama Prabumulih

Influence of Tax Audit and Tax Collection on The Receipt of Income Tax Article 25 For Corpotare Taxpayers At KPP Pratama Prabumulih

Effect of Tax Audit on Tax Compliance

The study's main focus was on how tax audits affected tax compliance in the Banganga Municipality with particular goals in mind. Numerous statistical tools, including the mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, coefficient of correlation, and ANOVA test, were used to achieve these goals. There is a significant correlation between desk audit, field audit, back duty audit, registration audit, and tax compliance. It has been discovered that greater levels of desk audit, field audit, back duty audit, and registration audit performance enhance factors related to tax compliance. Factors have been investigated in this paper. Desk, field, back duty, and registration audits were among the independent variables; tax compliance was the dependent variable.