Tatar National Research Articles

ХХ гасыр башында татар хатын-кызлары күзлегеннән милләт проблемалары

The turn of the 19th – 20th centuries in the Tatar society is characterized by a time of comprehending the past and defining tasks for the future development of Tatar identity. At this time, a discussion about self-designation of the people is unfolding on the pages of periodicals; Tatar intellectuals share their vision of the concepts of “nation” and “national”. Along with the male part of the Tatar society, Tatar women join in the discussion of important issues. The author of the article sets the following goal: to analyse the position of Tatar women regarding national issues and their activities in defending their own views. The novelty of the study is that it is the forst attempt to consider the issue of the national identity of the Tatars and the prospects for the Tatar nation’s development through the prism of a woman’s perspective. It is of much importance since women are directly related to the upbringing of the younger generation, which determines the nature of the development of the national community. The study revealed that Tatar women of the early 20th century actively entered into debate about the name of the Tatar people and acted as a defender of the Tatar ethnonym. They participated in the formation of a strategy for the development of the Tatars’ national identity. Priority tasks facing the Tatars, in their opinion, include the preservation of the physical health of the people. After that spiritual development can be discussed. Tatar women call religion and the Tatar language the basis of the nation. The development strategy of the nation, according to the vision of Tatar women, should be based on education and enlightenment. Tatar women of the early 20th century took upon themselves the responsibility to realise activities for educating the younger generation, wrote books on the topic, and were actively involved in organising women's education. The author cites sources from the Tatar periodical press of the early 20th century, which reflect Tatar women’s point of view of on the problem of the identity of the Tatar people.

Bigi as Marjani’s Follower

The paper deals with two aspects of continuity of religious and philosophical views of the Tatar thinkers Sh. Marjani and M. Bigi. The fi rst is about the universality of divine grace. Marjani, in his “Book on Mature Wisdom that Helps to Explain the Hanafi Creed», gave arguments according to which the decision on this issue remains with the Almighty. Bigi in the “Proofs of Divine Mercy” asserted the inevitability of salvation for all the peoples of the world. The second aspect is about ‘aqida, kalam and ij - tihad. Despite the more than fi fty-year diff erence in the time of the publication of their views by two Tatar thinkers, they are basically identical: for the progress of the Tatar nation, Islam requires the “purifi cation” of ‘aqida from Kalam layers, in Muslim education — the replacement of Kalam with secular sciences and the adoption of ij tihad based on primary sources — the Qur’an, Sunnah and ij ma‘.

Weaponizing Self-Determination in 1918: Crimea as "German Riviera" and Tatar National State

Weaponizing Self-Determination in 1918: Crimea as "German Riviera" and Tatar National State

Pilgrimage to Mecca of theologian Nurgali Hasanov (1852–1919)

The proposed article for the fi rst time reconstructs the signifi cant pilgrimage of the authoritative theologian of the Middle Volga Region, sheikh, akhund Nurgali (Nur ‘Ali) Hasanov. This outstanding personality for more than 30 years led Buinsky madrasah in Buinsk town, was one of the brightest Sufi leaders of his time. He taught and raised a large number of students, among them 200 became imams, about 10 chose to be akhunds (muhtasibs), a large number of muezzins, teachers of elementary religious schools and madrasas, and 8 directors of large madrasas of the Middle Volga Region. Among his students there were 2 deputies of the State Duma, prominent scientists, writers, public fi gures of the Tatar nation of the late XIX – early XX centuries. His merits were recognized by the authorities of the Russian and Ottoman Empires, from which he received the highest government awards – silver and gold medals “For Diligence” and the 1st Degree Honorary Order “Osmania”. The path of Nurgali Hasanov’s long pilgrimage includes many signifi cant events, where there are the visits to the cities of Moscow, Petersburg, Odessa, Istanbul, Beirut, Damascus, Tabuk, Medina, Mecca, Jeddah, Bakhchisaray and to many other historical places, there are the meetings with Sultan Abdulhamid II, famous politicians, scientists, Sufi mentors. The author of the article bases his research on the theologian’s work for the fi rst time introduced into the scientifi c circulation, and dedicated to his pilgrimage “al-‘Awatif al-hamidiyya fi -l-siyahat alnuriyya [Grateful feelings of a bright travel]”, which was translated from the Arabic Language. The researcher also refers to an autobiographical work “58 yel gasyrda jawalan [58 years of travelling in one century]”, to published Osman (Ottoman) archive materials and to Tatar newspapers of the pre-revolutionary period. The events discussed basically cover the moment from early July 1906 to late March 1907.

Лексико-семантическое поле с ключевой лексемой «богатство» (на материале письменных источников татарского языка)

The paper aims to reveal the semantics and characteristics of functioning of lexical units in written sources of the 17th-18th centuries in the Tatar language which are included in the lexical-semantic field of the notion “байлык” (wealth) in the functional-semantic aspect. The scientific originality of the research lies in the fact that it describes the lexical-semantic field of the notion “байлык” (wealth) in the texts of the 17th-18th centuries for the first time. The results show that these lexemes in the sources of the 17th-18th centuries reflect the view of the world and the character of the nation, the people’s attitude not only to wealth and life, but also to the Tatar nation’s culture.

Г. Гобәйдуллин хезмәтләрендә «халык», «милләт» төшенчәләре

The end of the 19th – early 20th century in the history of the Tatar people is a time of comprehension of their past, reflection on historical and cultural issues, determination of the main tasks of development. During this period, analysis and reasoning about the national issues come to the foreground in the works of Tatar scholars and publicists; they discuss the concepts of "people", "nation", raise the question "Who are we?" In this article, the author refers to the works of historian G. Gubaydullin "Millätne nichek tagrif kylyrga?" (1913), "Törekme, Tatarmy?" (1918), "Revisiting the Question of the Origin of the Tatars" (1928), who, using the example of the listed works, examines his reasoning about the name of the Tatar people, about the formation of the Tatar nation and also shows the evolution of his understanding of the problem of Tatar identity. A comparative analysis of G. Gubaydullin’s views on this issue with the arguments of his contemporaries has been conducted. The fact that recently interest in the problem of Tatar identity has increased remarkably is of particular note. In this respect, the relevance of studying the given problem in the reflections of famous scientists of the early 20th century has increased. The novelty of this study lies in the fact that, the formulation and understanding of the scientific problem of the national identity of the Tatar people at the beginning of the twentieth century is presented based on the works of G. Gubaydullin, the first Tatar professional historian.

АНАЛІЗ ВІРША-ГІМНУ КРИМСЬКИХ ТАТАР «АНТ ЕТКЕНМЕН» («Я ПОКЛЯВСЯ») НОМАНА ЧЕЛЕБІДЖІХАНА В ІСТОРИЧНІЙ ПЕРСПЕКТИВІ

Crimean Tatar’s history is that of agony, exile, sorrow, oppression and persecution, but it is also the history of Crimean Tatar nation’s national struggle. Crimean Tatars’ history has 5 stages: 1. Crimean Khanate Period (1441-1783), 2. Russian Domination: Invasion of Crimea (1783-1917), Crimea during Russian Revolution and Early Bolshevik Reign: Crimean Tatar Republic (1917-1918), 4. Exile Period (1944-1987), 5. Return to Homeland (1987 – up to the present), 6. Repeated annexation of Crimea by Russia (2014 – up to the present). The first three periods are presented in Crimean Tatar National Anthem. National anthems have a significant importance in the histories of nations, as they reflect the national identities. Crimean Tatar National Anthem has been sung and listened with high zest by the majority of the nation in different times and places. So what does it tell to us? What values does it advice us to maintain? What kind of targets does it point out? In order to give satisfactory answers for such questions, we will handle “Ant Etkenmen” in quartets, making use of past studies on History and Linguistics. The name of Crimean Tatar National Anthem is “Ant Etkenmen”, and it was written by Numan Çelebi Cihan, the first president of Crimean Tatar People’s Republic. In our study, important poems in the history of Crimean Tatars, mainly “Ant Etkenmen” (I Vowed) the national anthem of Crimean Tatars written in 1917 by Numan Çelebi Cihan, will be analysed in terms of vowing motif. Our study is based on the both the symbolic languge analysis and the aesthetic aspects of the national anthem in terms of its sound, words, harmony, the world of sense, dream and thought, its lyricism, meter, rhyme, rhtym, language and style. The first three quartets of the anthem focus on the agonies in the history of Crimean Tatars. In the analysis of the poem data received in the field of History will also be made use of.

Преподавание татарского языка в вузах Казани в 1920-е гг.: от древнетюркской письменности к Дальтон-плану

The article examines the process of the Tatar language teaching formation in Kazan institutes of higher education in the 1920s on the example of institutes in the Humanities sphere: the North-Eastern Archaeological and Ethnographic Institute, the Eastern Academy and the Tatar National Branch of the Eastern Pedagogical Institute. The research is based on a wide range of unpublished sources from the funds of the State Archive of the Republic of Tatarstan. The study examines the curriculum of the disciplines within which the Tatar language was studied, the teaching forms and methods, as well as the formation of a team of specialists who taught the language during that period. Special attention is given to the study of the socio-political conditions in which the Tatar language instruction developed. It has been established that in the first years of the Soviet regime, the Tatar language was taught in Kazan institutes mainly by orientalists. Therefore, teaching this subject was closely related to oriental studies and source studies disciplines. Students mastered not only the spoken Tatar language, but also learned to work with Old Turkic writing manuscripts. Teaching the Tatar language in the second half of the 1920s was aimed primarily at training teachers of the native language. That period was distinguished by the instability of curricula, the introduction of new teaching methods, including the Dalton plan, and also changes in teaching staff.

СОЗДАНИЕ И ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ СЕЛЕКЦИОННОГО ДОСТИЖЕНИЯ – ТАТАРСКАЯ ПОРОДА ЛОШАДЕЙ В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ ТАТАРСТАН

The Tatar breed of horses is a historical heritage of the Tatar nation, its national pride, so the revival of the Tatar breed is of great importance for the entire Tatar people and is the national policy of the Republic of Tatarstan. Breeding Tatar horses has a great future and high demand of the population.

THE ROLE OF DR. SHERALI TURDIEV BETWEEN UZBEK AND TATAR LITERARY RELATIONS

Uzbek and Tatar nations have had strong literary relations since the beginning of XX century. In building such a good friendly bonds, particular individuals play a significant role with their attempts. Dr. Sherali Turdiev did a lot in the development of literary relations between Uzbek and Tatar nation. It can be proved by his written works also exchanged letters. In this article, request, gratitude and invitation letters by Tatar scholars towards Dr. Sherali Turdiev will be discussed. KEY WORDS: literary relations, correspondences, publication, mutual literary supports

Corpus-based approach to forming communication skills in the use of idioms

The paper presents a corpus-based approach to forming communication skills which has been widely accepted nowadays. The methodological apparatus of corpus linguistics is a promising tool for language learning. The purpose of the present research is to study the potential of the Tatar National Corpus in forming communication skills in the use of Tatar idioms. Corpus-based approach has many applications in language learning from extending teaching techniques to arousing learners’ curiosity and improving communication skills. Traditionally, idioms are considered to be fixed expressions, which have a meaning that is not immediately obvious from looking at the meanings of the parts. It has become evident over the past decades that all sorts of creative modifications of idioms are quite frequent and can be varied. Most idioms are not totally opaque. Thus, they are open to the corpus-based approach. Moreover, idioms are typically based on metaphors, and metaphors as mental images are easily modifiable. The native speakers adapt them, combine them and can change parts of them. Undoubtedly, a corpus presents an opportunity to learn the authenticity of the idioms, used in reality without somebody’s selection or previous interpretation. Learning a foreign language on the basis of corpus data allows students to analyze lexical, grammatical and syntactical variations of idioms, to comprehend their semantics, and explore new variants of idioms, unrecorded in dictionaries yet.

The role of the Tatar educational elite in the formation of national socio-political thought at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries (modern research aspects)

At the end of the 20th century, changes took place in the world that forced politicians and scientists to rethink many seemingly established postulates about the laws of social life and about the ways of development of human civilization. The modern development of the social movement among the Tatars of Russia, and especially the national processes in Tatarstan largely repeat the trends in the development of the nation in the pre-Soviet period. The main role in the social movement of nations is played by the activities of the elite aimed at creating political, educational and cultural institutions. The turning point in the history of the Tatar people should be considered the end of the 19th - the beginning of the 20th century. The Tatar ideology was created during the period of rapid development of bourgeois socio-economic relations (especially noticeable among the Tatars of the Volga-Ural region) and the rise of national culture. However, until recently, the sources and works of authors of different times have not been fully studied, although they contain data on the processes of formation of the Tatar social factor and the Tatar nation itself in the context of the development of the Russian community.

Kırım Tatarları’nda Kimlik

The Crimean Tatars are a community worthy of study without losing their conscience despite all the pressures in their history. Their loyalty to their history and their homeland has kept them together despite the genocide and exile they have experienced. The aim of this study is to evaluate the identity building process of the Crimean Tatars in the context of nationalist theories. It will be revealed in our work that Tatar nationalism, which is based on historical leader and symbolic values, can be explained by ethno-symbolism. In the study, firstly ethno-symbolism will be given and then the identity building process of the Crimean Tatars will be examined.

КОНКУРЕНЦИЯ НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ ПРОЕКТОВ В ТУРЦИИ: ПРИМЕР ЧЕРКЕСОВ И КРЫМСКИХ ТАТАР

The present article examines the competition of national projects in Turkey at several levels. We analyse the interaction of the dominant Turkish national project, given in dynamics, and the national projects of ethnic minorities – the Crimean Tatars and Circassians. We demonstrate that the Turkish national project can absorb ethnonational ones, changing them to suit itself, or it can enter into direct confrontation with them. Besides, we analyse the variety of national projects, the ideologists of which, competing for an ethnic audience, offer different understandings of the Circassian and Crimean Tatar nation. As a final result we show how both etnic national projects and pseudo- ethnicculturally- based projects simultaneously coexist in Turkey along with the state nationalism.

On the Activity of Bodies of National Self-Government of the Crimean Tatar People in 1919 and the Problem of Dating the Crimean Tatar Revolution

The article discusses the concept of the Crimean Tatar Revolution, which began in 1917; the problem of determining its upper chronological boundary; and the activities of the Crimean Tatar national authorities in 1919. As a result of the Russian Empire’s policy, in the early 20th century the Crimean Tatar people faced dramatic challenges in the sociopolitical, socioeconomic and ethnodemographic spheres: in their historical homeland, in Crimea, they became a repressed minority, threatened by degradation and assimilation. The 1917 revolutionary events in Russia gave a chance, used by the Crimean Tatar representatives. At that time, the new national elite, formed, first of all, from the nation’s intelligentsia, moved the old leading strata (murza and clergy), facilitated the mobilization of the masses around the ideas of national self-organization and the realization of the right for self-determination. The starting point of the Crimean Tatar Revolution was the holding in December 1917 of the Crimean Tatar constituent assembly – Kurultai – which approved the National Constitution, put forward the idea of creating the Crimean People’s Republic, and became the national parliament for a period of one year. In 1918, it worked under the difficult conditions of shifting political regimes in Crimea. In early 1919, during the confrontation with the Crimean Provincial Government of S. Kryma and the Volunteer Army, elections were held for a new convocation of the parliament – Majlis Mebusan, which briefly worked in March. At the same time, much attention was paid to the Crimean Tatars’ national self-government bodies in the election campaign of the Crimean Sejm, but the capture of Crimea by the Red Army in April 1919 made it impossible to hold elections. The left-radical regime led by the Bolsheviks in Crimea, proclaimed in the spring of 1919 by the Crimean Soviet Socialist Republic, did not last long, but it did show intentions to take into account the Crimean Tatar factor. The dictatorial regime of A. Denikin, who established control over Crimea in the summer of 1919, pursued repressive policies against the Crimean Tatar authorities. According to the author, the violent cessation of self-government in August 1919 marked the end of the Crimean Tatar National Revolution.

Этапы развития государственности и формирование татарской нации (до 1917 г.)

Этапы развития государственности и формирование татарской нации (до 1917 г.)

TO THE BIOGRAPHY OF AMET OZENBASHLY

The article is devoted to the public and political activity of Amet Ozenbashly who was one of the leaders of the Crimean Tatar national movement in the first half of the XX century. His public activity during the period of the national liberation movement (1917-1920) is characterized in the article. Amet Ozenbashly’s participation in convening and conducting the Constituent Assembly of the Crimean Tatar nation (the first Kurultai), his activity within the Directory and the Central Committee of the Crimean Tatar national party “Milliy Fyrqa” is also emphasized in the work. A. Ozenbashly didn’t immigrate after the defeat of the national revolution. At the beginning of the 1920s he participated in the establishment of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and was the member of its Central Executive Committee. He also held the position of the headmaster in the Crimean pedagogical college, the Deputy People’s Commissar of Finance; he practiced as a neurologist in Simferopil and was engaged in the literature activity. He was repressed in 1928. He was sentenced to death but his verdict was changed to 10 years of imprisonment. He was released from prison prematurely in 1934. A. Ozenbashly’s activity during the period of the German occupation is characterized in the study. He wrote the memorandum about the collaboration with the German although the document was not manifested. He made covert public statements against the collaboration with the German. He urged the Crimean Tatars to choose the third way (neither Hitlerism nor Stalinism) and value their own national interests above all. Because of risk of being arrested he had to hide. According to H. Porokhovsky’s (the former colonel of the UNR army, the leader of the Ukrainian military emigration in Romania, the employee of the Romanian special information service) archive-investigation file A. Ozenbashly moved to Odesa and then to Romania with his assistance. Being in this Balkan country he established linkages with the leaders of the Crimean Tatar emigration in Turkey, helped the refugees from the Crimea to settle in Romania and got ready to move to Istanbul. However he was arrested and repressed by the Soviet intelligence agency for the second time in spring 1945. Key words: Amet Ozenbashly, the Crimea, the Crimean Tatars, Milliy Fyrqa, Romania, Hnat Porokhovsky.

The Unfolding of the Tulip

In Tatarstan in the 1990s and early 2000s, a switch took place from an identity primarily based on ethnicity, to an identity more strongly informed by religious belonging. This happened in official political and scholarly Islamic discourse as well as in everyday Muslim life, and is linked to different variants of Tatar nationalism.

Russian and Siberian-Tatar language contacts in middle of XX century

This article is devoted to the language contacts between the Siberian Tatars and the Russians in the XX century. We have executed a research of the Russian borrowed lexicon in the dictionary of dialects of the Siberian Tatars, written by D.G. Tumasheva in 1992. 93 borrowed lexemes from Russian and Western European languages relating mainly to the household sphere of language functioning of the Siberian Tatars have been revealed. We assume that there were Russian loanwords in the language of the Siberian Tatars in the third period of the development of the Tatar people’s spoken language, namely in the 40-60s of the XX century. The author revealed several borrowed lexemes from the dictionary of dialects of the Siberian Tatars, pertaining to the household lexicon of the language of the Siberian Tatars. The direct permanent intense and stable contacts between the Russian and Tatar unrelated languages led to the emergence of broad and thematically diverse formation of Russian loanwords in the Tatar language. The household sphere of functioning of the Siberian Tatar language is less susceptible to intrusion of foreign vocabulary. Thus, in order to analyze its structural and semantic development, there was an attempt to analyze the identified borrowing according to two corpuses of the Tatar language, namely to identify the right words and confirm the use of the language, as well as to determine the frequency of their usage. According to the Tatar National Corpus “Tugantel” and the Corpus of written Tatar, the most frequent borrowings are өstәl (TNC 4682, CWT-16155), kөpkә (TNC -1242, CWT 9547), Torba (TNC -206, CWT-1141).

Features of Woman Journal in Tatar Language

<p>The article studies the functional and typological features of woman magazine published in the city of Kazan of the Republic of Tatarstan (Russia). The magazine "Syuyumbike" is the only woman magazine for the Tatars, the people of the Turkic ethnos living in the central regions of the European part of Russia. The Tatars make up 3.87% of population in Russia. "Syuyumbike", as the magazine with a century-old history, spreads throughout Russia. Besides it is read by Tatars, compactly residing in Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, the USA, Finland and Australia. In Soviet times, the circulation reached half a million copies, and it makes only 10 thousand at present, one fifth of which is distributed outside of Tatarstan. Despite the fact that the publishers of the magazine do not share their readers on the basis of gender, the main character of the magazine is a woman, an active member of modern society. The magazine, being the platform for the exchange of opinions among the representatives of Tatar nation from all over the world, serves to search for the solutions to various problems of our time. The identification of typological features makes it possible to determine the place of publication in the media system, it has an undeniable significance for the further development of newspaper and magazine market in the national languages of Russia. After the historical development analysis and the analysis of the magazine "Syuyumbike" current state, the authors made conclusions about the trends and the prospects of its further development.</p>