Training Tasks Research Articles

Variations in External and Internal Intensities and Impact of Maturational Age on Soccer Training Tasks.

During peak height velocity, adjusting training intensity is crucial for optimizing performance and minimizing injury risk. This cross-sectional study compares external and internal intensities in different training tasks (analytical tasks, small-sided games, and training matches) and analyzes their effect on the maturation age of young players. Fifty-five U-15 and U-16 boys from two soccer clubs in southwestern Spain were monitored using inertial movement units and heart rate monitors to report training intensities. Anthropometric data and birthdates were collected to estimate maturation age. The Friedman test and Durbin-Conover post hoc test identified specific differences between groups, and Spearman's rank correlation coefficients assessed variable impacts. Training matches showed significantly higher distance covered, maximum and average speed, and average heart rate compared to small-sided games and analytical tasks. High-intensity actions and sprints were significantly higher (p < 0.0001) during training matches compared to analytical tasks and during small-sided games compared to analytical tasks. Player load per minute was significantly highest (p < 0.05) during training matches, followed by small-sided games, and lowest in analytical tasks. Positive correlations between maturational age and high-intensity actions, accelerations, and decelerations indicated higher intensity (p < 0.05) in more mature players. A negative correlation between player load per minute and maturational age suggested more efficient intensity management in mature players. These findings highlight the importance of considering biological maturation and training task variability in youth athletes' development.

Efficacy of Dry Needling in Enhancing Hand Function and Reducing Spasticity in MCA Stroke Patients: A Prospective Case Report

Stroke, particularly involving the middle cerebral artery (MCA), often leads to persistent disability, significantly impairing hand function and inducing severe spasticity in the forearm flexors due to complex motor pathway involvement. This case report evaluates the effectiveness of combining dry needling therapy (DNT) with task-oriented training (TOT) in reducing spasticity and improving hand function in a post-MCA stroke patient. A 61-year-old male with right-side hemiplegia following a left MCA stroke, compounded by a history of diabetes, hypertension, and recent kidney stone diagnosis, participated in this study. The patient experienced severe functional limitations due to spasticity (grade 3 on the Modified Ashworth Scale) and scored 31 on the CAHAI-13, indicating significant hand dysfunction. DNT was applied to key forearm muscles (flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, and pronator teres), followed by TOT targeting daily tasks. Post-intervention, the patient demonstrated significant improvements: spasticity was reduced (Modified Ashworth Scale score decreased from grade 3 to grade 2), and muscle hypertonicity, as measured by EMG, was reduced in all targeted muscles. Functional hand use improved markedly, with the CAHAI-13 score increasing from 31 to 45. These improvements led to enhanced independence in daily activities. This case report highlights the clinical relevance of integrating DNT with TOT in stroke rehabilitation. The combined intervention not only reduced spasticity and improved neuromuscular function but also led to meaningful gains in hand function, enhancing the patient’s ability to perform daily activities independently. Given the promising results, this combined approach could serve as a practical and effective strategy for improving motor recovery and functional independence in post-stroke patients. Further studies with larger sample sizes are necessary to confirm these findings and explore the broader application of this approach in clinical practice.

The effect of dual-task training on postural and cognitive performances in adolescents with down syndrome

BackgroundThe dual task training (DTT) has been shown to improve postural and cognitive performances in many populations. Therefore, it seems of interest to explore the effect of such training modality in individuals with Down syndrome (DS) presenting both cognitive and postural deficits. AimsThis study explored the effect of a DTT compared to a single task training (STT) on postural and cognitive performances in adolescents with DS. Methods and proceduresThe center of pressure velocity (CoPVm) and the cognitive performance in the selective word recall test were recorded under single task (ST) and DT conditions before and after 8 weeks in the STT group (STTG), the DTTG and the control group (CG). Outcomes and resultsBefore training, CoPVm values increased and cognitive performances decreased (p < 0.001) during the DT compared to ST conditions in all groups. After training, CoPVm decreased (p < 0.001) in the DTTG and the STTG under the ST conditions. However, under DT conditions, these values decreased (p < 0.001) only in the DTTG. The cognitive performance increased (p < 0.001) only in the DTTG in both ST and DT conditions. ConclusionThe DTT is strongly recommended to improve both postural and cognitive performances in individuals with DS notably in DT conditions.

AI Services-Oriented Dynamic Computing Resource Scheduling Algorithm Based on Distributed Data Parallelism in Edge Computing Network of Smart Grid

Massive computational resources are required by a booming number of artificial intelligence (AI) services in the communication network of the smart grid. To alleviate the computational pressure on data centers, edge computing first network (ECFN) can serve as an effective solution to realize distributed model training based on data parallelism for AI services in smart grid. Due to AI services with diversified types, an edge data center has a changing workload in different time periods. Selfish edge data centers from different edge suppliers are reluctant to share their computing resources without a rule for fair competition. AI services-oriented dynamic computational resource scheduling of edge data centers affects both the economic profit of AI service providers and computational resource utilization. This letter mainly discusses the partition and distribution of AI data based on distributed model training and dynamic computational resource scheduling problems among multiple edge data centers for AI services. To this end, a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model and a Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL)-based algorithm are proposed. Simulation results show that the proposed DRL-based algorithm outperforms the benchmark in terms of profit of AI service provider, backlog of distributed model training tasks, running time and multi-objective optimization.

Bridging the Gap Between Training and Competition in Elite Rink Hockey: A Pilot Study.

Monitoring training load and competition load is crucial for evaluating and improving athlete performance. This study proposes an applied approach to characterize and classify the training task specificity in relation to competition in a top-level rink hockey team, considering external and internal load from training tasks and competition. Training tasks and game demands have significant dose-response differences, and exercises can be classified successfully based on their physiological and biomechanical demands. Cross-sectional study. Level 5. Ten elite-level male rink hockey players participated in this study. Players were monitored on 6 different task categories during 8 training sessions and 2 official games. A linear mixed model with random intercepts was used to compare training tasks and competition load, accounting for individual repeated measures. A 2-step cluster analysis was performed to classify the training tasks and games based on physiological and biomechanical load, employing log-likelihood as the distance measure and Schwartz's Bayesian criterion. Average heartrate , maximum heartrate, and high-speed skating (18.1-30 km/h) were the best physiological load predictors, while the most effective biomechanical load predictors were impacts [8-10] g(n), decelerations [-10 to -3]m/s²(n), and accelerations [3-10]m/s²(n). Different physiological and biomechanical responses were verified between training tasks and match demands. A 4-quadrant efforts assessment for each task category revealed that training tasks used by the team in the analysis presented lower biomechanical and physiological load demands than competition. Training tasks failed to adequately replicate the specific demands of competition, especially regarding high mechanical stress, such as the absence of high-intensity impacts and decelerations. This method of classification of training tasks may allow coaches to understand further the specificity and contribution of each task to competition demands, consequently improving the capacity of load management and the preparedness and readiness of players for competition.

The Effect of Ten Weeks of Dual-Task Training on Functional Balance and Gait Speed Under Dual-Task Conditions in Bipolar Patients

Background: In mood disorders, disturbance in balance control and walking is a main motor symptom. Objectives: The aim of this study was to explore the impact of ten weeks of dual-task training on balance and gait speed under dual-task conditions in bipolar patients. Methods: Thirty male patients (age mean 43.13 ± 8.91) with bipolar disorder living in Urmia Psychiatric Center were assigned to the control group and the dual task training group. Dual-task training with moderate intensity, including 20 sessions, 2/week, per 75 min. To detect the changes in the balance and the gait speed, a timed up and go Test (TUG) under dual task conditions and a 10-m walking course under dual task conditions were administered before and after the exercise protocol. It was analyzed using analysis of covariance test. Results: The findings showed that the two groups had significant differences in TUG under motor dual task conditions, gait speed under motor dual task conditions, and gait speed under cognitive dual task conditions (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusions: Considering the effectiveness of cognitive dual-task training in improving gait speed and functional balance, dual-task training may be a potentially important supplement to conventional treatment in people identified as being at high risk of falling.

A dual-channel multimodal sentiment analysis framework based on three-way decision

In the exploration of human–computer interaction, accurately identifying and understanding the user’s sentimental state helps enhance the user experience. Multimodal sentiment analysis aims to identify sentiments through various signals. However, inconsistencies in sentiments between text and visual–audio signals pose a challenge, as models often struggle to capture these differences adequately. To alleviate this issue, we propose a dual-channel sentiment analysis framework based on three-way decision. This framework includes a multimodal model, a visual–audio model, and a three-way decision module. Specifically, the multimodal model and visual–audio model generate predictions, and the three-way decision module selects an appropriate prediction. We improve the binary cross-entropy loss function for the visual–audio model to integrate the three-way decision module better and improve sentiment prediction accuracy. Additionally, we introduce an adversarial training task to ensure differences in predictions between the two models, thereby enhancing the influence of the visual–audio model. Experimental results on four public datasets demonstrate that our framework significantly improves the accuracy of sentiment recognition and reduces the average decision time.

Technical and tactical performance in professional female futsal players: a descriptive analysis depending on teams level and playing group

ABSTRACT Among the many factors that can affect women’s futsal performance, technical and tactical actions can obscure relevant game data, even affecting specialists in both the programming and design of training tasks. This study describes the technical and tactical actions in elite futsal teams, analysing performance measures according to the playing group and team ranking level. One hundred and twenty-eight games from an Elite League in the 2020/2021 season were observed. The variables analysed were grouped into three groups: “Goals and Rules”, “Attack” and “Defence”. The two-way mixed ANOVA analysis revealed significant effects in attacking variables such as Shots to the Post (STP) variable (F1.2 =19.13, p = .04, η2 = .90) and Throw-in For (TIF) variable (F1.2 =75.00, p = .01, η2 = .97), as well as in defensive Interception (INT) variable (F2.4 = 8.74, p = .03, η2 = .81) in the playing group condition. This study observed how consistently those teams positioned at the top developed a higher goal average compared to those teams further down the ranking. The study highlights the significance of the offensive part and the number of goals in the game system and how achieving good numbers in this area can influence. Coaches and athletes can use the intraclass correlation coefficient to demonstrate how specific technical and tactical actions impact performance.

Combat Medics' Preparedness to Serve as Behavioral Health Extenders in Forward Environments.

Future multidomain operational combat environments will require combat medics to play a larger role in managing behavioral health (BH) conditions in forward environments, as soldiers in small teams may have them as their sole medical support for extended periods of time. Previously they were not expected to serve in this role, and thus, they receive minimal BH training. It is unknown to what extent combat medics consider BH tasks as falling within their scope of practice and how often they engage with their soldiers currently related to BH. Qualitative research suggests that many medics feel inadequately prepared to handle BH problems. Our aim is to further assess medic attitudes and behaviors related to BH to better understand the landscape of medic preparedness to fill an expanded role. Data from 292 medics were collected before their participation in the BH Guidelines for mEdic Assessment and Response training, a day-long training for medics expected to deploy to far-forward environments. We investigated whether combat medics engage with their soldiers in areas related to BH, the extent to which they consider BH-related tasks as part of their scope of practice, and how confident they feel engaging in various BH-related tasks. We explored associations between medics' attitudes related to BH scope of practice and confidence performing BH tasks with gender, rank, component (National Guard vs. Active Duty), work-related BH experience, having suicide training in the past year, and having ever sought help for BH. Results indicated that in the past month, 61.4% of medics discussed BH issues, 48.3% assessed BH problems, and 41.3% provided interventions for BH problems with at least one soldier in their unit. Assessment tasks were more frequently endorsed as falling within medic's scope of practice (75%-95%) than intervention tasks (62%-83%). More medics felt confident doing assessments (39%-49% moderately confident or greater) than providing interventions (31%-37% moderately confident or greater). Medics expressed highest confidence in assessing for suicide risk (49% moderate confidence or greater). Medics with a lot of prior BH work experience and non-commissioned officers (as compared to junior enlisted) reported greater confidence in most tasks. Receiving suicide training in the past year was associated with greater confidence assessing for suicide, as well as providing interventions for suicide, general BH problems, and substance abuse. Most medics agreed that numerous BH tasks fell within the scope of their work, but few felt confident engaging in those tasks. These findings support a need for additional training in BH-related tasks across the force. Exploring ways to provide medics BH-related work rotations would augment their general proficiency as first-line treatment providers for soldiers in combat units, and increased training in BH-related tasks should be studied to determine its ability to increase competency and confidence. If medics can learn to assess and recognize BH concerns before they escalate to needing specialty BH care, this could potentially reduce the burden on BH clinics, as well as strengthen the overall force.

Standardizing Attention Process Training-III for a Multisite Clinical Trial of Neuromodulation.

The Control Network Neuromodulation to Enhance Cognitive Training in Complex Traumatic Brain Injury (CONNECT-TBI) study is an ongoing randomized, double-blinded, sham-controlled multisite clinical trial to determine the enhancing effects of noninvasive neuromodulation when paired with cognitive training in military participants (Veterans and active duty) with mild TBI. Attention Process Training-III (APT-III) was selected for its strong evidence base, manualized procedures, and computerized program. However, many aspects of APT-III that make it ideal for personalization make it less ideal for reliable implementation across participants, clinicians/technicians, and sites. The purpose of this feature article is to highlight APT-III procedures that require additional standardization for reliable administration across participants and sites. Ten studies using APT-III were reviewed for methodology of APT-III administration. The manual was also scrutinized; aspects of administration that involved clinical decision-making, subjectivity, flexibility, and/or that were identified by the APT-III developers as areas in need of "empirical evaluation" were flagged by clinicians. Literature and manual review findings were presented to the team for discussion and solution-finding. The authors created and refined a standardized process that would allow participants to move through APT-III training, including task movement algorithms and new materials drafts. Refining of algorithms and drafts continued until there was a consensus from team members. Many gray areas were identified, but we will limit our reporting to focus on (1) dosage, (2) adaptation, (3) metacognitive strategy instruction, and (4) goal attainment scaling. We present APT-III manual details, literature review findings, and CONNECT-TBI decisions and materials for each of these areas of focus. We have highlighted some of the major gray areas of APT-III administration so that fellow researchers can understand the need to take similar steps in clinical trials using APT-III. We provide examples of our standardization process and resultant rules and materials. Our algorithm, based on prior studies using the APT-III and our own iterative adjustments, allows for adjustment of the difficulty and speed of the training tasks (but within certain parameters) in order to achieve the best balance between individualization and consistency across participants and sites. We provide an example of a workflow and reporting process for future studies.

Vagus nerve stimulation during training fails to improve learning in healthy rats

Learning new skills requires neuroplasticity. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) during sensory and motor events can increase neuroplasticity in networks related to these events and might therefore serve to facilitate learning on sensory and motor tasks. We tested if VNS could broadly improve learning on a wide variety of tasks across different skill domains in healthy, female adult rats. VNS was paired with presentation of stimuli or on successful trials during training, strategies known to facilitate plasticity and improve recovery in models of neurological disorders. VNS failed to improve either rate of learning or performance for any of the tested tasks, which included skilled forelimb motor control, speech sound discrimination, and paired-associates learning. These results contrast recent findings from multiple labs which found VNS pairing during training produced learning enhancements across motor, auditory, and cognitive domains. We speculate that these contrasting results may be explained by key differences in task designs, training timelines and animal handling approaches, and that while VNS may be able to facilitate rapid and early learning processes in healthy subjects, it does not broadly enhance learning for difficult tasks.

Problems of Development of Transport and Road Transport Infrastructure of Andijan City

As a result of the acceleration of the urbanization process, the increase of megalopolis cities, and the growth of the population, the demand and need for public transport is increasing every year. This, in turn, requires improving the quality of public transport service, improving its culture, adapting it to today&amp;apos;s times and conditions. The President of the Republic of Uzbekistan told the officials of the field to fundamentally reform public transport, to develop public transport in the districts and cities of our country, to meet the needs of the regions, to organize transport infrastructure, to take a scientific approach to transport and logistics issues, in particular, to study foreign experience, to hire modern personnel for the field. set the tasks of training and recruitment. Public transport is essential for ensuring equitable access to transportation, reducing traffic congestion, protecting the environment, promoting social interactions, shaping urban development, and providing economic benefits. It is crucial to invest in and prioritize the development of high-quality public transport systems to address our transportation needs sustainably and improve the quality of life for individuals and communities. This article presents tasks on improving the public transport system in Andijan agro-development are presented.

TDCS-enhanced cognitive training improves attention and alters connectivity in control and somatomotor networks: A triple blind study

BackgroundExecutive dysfunction such as inattention or forgetfulness can lead to disruptions in a person's daily functioning and quality of life. Objective/HypothesisThis triple-blinded randomized clinical trial assessed the efficacy of bifrontal (over the forehead) transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) concurrent with cognitive training to improve cognitive performance in a healthy sample. MethodsFifty-eight participants were randomly assigned to one of three stimulation conditions (2 mA left anode–right cathode, 2 mA right anode–left cathode, or sham), which was administered with cognitive training tasks 3x/week over 12 weeks with assessments at baseline, midpoint (6 weeks), and post-training (12 weeks). We assessed cognitive performance, functional connectivity, and the influence of individual differences in training advancement. ResultsForty participants completed training. We found that at midpoint and post, all groups improved significantly on overall cognitive performance. The left anode group's attention & vigilance score improved significantly at post, but the other two groups did not. Greater attention training advancement predicted attention improvement by post, most notably in the left anode group. Finally, within-network connectivity decreased in the control network and increased in the somatomotor network across all groups. ConclusionsThese results suggest that, given cognitive training, the left anode montage is more effective at improving attention than the right anode montage and sham. Future research may focus on the application of the left anode montage during cognitive training to assess its effectiveness in improving cognition in neuropsychiatric disorders.

Public policies and right to sexuality of the elderly in Chile

People over 65 years of age will constitute the majority of the world's population in the short term, but in precarious living conditions: more years in a worse condition of vulnerability and fragility. Societies and development models would not be prepared, generating high personal, family and collective costs. In Chile, fragility would be highly prevalent in this population, impacting the full development of their lives; with sexuality as one of the aspects that are invisible and little studied. This work makes a critical approach, based on the review and analysis of context, public policies and legislation in force in Chile, evidencing atomization and biomedical orientation of public policies, collaborating in the understanding of the relationship between fragility and sexuality in old people; and revealing pending training and research tasks for the generation of public policies for an active and healthy life.

The contribution of “the aesthetic” and “the sensitive” in the formation of early childhood

The study of musical formation has been a topic of interest in the educational field, as it has allowed us to recognize the importance it has in human development as a possibility of experiencing “the aesthetic” and “the sensitive.” This researchaimed to understand how these concepts contribute to the processes of formation of corporeality in early childhood. Through the observation and description of musical and sound experiences, and the interpretation of these, three trends were obtained that occurred in the aesthetic exchanges during the execution of musical and sound workshops applied in the preparationof this study, which are the manifestation of the sensitivities, corporalities and family ties of infants. To arrive at such descriptions, an observation grid was developed that accounted for the how and why of the behaviors that belong to “the aesthetic” and “the sensitive” and what is observable about them through a qualitative-interpretive approach. Through thedescription, information was obtained that facilitated the reconstruction of the reality of those who were observed and interpretations were generated. This research did not aim to find answers or data represented in numbers and measurements, but rather through observation, part and parcel of the life experiences of the universe studied was realized. Once such manifestations of aesthetic exchanges are described and interpreted, the idea about the relationship between “the sensitive” and “the aesthetic” from the musical and the sound in the early childhood training processes is developed and it is demonstrated that the body, experiences, sounds, discoveries, spontaneity, words, melodies, singularity, are links that mesh with each other within the learning process, thus having to transcend the context of the artistic area, so that it also makes part of the entire training task. For all of the above, it is clear that the method used for this study is qualitative and is also a hermeneutic approach, since it promises to provide interpretations, appropriations and compressions of various experiences or realities such as the observed experiences.

Efficacy and threshold dose of intensive training targeting mobility for children with cerebral palsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

To systematically review the evidence for intensive mobility training in cerebral palsy (CP) and to determine the minimum effective dose to improve mobility. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi-RCTs that included participants with CP, and which used intensive task-oriented training (TOT) mobility interventions and reported mobility outcomes, were included. Five databases were searched; two independent reviewers selected studies and extracted data. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system and the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool were used to rate the certainty of evidence at the outcomes level and to determine the risk of bias respectively. Meta-analyses were conducted with clinically homogeneous studies. Threshold dose was analysed through meta-regression. Forty-six RCTs with 1449 participants (mean age range 1 year 2 months to 16 years 4 months) were included. TOT had statistically and clinically significant effects on walking speed (p = 0.001), cadence (p = 0.02), gross motor function (p = 0.03), and functional mobility (p = 0.009) compared with control interventions. The threshold dose was undeterminable owing to the high heterogeneity of studies. TOT may improve walking speed, walking endurance, and balance. Studies with homogeneous samples and outcomes are needed to support clinical recommendations for intensive mobility interventions.

The effects of working memory training on working memory, self-regulation, and analogical reasoning of preschool children.

This study examined the effects of working memory training (WMT) on WM and fluid intelligence. A novel four-pronged model of mediated learning, cognitive functions, task characteristics and metacognition is presented as a conceptual basis for the Modifiability of a Working Memory Program (MWMP). Our basic assumption is that increasing WM depends on a synchronized combination of the four components. A group of typically developed preschool children (n = 62) participated in the experimental group, receiving the MWMP. They were compared with a control group (n = 56) of preschool children who engaged in a substitute program. This comparison allowed us to discern the specific effects of the MWMP. All participants received tests of WM, self-regulation and analogical reasoning before and after the intervention. The MWMP was administered to children in the experimental group for 10 weekly sessions, each lasting 40 minutes, in small groups of two children. The children in the control group engaged in didactic activities that were part of a school curriculum routine for kindergartners for the same length of time. We used ANCOVA analysis to compare the Treatment x Time with age and socioeconomic status as covariates. The findings revealed a higher improvement in some WM and self-regulation tests among children in the experimental group compared to those in the control group. However, no significant transfer effects were observed in analogical thinking. The findings confirm the effectiveness of a non-computerized WMT among kindergartners and support our four-pronged theoretical model. We also discuss earlier findings on far-transfer effects and educational implications. We suggest that future WM studies adopt the following: (1) the development of training methods that are theoretically anchored; (2) training procedures should not rely heavily on computerized exercises but can be adapted to group characteristics, educational settings and cost-effectiveness aspects; (3) varying the task characteristics and training strategies to stimulate task-intrinsic motivation; (4) identifying training strategies to produce cognitive improvements underlying WM; (5) intervention should target individuals in early development as much as possible; (6) development of training procedures that facilitate motivation; and (7) providing empirical evidence of far-transfer effects for WM training. The empirical evidence should link gains in WM capacity and achievements in academic and other life domains.

Executive functions and divergent thinking in young adults: Evidence from individual differences and cognitive training studies

The interplay between executive functions and divergent thinking remains a debated question in creativity research. To address this issue, two studies were conducted from different perspectives. The first study explored which of the executive functioning components—namely working memory, inhibition, and shifting—predicted divergent thinking. A sample of 203 college students performed a battery of tasks assessing divergent thinking, executive functions, and related cognitive variables (fluid intelligence, verbal fluency, and processing speed). After statistically controlling for these variables, only working memory emerged as a significant predictor of creativity scores in the Alternative Uses Task, while inhibition and shifting did not. In the second study, a cognitive training approach was employed to further elucidate the potential efficacy of working memory training in fostering divergent thinking. The results found that the experimental group, which received a 15-day dual n-back task training, demonstrated greater improvements in the creativity score of the Alternative Uses Task compared to the control group, suggesting a transfer effect from working memory training to divergent thinking. This research underscores the plasticity of divergent thinking and highlights a plausible avenue for enhancing creativity through targeted cognitive training.

Development of Interactive Framework for Aviation Part Task Trainer (APTT) for Supersonic Fighter Aircraft

In commercial, military and general aviation, safe and effective training is the important requirement, which is achieved through an Aircraft Part Task Training device (APTT). When compared with the live training, the most significant benefits of ground training is improved safety and the reduced cost of a pilot training process. Flight simulation is a multidisciplinary subject that relies on several research disciplines which have a tendency to be investigated separately and in parallel with each other. This manuscript presents a comprehensive overview of the research work done within the APTT. The development of interactive framework for Aviation part task trainer is discussed in detail. The interactive graphics display is interfaced with different pilot controls such as throttle, pedal and control stick . The acquired data is processed and displayed on multifunctional display, giving the feel of flying in the aircraft. Thus the pilot can be trained on ground reducing the risk. Graphic symbols are prepared using OpenGL software. LAN connection is established using socket program in C and MATLAB aerospace toolbox is used for taking the input through joystick.

Трансформация образования: ключевые стратегии для успешной подготовки учителей начальных классов

Currently, the modern challenges and requirements facing the educational system, especially in the context of primary education, are of significant importance in the preparation of a modern primary school teacher. The task of primary school teachers training is of primary concern in the context of these changes. The transformation of education requires a new approach to the professional training of teachers that will meet modern requirements and expectations. One of the key factors influencing the quality of education is primary school teachers training. The study addresses the question of the key strategies needed to successfully prepare primary school teachers in today's educational environment. The research examines such key strategies as using innovative teaching methods, developing competencies in differentiated instruction, and addressing diverse student needs. Emphasis is placed on the importance of teacher professional development, the implementation of the latest educational technologies, and the creation of a supportive learning environment for teachers and students. The role of innovative methods in teacher training is emphasized and attention is focused on the importance of effective learning and development of children at the primary stage of education.