Delegation Of Tasks Research Articles

Context matters: a qualitative study of the practicalities and dilemmas of delivering integrated chronic care within primary and secondary care settings in a rural Malawian district

BackgroundWith the increasing double burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in sub-Saharan Africa, health systems require new approaches to organise and deliver services for patients requiring long-term care. There is increasing recognition of the need to integrate health services, with evidence supporting integration of HIV and NCD services through the reorganisation of health system inputs, across system levels. This study investigates current practices of delivering and implementing integrated care for chronically-ill patients in rural Malawi, focusing on the primary level.MethodsA qualitative study on chronic care in Phalombe district conducted between April 2016 and May 2017, with a sub-analysis performed on the data following a document analysis to understand the policy context and how integration is conceptualised in Malawi; structured observations in five of the 15 district health facilities, selected purposively to represent different levels of care (primary and secondary), and ownership (private and public). Fifteen interviews with healthcare providers and managers, purposively selected from the above facilities. Meetings with five non-governmental organisations to study their projects and support towards chronic care in Phalombe. Data were analysed using a thematic approach and managed in NVivo.ResultsOur study found that, while policies supported integration of various disease-specific programmes at point of care, integration efforts on the ground were severely hampered by human and health resource challenges e.g. inadequate consultation rooms, erratic supplies especially for NCDs, and an overstretched health workforce. There were notable achievements, though most prominent at the secondary level e.g. the establishment of a combined NCD clinic, initiating NCD screening within HIV services, and initiatives for integrated information systems.ConclusionIn rural Malawi, major impediments to integrated care provision for chronically-ill patients include the frail state of primary healthcare services and sub-optimal NCD care at the lowest healthcare level. In pursuit of integrative strategies, opportunities lie in utilising and expanding community-based outreach strategies offering multi-disease screening and care with strong referral linkages; careful task delegation and role realignment among care teams supported with proper training and incentive mechanisms; and collaborative partnership between public and private sector actors to expand the resource-base and promoting cross-programme initiatives.

The effect of delegation of therapy to allied health assistants on patient and organisational outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundAllied health assistants (AHAs) are support staff who complete clinical and non-clinical tasks under the supervision and delegation of an allied health professional. The effect of allied health professional delegation of clinical tasks to AHAs on patient and healthcare organisational outcomes is unknown. The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate the effect of allied health professional delegation of therapy to AHAs on patient and organisational outcomes.MethodsA systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted. Databases MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), Informit (all databases), Emcare (Ovid), PsycINFO (Ovid), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature [CINAHL] (EbscoHost) and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched from earliest date available. Additional studies were identified by searching reference lists and citation tracking. Two reviewers independently applied inclusion and exclusion criteria. The quality of the study was rated using internal validity items from the Downs and Black checklist. Risk ratios (RR) and mean differences (MD) were calculated for patient and organisational outcomes. Meta-analyses were conducted using the inverse variance method and random-effects model.ResultsTwenty-two studies met the inclusion criteria. Results of meta-analysis provided low quality evidence that AHA supervised exercise in addition to usual care improved the likelihood of patients discharging home (RR 1.28, 95%CI 1.03 to 1.59, I2 = 60%) and reduced length of stay (MD 0.28 days, 95%CI 0.03 to 0.54, I2 = 0%) in an acute hospital setting. There was preliminary evidence from one high quality randomised controlled trial that AHA provision of nutritional supplements and assistance with feeding reduced the risk of patient mortality after hip fracture (RR 0.41, 95%CI 0.16 to 1.00). In a small number of studies (n = 6) there was no significant difference in patient and organisational outcomes when AHA therapy was substituted for therapy delivered by an allied health professional.ConclusionWe found preliminary evidence to suggest that the use of AHAs to provide additional therapy may be effective for improving some patient and organisational outcomes.Review registrationCRD42019127449.

4453 Public Health Ethics: Utilizing open education methods to foster interprofessional learning and practices

4453 Public Health Ethics: Utilizing open education methods to foster interprofessional learning and practices

Can Learning Self-Regulatory Competencies Through a Guided Intervention Improve Coaches’ Burnout Symptoms and Well-Being?

While coaches are considered at risk of experiencing burnout, there is an absence of intervention studies addressing this syndrome. The purpose of this qualitative study was to conduct a self-regulation intervention with five Canadian developmental (n = 2) and elite (n = 3) sport coaches (three men, two women) experiencing moderate to high levels of burnout and examine the perceived impact of this intervention on their self-regulation capacity and experiences of burnout and well-being. The content analysis of the coaches’ outtake interviews and five bi-weekly journals revealed that all five of them learned to self-regulate more effectively by developing various competencies (e.g., strategic planning for their well-being, self-monitoring) and strategies (e.g., task delegation, facilitative self-talk). Four of the coaches also perceived improvements in their symptoms of burnout and well-being. Sport psychology interventions individualized for coaches are a promising means for helping them manage burnout and enhance their overall functioning.

Physician satisfaction analysis in using integrated referral system (SISRUTE) at RSUD H. Padjonga Dg. Ngalle Takalar

The Integrated Referral System (SISRUTE) is a health service referral system that regulates the delegation of tasks and responsibilities, which are processed in an integrated manner. The study aims to analyze the system used, system quality, information quality, and service quality toward physician satisfaction in using the Integrated Referral System (SISRUTE). The sample in this study was physicians who served in the ED, as many as 33 respondents. Using a mixed method with cross-sectional design. The results showed that there was no relationship (p=0.126>0.05) between humans in using the system with physician satisfaction in using SISRUTE, there was no relationship (p=0.393>0.05) between system quality and physician satisfaction in using SISRUTE, there is a relationship (p=0.002<0.05) information quality with physician satisfaction in using SISRUTE, and there is a relationship (p=0.001<0.05) service quality with physician using SISRUTE.

The human encounter, attention, and equality: the value of doctor-patient contact.

Many choices in health care today are made from an organisation-oriented perspective, with considerations of efficiency playing a dominant role. These choices often clash with values such as patient-centredness and continuity of care. Creating more uniformity in care through protocols can hinder doctors in providing personalised care. A choice for task delegation, often necessary in highly pressured healthcare environments, carries with it the risk of putting pressure on the continuity of care. A choice for effective, efficient, and product-oriented care results in not only keeping costs under control but can also lead to increased bureaucracy and less room for teamwork. Important human values that strongly connect with the patient’s perspective are in danger of succumbing to the pressures of efficiency. Patients, after all, express a clear preference for personal attention and a doctor–patient relationship based on trust, with a doctor they know.1 This enables them to share their symptoms, knowledge, emotions, and personal expectations more openly,2 and it makes them feel more involved with the consultation, which in turn leads to greater therapy adherence. For most physicians, the wish to be of importance to their patients is their primary motivation for being a doctor. However, choices in current health care tend to cause more stress, less satisfaction, and a decrease in empathic behaviour in doctors.3 This article aims to explore the essential value of person-oriented doctor–patient contact, using the theoretical principles of three philosophers. Various philosophers have written about human interaction. Three themes that play an important role in doctor–patient contact are the human encounter, attention, and equality. Levinas, Baart, and Nussbaum are …

PENGARUH KONFLIK TERHADAP KINERJA PEGAWAI DI SEKRETARIAT DPRD KABUPATEN SIAK

This research was conducted at the DPRD Secretariat Of The Siak Regency. The purpose of this study was to determined the effect of conflict on the performance of employees in the DPRD Secretariat of Siak Regency. The population in this study were 44 people from the DPRD Secretariat Of The Siak Regency. While the number of samples set in this study are all of the population of 44 people. Data analysis using simple linear regression analysis with SPSS 16.00 for Windows. Based on a simple linear regression equation Y = 18,397 + 0,656X. Conflict variables (X) with t count (4,336) &gt; t table (2,018) and probability (0,00) &lt;0,05. Then Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted, meaning that the conflict variable has a positive and significant effect on the performance of the DPRD Secretariat Of The Siak Regency. R-square value can be obtained (coefficient of determination) of 0.309 or 30.9%. This shows that conflict contributes to the performance of the Siak Regency DPRD Secretariat employees by 30.9%, while the remaining 60.1% is influenced by other variables outside the variables in this study. The recommendation given that better to be able to create a conducive atmosphere related to the delegation of tasks from a work unit to another work unit in order to facilitate the performance of employees with measurable to avoid accumulating a job in a work unit. In the other side, employees must know and understand about their task and job desk in order to improve their performance.

Delegation of medical tasks in rheumatology

Modern rheumatology enables better and earlier diagnosis and therapy of inflammatory rheumatic system diseases. At the same time, the requirements for the care of rheumatologic patients have risen considerably for non-medical assistant professions and specialists for nursing professions. Since 2006 there has been established an education curriculum "Rheumatological Specialist Assistant DGRh-BDRh" (RFA) with the training to become a "Rheumatological Specialist Assistant (DGRh-BDRh)". In Europe and in parallel in Germany, assistant professions are increasingly involved in the early detection and care of patients with rheumatic diseases and entrusted with tasks.In this work, the overarching principles for delegation of medical tasks to RFA and recommendations for the delegation are published by the Commission for Delegation of the German Society for Rheumatology (DGRh). These recommendations are based on the requirements of the German Medical Association and have been legally evaluated. With the extension of the training of the RFA board certification is aimed for "MFA for Rheumatology". These recommendations enable more transparency and security for delegating doctors and the delegated RFA's.

Criminal Compliance: Exploring the Criminal Liability of Compliance Officers

Criminal compliance involves the adoption of legal and regulatory norms aimed at preventing illicit actions within a business and serves as a means of transferring criminal liability by individualizing the conduct of each company agent. In this transfer of responsibility, the figure of the compliance officer emerges through the delegation of tasks by the business owner to a subordinate. The compliance officer operates in an intermediate zone, tasked with executing duties and making decisions.&#x0D; The compliance officer is the professional appointed by the business owner to assess and manage business activities, with the aim of minimizing potential liability. The compliance officer's position as a guarantor stems from the duty of guarantee held by the business owner.&#x0D; Consequently, if a crime is committed within the company (such as corruption or environmental crimes), the compliance officer may be held responsible if they had the capacity and obligation to prevent the crime but failed to fulfill their duties.&#x0D; This article aims to examine the criminal liability of compliance officers within the context of criminal compliance. The methodology employed involves a comprehensive literature review and analysis of relevant legal frameworks. The findings highlight the critical role of compliance officers in preventing and managing criminal activities within businesses. It also emphasizes the importance of fulfilling their obligations to avoid potential legal repercussions.&#x0D; In conclusion, the study underscores the need for compliance officers to understand their responsibilities and effectively fulfill their duties to mitigate the risk of criminal liability. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of ongoing education and training to ensure compliance officers remain up-to-date with evolving legal requirements and best practices in the field of criminal compliance.

Abstract WP449: Code Swarm Decreases Neuro Interventional Door to Groin Times

Background: Each minute of an untreated large vessel occlusion in an ischemic stroke patient can result in the death of 1.9 million neurons. Decreasing the time from stroke onset to the time of treatment is critical to preserving a patient’s cognitive function and improving the long-term outcomes. Thrombectomy using stent retrievers is now leading to faster and more complete reperfusion. This treatment is reflected in the new Target: Stroke Phase III campaign to decreased door to groin times for eligible acute ischemic stroke patients. At University Hospitals Cleveland Comprehensive Stroke Center the time period of patient arrival into the procedure room to obtaining groin access was identified as a contributor to delays in treatment. Hypothesis: A larger number of Interventional Radiology (IR) nurses and technicians responding could have a significant impact on decreasing the time required to prepare a patient in the interventional room for a thrombectomy if there was a unified alert system and process. Methods: In March 2019, a process was initiated to call a “Code Swarm” on the Vocera ™, a peer to peer departmental messaging system. This “Code Swarm” notifies all available trained IR staff to convene in the IR procedure room and assist in the patient preparation for the exam and intervention. Delegation of necessary tasks are assigned by the IR nurse, to include patient education, patient assessment, vascular access, hand off report, cardiac monitoring, and medication administration. Rapid patient preparation allows for faster “IR door to groin” access and treatment. Results: Data for a 9 month period that included 55 patients that underwent a mechanical thrombectomy was analyzed. Baseline 6 months data prior to the implementation of Code Swarm demonstrated an average IR door to groin access time of 26.6 minutes. After the implementation of Code Swarm, the data demonstrated an improvement down to an average time of 10.3 minutes. This is a 39% decrease in the IR door to groin access times. Conclusion: Unified alert system and expectation of all hands on deck exhibits a Magnet culture of nurses who evaluate and reorganize the nursing practice environment to achieve high quality patient outcomes and improve care efficiency.

STAFF DEVELOPMENT: A MANAGEMENT TASK IN SAUDI RETAIL SMES

Abstract This study aimed to identify the effect of staff development on retail SMEs’ performance in Saudi Arabia. By using a random sampling method, this study was conducted on a sample size of 386 subjects, working in various retail workshops in Yanbu, Saudi Arabia; the response rate was 86%. An 11-item scale was developed to measure the effect of staff development on retail SMEs’ performance. It consists of three parts: treating staff as individuals, staff delegation, and performance. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to test the research hypotheses. This study found that staff development has a positive effect on retail SMEs’ performance. This informs the managers that if they work closely with each employee and delegate responsibilities and tasks to their subordinates, the latter may feel satisfied, supported, and encouraged. Thus, the employees would produce more, be engaged in effective behaviour, be loyal to their employer, and avoid neglectful behaviour in the workplace. These implications will increase performance and ultimately assist retail SMEs to survive, especially after the first 5 years of trading

Autonomous Shopping Systems: Identifying and Overcoming Barriers to Consumer Adoption

Technologies are becoming increasingly autonomous, able to make decisions and complete tasks on behalf of consumers. Virtual assistants already take care of grocery shopping by replenishing used up ingredients while cooking machines prepare these ingredients and implement recipes. In the future, consumers will be able to delegate substantial parts of the shopping process to autonomous shopping systems. Whereas the functional benefits of these systems are evident, they challenge psychological consumption motives and ingrained human–machine relationships due to the delegation of decisions and tasks to technology. The authors take a cross-disciplinary approach drawing from research in marketing, psychology, and human–computer interaction to examine barriers to adoption of autonomous shopping systems. They identify different types of psychological and cultural barriers, and suggest ways to craft the online and bricks-and-mortar retail environment to overcome these barriers along the consumer journey. The article finishes with implications for policy makers and a future research agenda for researchers examining autonomous technologies.

Under the radar: General practitioners' experiences of directly employed care workers for older people.

The Care Act 2014 allows eligible people with care and support needs to access funding directly from local authorities in England. Such funds may be used to employ care workers. Others may employ care workers using their own or family resources. This study explores the working relationships, views and experiences of General Practitioner (GP) about older people's directly employed care workers (DECWs). Qualitative interviews were conducted with 20 GPs in England, identified by convenience sampling of research networks and snowballing methods. Data were analysed thematically. Three overarching themes were identified: (a) anxieties about the identity of the DECW, and their relationship to their employer; (b) experiences of relationship-based care, and; (c) tasks carried out by DECWs. Identity mattered because DECWs can appear as an unknown participant in consultations, raising questions about consent, and prompting thoughts about elder abuse. Uncertainty about identity made documentation of DECWs' details in electronic medical records and care plans problematic. Case examples of relational care illustrated the benefits of reciprocity between older person and their employee who sometimes provided continuity of care and care co-ordination for their employer. Participants were alert to the risks of exploitation and insecurity for DECWs whose tasks were thought to span household and personal care, transport assistance and health-related activities. The involvement of DECWs in maintaining older people's health raises questions about the support they receive from health professionals. In conclusion DECWs are well placed to monitor older people's health, provide continuity of care and undertake certain healthcare tasks. GPs envisaged such workers as potentially valuable assets in community-based care for an ageing population. They called for skills training for this workforce and the development of protocols for delegation of health tasks and safeguarding of vulnerable older people. Older people employing care workers and those advising or supporting them should address communications with health providers in employment contracts and job descriptions.

How Do Millennial Managers Lead Older Employees? The Philippine Workplace Experience

As millennial workers enter and dominate the global workforce by 2025, understanding their leadership styles is vital to bring about higher level of performance and productivity in the workplace. The Millennials, the next generation of leaders, are entering the workforce and assuming leadership positions in a relatively short period. More often, they found themselves leading employees that are older than themselves and yet their leadership traits and styles are not fully understood. The study explores factors affecting leadership styles of millennial managers and how they are manifested and applied in managing and resolving conflict involving older subordinates. Using a qualitative approach, it employs interviews, participant observation, and prolonged engagement with four millennial managers from the National Food Authority in the Philippines as they lead, manage, and interact with their older staff. Data collected were triangulated by document analysis and interview of the millennial managers’ subordinates themselves. The results of the study show that the participants’ leadership competencies are in the early stages of development. The participants consider building good impression and rapport highlighting the importance of soft skills in leadership, strong sense of respect, reverse mentoring, delegation of tasks, and the ability to handle expectations and performance as factors in managing older employees. This study draws the attention to examining the leadership attributes and potentials of Filipino millennial managers in the context of Philippine workplace culture using insights from Public Administration, Social Sciences, and Psychology.

Task-Sharing Between Pediatricians and Non-Physician Healthcare Professionals in Outpatient Child Health Care in Germany: Assessment of Need and Acceptance for Concept Development.

Although pediatricians in Germany work as general practitioners for children, they are planned and trained as medical specialists. In consequence, distances between practices and residences of patients can be very large. The implementation of task-sharing models is a promising option to sustain pediatric outpatient care in rural regions. In this study we assessed the need for and acceptance of delegation of tasks in outpatient pediatric healthcare to non-physician healthcare professionals and developed a task-sharing concept. A standardized questionnaire was developed and addressed a wide range of healthcare professionals. On the basis of the results of the questionnaire and a subsequent workshop involving representatives of the various fields of pediatric care a delegation-concept was developed. A total of 206 questionnaires were answered (response rate: 17%). About 70% of the respondents (n = 145) agreed with the delegation of counseling on prevention, 66% (n = 135) with the delegation of tasks in the transition process into adult medicine. All proposed tasks were conceivable for at least a third of the respondents. Mostly, pediatricians could envision delegation more than the non-physician health care professionals. A three-dimension-delegation-concept was developed: which tasks can be delegated to whom in which setting. Basically, if nurses or medical practice assistants are adequately qualified, all tasks can be delegated to both. The delegation was approved by most of the respondents. Implementation of task-sharing provides a new option to support pediatricians and create better access to outpatient pediatric health care in rural regions. The next step should be the implementation of the delegation concept in pilot projects.

MIGRATE: Mobile Device Virtualisation Through State Transfer

Delegation of processing tasks to the network has moved from cloud-based schemes to edge computing solutions where nearby servers process requests in a timely manner. Virtualisation technologies have recently given data cloud and network providers the required flexibility to offer such on-demand resources. However, the maintenance of close computing resources presents a challenge when the served devices are on the move. In this case, if processing continuity is desired, a transference of processing resources and task state should be committed to maintain the service to end devices. The solution here presented, MIGRATE, proposes the concept of virtual mobile devices (vMDs) implemented as Virtual Functions (VxF) and acting as virtual representatives of physical processing devices. vMDs are instantiated at the edge of the access network, following a Multi-Access Edge Computing (MEC) approach, and move across different virtualisation domains. MIGRATE provides seamless and efficient transference of these software entities to follow the real location of mobile devices and continue supporting their physical counterparts. Software Defined Networks and Management and Operation functions are exploited to “migrate” vMDs to new virtualisation domains by forwarding data flows to the former domain until the new one is prepared, while a distributed data base avoids the transference of data. The solution has been deployed in a reference vehicular scenario at the Institute of Telecommunications Aveiro premises within the 5GINFIRE European project. In particular, the system has been evaluated under different virtualisation domains to study the operation of the migration approach in a vehicular monitoring scenario. The results validate the system from the application viewpoint with a Web monitoring tool, and the migration of the digital twin provided as VxF is analysed attending to the modification of data flows, indicating a seamless transition between virtualisation domains in a timely manner.

Responsibility Accounting and Profitability of Listed Companies in Nigeria

Structuring activities into responsibility centers and optimization of resource is a priority in meeting investors’ performance and profitability expectations in both small and large organizations. Studies have shown that to meet these expectations, adequate performance evaluation and reward system are managers’ challenges. This study investigated the effect of responsibility accounting on profitability of listed companies in Nigeria. <i>Ex-post facto</i> research design was adopted. The population was 173 quoted companies on the Nigerian Stock Exchange as at 31st December 2016. Ten companies were selected using stratified and purposive sampling technique. Data were extracted from published financial statements of sampled companies; validity and reliability of the data were premised on the scrutiny of the external auditors. Descriptive and inferential (Panel data regression) statistics were used to analyze the data. The study revealed that profitability measured by NPBT, of listed companies in Nigeria is significantly influenced by responsibility accounting <i>(RA), F-Stat=114.56, AdjR²=.0.6964, p=0.000</i>. There is no significant difference in the result of NPBT with and without the control variable of firm size. The result with control variables revealed F-Stat=87.63; <i>AdjR²</i>=0.7242; <i>P=0.000</i>. The study also revealed that RA had a positive significant relationship with EPS with control variables of firm size, <i>F-Stat=6.56, AdjR²=0.1442; P=0.000</i>. However, without control variables, no significant effect of responsibility accounting on EPS was observed as shown in the following result: <i>F-Stat=0.45, AdjR²=-0.0112, p=0.64</i>. Furthermore, the study revealed that profitability measured by ROA exhibited an insignificant relationship with RA given the following results, <i>AdjR²=0.0089; P=0.000</i>. RA with control variables of firm size, insignificantly affected ROA while Firm Size exerted significant positive effect on ROA (as the size of the firm changes by a unit, ROA increased by 23.9% as seen in model 3b) given the following result: <i>AdjR²=0.0399; P=0.782</i>. This study concluded that responsibility accounting had an influence on profitability of listed companies in Nigeria. The study recommended that since profitability is the whole essence of responsibility accounting, managers should ensure delegation of task with responsibilities clearly spelt out, regular appraisal process, achievable project budgeting, instituting cross functional teams and efficient reward systems put in place towards achieving the corporate objective that would influence better profitability.

Low Power Optimisations for IoT Wearable Sensors Based on Evaluation of Nine QRS Detection Algorithms

This paper aims to reduce the power consumption of electrocardiography based wearable healthcare devices, by introducing power reduction approaches and considerations at system level design, where we have the highest potential to influence power. It focuses, in particular, on algorithm design and implementation, data acquisition, and transmission under constrained resources. A thorough investigation of the suitability of nine existing algorithms for on-sensor QRS feature detection is conducted, with respect to metrics such as sensitivity, positive predictivity, power consumption, parameter choice and time delay. Optimisation of data acquisition on CPU-based IoT systems is performed, and the current consumption is reduced by a factor of 3 using a combination of direct memory access (DMA) list approach and low-level register manipulations for task delegation. The acquisition data rate, sampling rate, buffer and batch size are also optimised. To reduce the power consumption by data transmission, the effect of on-sensor versus off-sensor processing is investigated. While focusing on CPU-based systems with experiments performed on a generic low-power wearable platform, the design optimisation and considerations proposed in this work could be extended to custom designs and allow further investigation into QRS detection algorithm optimisation for wearable devices.

Wpływ kwalifikacji właścicieli na sposób zarządzania małymi i średnimi firmami rodzinnymi

Celem artykułu jest określenie związku pomiędzy poziomem wykształcenia formalnego właścicieli firm rodzinnych, ich doświadczeniem zawodowym, pracą zgodną z wyuczonym zawodem, pracą na stanowisku kierowniczym i udziałem w szkoleniach a sposobem zarządzania i finansowania ich firm. Sposób zarządzania charakteryzują cele działalności, przeznaczenie wypracowanego zysku, liczba godzin pracy w firmie oraz delegowanie zadań. Pod uwagę wzięto także stopień wykorzystania kredytów, aplikowanie o środki z funduszy UE oraz ogólne wyniki finansowe firmy. W opracowaniu wykorzystano materiał empiryczny zebrany za pomocą kwestionariusza ankietowego na celowo dobranej próbie 135 firm rodzinnych z terenu południowej Wielkopolski, reprezentujących sektor małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw. Badanie zostało przeprowadzone przez studentów drugiego roku studiów licencjackich z Państwowej Wyższej Szkoły Zawodowej w Kaliszu w ramach zajęć z przedsiębiorczości. Badanie zostało przeprowadzone w roku 2017, natomiast pozyskane informacje o działalności firm dotyczyły lat 2014–2016. Zgromadzony materiał empiryczny opracowano za pomocą metod statystyki opisowej, korelacji rang gamma oraz testu niezależności chi-kwadrat. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują na istotny statystycznie wpływ udziału przedsiębiorcy w różnych formach szkoleń na sposób zarządzania i finansowania badanych firm rodzinnych oraz uzyskiwane przez nie wyniki finansowe.

Impact of a Task Delegation to ICU Nurses for Midlines' Placement

Impact of a Task Delegation to ICU Nurses for Midlines' Placement