Task Conflict Research Articles

Onset complexity and task conflict in the Stroop task.

The present study examined the extent to which a key marker of task conflict, negative facilitation, is modified by onset complexity. Negative facilitation, slower reaction times (RTs) to congruent stimuli than to non-lexical neutral stimuli in the Stroop task, is thought to reflect competition between the task sets of colour naming and word reading in the Stroop task (also known as task conflict). That is, it reflects competition between whole task sets, over and above any competition between specific responses associated with a stimulus. An alternative account of negative facilitation argues that it reflects the specific phonological processing differences between pronounceable (e.g., congruent) and non-pronounceable (e.g., xxxx) stimuli that are magnified by the specific task contexts that produce negative facilitation (a mostly non-lexical trial context). Here we used onset complexity to manipulate pronounceability of the irrelevant words in the Stroop task to test this alternative account. However, before applying manipulations that produce negative facilitation, we initially tested whether there was an effect of onset complexity on Stroop task performance. The results from Experiment(s) 1 (and 3) showed that complex onsets led to larger positive facilitation and congruency effects relative to simple onsets, but did not modify incongruent or neutral-word RTs. Experiment 2 directly tested whether onset complexity modifies negative facilitation and provided strong evidence for no effect of onset complexity, contrary to the alternative account predictions. The implications of the results for task conflict theory, selective attention, and phonological processing in the manual response Stroop task are discussed.

Can conflict cultivate collaboration? The positive impact of mild versus intense task conflict via perceived openness rather than emotions.

Previous research has demonstrated negative associations between task-relevant conflicts and collaboration. To supplement the previous findings and explore the potential benefits of conflicts, we differentiate between two types of task conflict expressions (i.e., mild vs. intense task conflicts, such as debates vs. disagreements regarding work-related issues) in dyad interactions and propose the differential effects of mild versus intense task conflicts on collaboration based on the theory of conflict expression. In three studies with experimental manipulations and surveys on working adults, the results demonstrated that perceptions of debates versus disagreements (in Studies 1 and 2) or mild versus intense task conflicts (in Study 3) enhanced perceivers' collaboration with others via the perceivers' assessments of others' openness rather than emotions. The findings regarding positive associations between mild task conflicts and collaboration implicate the coexistence of conflict and collaboration. Moreover, the results showed that debates versus disagreements (in Study 1) or mild versus intense task conflicts (in Study 3) achieved high task performance by enhancing perceptions of others' openness that subsequently increased collaboration. These findings clarify why conflicts inconsistently influence interpersonal interactions and task performance. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

A Model-Agnostic Approach to Mitigate Gradient Interference for Multi-Task Learning.

Multitask learning (MTL) is a powerful technique for jointly learning multiple tasks. However, it is difficult to achieve a tradeoff between tasks during iterative training, as some tasks may compete with each other. Existing methods manually design specific network models to mitigate task conflicts, but they require considerable manual effort and prior knowledge about task relationships to tune the model so as to obtain the best performance for each task. Moreover, few works have offered formal descriptions of task conflicts and theoretical explanations for the cause of task conflict problems. In this article, we provide a formal description of task conflicts that are caused by the gradient interference problem of tasks. To alleviate this issue, we propose a novel model-agnostic approach to mitigate gradient interference (MAMG) by designing a gradient clipping rule that directly modifies the interfering components on the gradient interfering direction. Specifically, MAMG is model-agnostic and thus it can be applied to a large number of multitask models. We also theoretically prove the convergence of MAMG and its superiority to existing MTL methods. We evaluate our method on a variety of real-world large datasets, and extensive experimental results confirm that MAMG can outperform some state-of-the-art algorithms on different types of tasks and can be easily applied to various methods.

Distributed Gossip-Triggered Control for Robot Swarms With Limited Communication Range

Robot swarms usually work in uncertain and unstructured environments. It is challenging to control the robot swarm to accomplish multiple tasks in the shortest possible time when the task operation duration is unknown, and the communication network is time-varied and possibly disconnected. To this end, a new distributed gossip-triggered control (DGTC) method is proposed. Robots mimic human gossip behavior to disseminate and aggregate local information while triggering decisions to reduce task conflicts and system costs. The swarm dynamics, including discrete decisions and continuous trajectory, are formulated as a giant switched system. On this basis, the system stability and convergence of the DGTC are proved, and a criterion to balance the convergence rate and communication burden is given. More importantly, robot swarms can balance the workload between individuals by self-regulating the number of active agents to match the remaining tasks, thus ensuring a tight schedule without any time knowledge. Simulation results demonstrate the advantages of DGTC in generating tight schedules, and experiments conducted with Mecanum cars validate the effectiveness in dealing with time uncertainties.

Proactive control affects task conflict beyond contingency learning.

Various models of the Stroop task suggest that proactive task control adaptation accounts for the modulation of task conflict in different conditions of the Stroop task, for example, when task conflict is very frequent or very infrequent. Other researchers have argued that a contingency learning of colour-word associations is the main contributor to the modulations of the Stroop effect. In this work, we constructed a design that controls for confounds that are suspected to rule out the role of control adaptation in the Stroop task. We focused on one type of conflict-task conflict and tested whether colour-naming of neutral-words (where task conflict is present) differed from colour-naming of neutral-symbols (where task conflict is not present) in four different conditions: mostly words-congruent, mostly words-incongruent, mostly words-neutral, or mostly non-words-shape. Importantly, the conditions used for the task conflict marker were identical in all four conditions. We found that the marker of task conflict (reaction time [RT] for neutral-words > RT for neutral-symbols) was significant in the mostly non-words-shape condition, where proactive task control is relaxed, but not in the mostly words conditions, where proactive task control is activated, with no difference between these three words conditions. These findings suggest that control adaptation is the main contributor to the modulations of the Stroop effect. The relevance of the results to the current literature is discussed and the results are explained in light of the proactive control-task conflict (PC-TC) model.

The Role of Emotional Intelligence in Leadership and Team Dynamics

The anticipated influence of team emotional intelligence on both intra team conflict and team effectiveness is of considerable importance. Nevertheless, up until now, there has been a scarcity of scientific evidence regarding this association. This work makes a valuable contribution to the existing body of literature on intra team conflict and team emotional intelligence by adopting a holistic approach. Additionally, a positive correlation was shown between team emotional intelligence and team effectiveness, encompassing team performance, innovation, and cohesion. Furthermore, it is worth noting that the emotional intelligence of a team plays a significant role in mitigating the relationship between task conflict and relationship conflict. Additionally, the research reveals that team emotional intelligence serves to mitigate the adverse impacts of task conflict on team effectiveness, as well as relational conflict on team cohesion. The present study is concluded with a comprehensive examination of its limitations and the subsequent implications for future research.

Conflicts and defensive communication: investigating the mature, neurotic and immature defences of service professionals

PurposeThis study aims to examine task and relationship conflict and their linkage with defensive communication strategies, i.e. mature, neurotic and immature defensive communication. Furthermore, Study 1 also investigated the mediating impact of relationship conflict and the moderating impact of a manager’s active-empathic listening in dealing with task conflicts and the defensive communication of the employees. Study 2 intended to assess the causal direction of task conflicts and defensive communication strategies.Design/methodology/approachThis research integrates the Job Demands–Resources framework, Conservation of Resources theory and Conflict Expression framework. Data from 124 professionals in India’s tertiary industry was gathered using a longitudinal approach. Study 1 analyses the dynamics between conflicts and defensive communication while considering managers’ active-empathic listening as a potential mitigating factor. Study 2 was conducted after a 10-month interim to delve into the intricate causal connections between defensive communication strategies and task conflicts. For analysing the data, SPSS was used for conducting confirmatory factor analysis. Furthermore, to analyse the conceptual framework and the hypothesised relationships in this study, partial least squares (PLS) modelling was performed using Smart-PLS 4.0.FindingsTask conflicts have a significant negative association with mature and neurotic defensive communication, whereas they have a strong positive relationship with immature defensive communication. Relationship conflict significantly mediates the association between task conflict and immature defensive communication. The moderating role of the manager’s active-empathic listening was not supported. In addition, the relationship between immature defensive communication and task conflict is significantly positive, outlining their bidirectional association. In contrast, the association between mature defensive communication is significantly negative. This highlights the potential of immature defensive communication to create escalatory conflict spirals and of mature defensive communication to de-escalate them.Research limitations/implicationsDefensive communication strategies, commonly explored in the psychological realm, particularly within family and romantic relationship contexts, have received limited attention in organisational behaviour. This longitudinal study offers a unique perspective on the evolution of defensive communication and its impact on task conflict over time, enhancing the understanding of how individuals adapt their communication strategies as conflicts persist or dissipate. The investigation also advances the understanding of conflict spirals, illustrating the potential of mature defensive communication to de-escalate conflicts while revealing a bidirectional connection between immature defensive communication and task conflicts.Practical implicationsLeaders need to prioritise addressing task conflicts, particularly those that might spiral into relationship conflicts. This would present managers with the ability to make task conflicts more functional in nature, which could help to enhance both team and organisational achievements. The bidirectional relationship between task conflict and immature defensive communication points towards the exigency for managerial and organisational initiatives to prevent the development of conflict spirals at the workplace.Originality/valueThis study offers crucial interdisciplinary perspectives into the body of literature with the longitudinal investigation of the connections between managers’ active-empathetic listening, task conflict, relationship conflict and the various defensive communication strategies. With the help of insights from this study, managers and leaders will be empowered to take the necessary actions to reduce employee defensive behaviours and foster a supportive culture for evoking positive and desirable performance.

Evidence for conflict monitoring during speech recognition in noise.

During difficult tasks, conflict can benefit performance on a subsequent trial. One theory for such performance adjustments is that people monitor for conflict and reactively engage cognitive control. This hypothesis has been challenged because tasks that control for associative learning do not show such "cognitive control" effects. The current study experimentally controlled associative learning by presenting a novel stimulus on every trial of a picture-speech conflict task and found that performance adjustments still occur. Thirty-one healthy young adults listened to and repeated words presented in background noise while viewing pictures that were congruent or incongruent (i.e., phonological neighbors) with the word. Following conflict, participants had higher word recognition (+17% points) on incongruent but not congruent trials. This result was not attributable to posterror effects nor a speed-accuracy trade-off. An analysis of erroneous responses showed that participants made more phonologically related errors than nonrelated errors only on incongruent trials, demonstrating elevated phonological conflict when the picture was a neighbor of the target word. Additionally, postconflict improvements appear to be due to better resolution of phonological conflict in the mental lexicon rather than decreased attention to the picture or increased attention to the speech signal. Our findings provide new evidence for conflict monitoring and suggest that cognitive control helps resolve phonological conflict during speech recognition in noise.

Action-rule-based cognitive control enables efficient execution of stimulus-response conflict tasks: a model validation of Simon task performance.

The human brain can flexibly modify behavioral rules to optimize task performance (speed and accuracy) by minimizing cognitive load. To show this flexibility, we propose an action-rule-based cognitive control (ARC) model. The ARC model was based on a stochastic framework consistent with an active inference of the free energy principle, combined with schematic brain network systems regulated by the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), to develop several hypotheses for demonstrating the validity of the ARC model. A step-motion Simon task was developed involving congruence or incongruence between important symbolic information (illustration of a foot labeled "L" or "R," where "L" requests left and "R" requests right foot movement) and irrelevant spatial information (whether the illustration is actually of a left or right foot). We made predictions for behavioral and brain responses to testify to the theoretical predictions. Task responses combined with event-related deep-brain activity (ER-DBA) measures demonstrated a key contribution of the dACC in this process and provided evidence for the main prediction that the dACC could reduce the Shannon surprise term in the free energy formula by internally reversing the irrelevant rapid anticipatory postural adaptation. We also found sequential effects with modulated dip depths of ER-DBA waveforms that support the prediction that repeated stimuli with the same congruency can promote remodeling of the internal model through the information gain term while counterbalancing the surprise term. Overall, our results were consistent with experimental predictions, which may support the validity of the ARC model. The sequential effect accompanied by dip modulation of ER-DBA waveforms suggests that cognitive cost is saved while maintaining cognitive performance in accordance with the framework of the ARC based on 1-bit congruency-dependent selective control.

Evaluation of behavioural selection processes in conflict scenarios using a newly developed mouse behavioural paradigm

Selecting an appropriate behaviour is critical for survival in conflict scenarios, wherein animals face both appetitive and aversive stimuli. Behavioural selection consists of multiple processes: (1) animals remain quiet in a safe place to avoid aversive stimuli (suspension), (2) once they decide to take risks to approach appetitive stimuli, they assess the risks (risk assessment), and (3) they act to reach the reward. However, most studies have not addressed these distinct behavioural processes separately. Here, we developed a new experimental paradigm called the three-compartment conflict task to quantitatively evaluate conflict processes. Our apparatus consisted of start, flat, and grid compartments. Mice needed to explore the grid compartment, where they might receive foot shocks while trying to obtain sucrose. Applying foot shocks increased sucrose acquisition latency in subsequent trials, reflecting elevated conflict levels throughout trials. The time spent in the start compartment and the number of retreats were determined to measure the conflict levels in suspension and risk assessment, respectively. Foot shocks increased these parameters, whereas diazepam decreased them. Our new paradigm is valuable for quantitatively evaluating distinct behavioural processes and contributes to developing effective treatments for psychiatric disorders associated with maladaptive behaviours in conflict scenarios.

Work conflict: Another trigger to smartphone addiction of individuals with high rumination?

With the widespread use of smartphones, many people spend much time on smartphones for shopping, learning, socializing, and so on, which can affect an individual's mental health and work performance. Especially, individual perceived conflict at work may increase their social anxiety and thus raise the risk of their smartphone addiction. This study collected data from 577 corporate employees in China through convenience sampling to explain the influence mechanism of work conflict on smartphone addiction and to verify the moderating role of rumination. Statistical results show that relationship conflicts, task conflicts, and process conflicts positively affect smartphone addiction by enhancing social anxiety. Moreover, rumination positively moderates the relationship between work conflict and smartphone addiction. People with high rumination are more likely to escape reality due to conflict at work, which further enhances their smartphone addiction behaviors. Our study suggests that a relatively harmonious working atmosphere should be established within organizations, especially for employees with rumination. Work conflict is a predisposing factor for social anxiety and smartphone addiction in individuals with high rumination.

Team conflict at the core: Exploring the influence of critical team member conflict on team creative functioning

AbstractScholars have long been intrigued by the relationship between intrateam conflict and team creativity, though findings to date have been mixed. Recent research suggests that traditional conceptualizations of intrateam conflict as a property that is shared uniformly by team members (e.g., averaging members' overall conflict perceptions), rather than a more nuanced phenomenon between individual members with unique network positions, have limited our understanding of its influences. These advances, however, have yet to be substantively applied to the intrateam conflict‐creativity literature. Accordingly, we integrate network views of conflict with creativity theory and group motivated processing models to explore how task and relationship conflicts involving critical members' (i.e., members central to a team's workflow network) influence team creative functioning beyond overall conflict perceptions. We theorize that critical member task conflict is positively associated with team creativity by way of team reflexivity, and this positive indirect effect is accentuated by team shared goals. Further, we posit that critical member relationship conflict is negatively associated with team creativity by way of reduced team cohesion, though this effect is mitigated by critical member emotional intelligence. Analyses of 70 new product development teams support most hypotheses while also highlighting interesting nuance and future research opportunities.

Cross‐efficiency evaluation of the data envelopment analysis with conflict behaviour and beneficial relationship perspectives

AbstractIn data envelopment analysis, cross‐efficiency evaluation stands out as a valuable tool for ranking the effectiveness of decision‐making units (DMUs). However, existing research commonly assume that DMUs are randomly classified as either collaborators or opponents of the evaluated DMUs. Unfortunately, few studies have considered the presence of conflict behaviour and beneficial relationships among DMUs during cross‐efficiency evaluation. To address this research gap, this study proposes an innovative approach. Firstly, the proposed framework incorporates an interval cross‐efficiency environment to accommodate the inherent uncertainty and fuzziness in the efficiency scores of DMUs. Secondly, two definitions, namely task conflict cross‐efficiency and relationship conflict cross‐efficiency, are introduced by combining the characteristics of the interval cross‐efficiency matrix with conflict behaviour. To measure the strength of the conflict between DMUs, a novel measurement method is proposed, forming the foundation for constructing two cross‐efficiency secondary programming models based on conflict behaviour. Thirdly, the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient is employed to measure the strength of beneficial relationships among DMUs. Subsequently, two cross‐efficiency secondary programming models are developed based on beneficial relationships. To obtain the final scores, the efficiency scores of the four models are integrated using the Shannon entropy method. Finally, two illustrative applications are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method.

Newcomers and the innovative group process: An experimental investigation of convergence in collaborative problem solving.

During collaborative small group problem-solving, a group member with a minority perspective has a notable influence on the majority's perspective. However, the type of interactions with such a member could influence a stalemate, and the relationships between internal and task conflicts and the convergence process remain unclear. This study comprised two experiments focusing on the influence of minorities who act as "newcomers" among 231 university psychology majors. Using multiple conversational agents as the experimental tools, Experiment 1 revealed that a newcomer who presents a new perspective promotes the majority's perspective change, compared to when such a member has been in the group from the beginning. Experiment 2 demonstrated that such an effect occurs when most of the internal conflict and the task phase facilitated the newcomers' influence. The findings indicated that the minority member advantage increases when they are a newcomer; thus, they have a stronger influence on the perspective-taking process. The same effect occurs when the newcomer intervenes in majority task conflicts and internal cognitive loads. Thus, this study provides new implications for research on minority influence in laboratory experiments using virtual agents for small-group studies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

The Role of a Dopamine-Dependent Limbic-Motor Network in Sensory Motor Processing in Parkinson's Disease.

Limbic and motor integration is enabled by a mesial temporal to motor cortex network. Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by a loss of dorsal striatal dopamine but relative preservation of mesolimbic dopamine early in disease, along with changes to motor action control. Here, we studied 47 patients with PD using the Simon conflict task and [18F]fallypride PET imaging. Additionally, a cohort of 16 patients participated in a single-blinded dextroamphetamine (dAMPH) study. Task performance was evaluated using the diffusion model for conflict tasks, which allows for an assessment of interpretable action control processes. First, a voxel-wise examination disclosed a negative relationship, such that longer non-decision time is associated with reduced D2-like binding potential (BPND) in the bilateral putamen, left globus pallidus, and right insula. Second, an ROI analysis revealed a positive relationship, such that shorter non-decision time is associated with reduced D2-like BPND in the amygdala and ventromedial OFC. The difference in non-decision time between off-dAMPH and on-dAMPH trials was positively associated with D2-like BPND in the globus pallidus. These findings support the idea that dysfunction of the traditional striatal-motor loop underlies action control deficits but also suggest that a compensatory parallel limbic-motor loop regulates motor output.

Understanding the Inverted U-Shaped Relationship Between Contractual Complexity and Negotiation Efficiency: An Institutional Perspective

Construction project transactions are characterized by long-term duration and a high level of task uncertainty. Improving negotiation efficiency is of great significance for the handling of task conflicts and completing projects on time. The project contract represents the legal basis for conflict negotiation between the buyer (owner) and the seller (contractor). However, a dispute still exists over the relationship between contractual complexity and negotiation efficiency. To settle this dispute, we draw on institutional theory to establish a research model and use a dataset collected from 327 construction project transactions in China to empirically test it. The results show that the relationship between contractual complexity and negotiation efficiency is inverted U-shaped. The increase in legal enforceability steepens this curvilinear relationship and moves its vertex to the lower right, meaning that the maximum negotiation efficiency is lower in an institutional environment with higher legal enforceability, despite the effect of the contract being more obvious and contractual complexity being more likely to promote negotiation efficiency in a wider range. This article can offer practical guidance for construction project managers to design contracts according to the institutional environment where the transaction is embedded in a manner that promotes negotiation efficiency.

The neutral condition in conflict tasks: On the violation of the midpoint assumption in reaction time trends.

Although the relation between congruent and incongruent conditions in conflict tasks has been the primary focus of cognitive control studies, the neutral condition is often set as a baseline directly between the two conditions. However, empirical evidence suggests that the average neutral reaction time (RT) is not placed evenly between the two opposing conditions. This article set out to establish two things: First, to reinforce the informative nature of the neutral condition and second, to highlight how it can be useful for modelling. We explored how RT in the neutral condition of conflict tasks (Stroop, Flanker, and Simon Tasks) deviated from the predictions of current diffusion models. Current diffusion models of conflict tasks predict a neutral RT that is the average of the congruent and incongruent RT, called the midpoint assumption. To investigate this, we first conducted a cursory limited search that recorded the average RT's of conflict tasks with neutral conditions. Upon finding evidence of a midpoint assumption violation which showed a larger disparity between average neutral and incongruent RT, we tested the previously mentioned conflict tasks with two different sets of stimuli to establish the robustness of the effect. The midpoint assumption violation is sometimes inconsistent with the prediction of diffusion models of conflict processing (e.g., the Diffusion Model of Conflict), suggesting possible elaborations of such models.

How much conflict is too much? How frequent task conflict expressions affect angels’ reinvestment intention

PurposeThe aim of this study is to understand the levels (i.e. mild vs intense) of task conflict (TC) expressions between angel investors and entrepreneurs at the post-investment stage and how it affect angel investors’ follow-on investment intentions with the same entrepreneur.Design/methodology/approachSurvey data was gathered from 71 angel investors in China. Mplus was used to test the proposed research model.FindingsThis study found that angels perceive affective conflict (AC) when engaged in intense TC, unlike the case for mild TC expressions. Furthermore, the analysis shows that, unlike mild TC expressions, intense TC expressions impede angels’ reinvestment intentions when they perceive ACs. Other results indicate that when angels perceive that entrepreneurs are not open to coaching, the prominence of mild TC expression is sharply mitigated and becomes as detrimental as intense TC expressions.Research limitations/implicationsThis study only focused on one specific aspect of the angel–entrepreneur post-investment relationship: The effect of their TC expressions on angels’ reinvestment intentions. By no means do the authors imply that TC expression in the angel–entrepreneur post-investment relationship is the only factor that matters to angel investors in their follow-on investment intentions with the same entrepreneur.Practical implicationsThe findings suggest that entrepreneurs should pay careful attention to TC that may arise between them and their financiers. TCs are not entirely detrimental, but their negative effect might depend on how they are expressed. An appropriate level of TC may also improve enterprise performance and collaboration. Thus, angels and entrepreneurs should set clear goals and performance standards, where task interactions mainly focus on the goals and expected outcomes.Originality/valuePrior to this study, little was known about whether all TCs potentially lead to ACs. By distinguishing between levels (i.e. mild vs intense) of TC expressions between angels and entrepreneurs, this study adds a novel aspect to it by showing that TC, in and of itself, does not necessarily lead to AC but can lead to AC once its intensity grows.

Examining post-error performance in a complex multitasking environment

Previous work on indices of error-monitoring strongly supports that errors are distracting and can deplete attentional resources. In this study, we use an ecologically valid multitasking paradigm to test post-error behavior. It was predicted that after failing an initial task, a subject re-presented with that task in conflict with another competing simultaneous task, would more likely miss their response opportunity for the competing task and stay ‘tunneled’ on the initially errored task. Additionally, we predicted that an error’s effect on attention would dissipate after several seconds, making error cascades less likely when subsequent conflict tasks are delayed. A multi-attribute task battery was used to present tasks and collect measures of both post-error and post-correct performance. Results supported both predictions: post-error accuracy on the competing task was lower compared to post-correct accuracy, and error-proportions were higher at shorter delays, dissipating over time. An exploratory analysis also demonstrated that following errors (as opposed to post-correct trials), participants clicked more on the task panel of the initial error regardless of delay; this continued task-engagement provides preliminary support for errors leading to a cognitive tunneling effect.

Interprofessional nursing education and the role of swift trust and task conflict in team creativity: the mediating role of team interactive behaviors.

This paper aims to explore the impact of interprofessional healthcare collaboration among nurses on patient healthcare services in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Data were gathered through a randomly distributed questionnaire (N=248), constructed using established scales or the variables under study. The sample consisted of nurses and patients from various hospitals and clinics across the UAE. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS (Version 28) and Amos (Version 29) software, employing factor analysis, reliability testing and mediation analysis. The study reveals a positive relationship between swift trust (ST) and its dimensions with both team interactive behavior (TIB) and nurse team creativity (TC). TIB was found to significantly mediate the effect of ST on TC. Additionally, based on closed-ended questions, a positive correlation was observed between team task conflict (TTC) and TC. However, no significant impact of TTC on nurse TC was identified through open-ended questions. This research presents a unique analysis of the influence of interprofessional collaboration on patient healthcare services in the UAE, offering valuable insights for policy improvement by enhancing nursing conditions. Furthermore, the study contributes to the existing literature by examining the relationship between ST, TIB, TTC and TC.