Tartronic Acid Research Articles

Control of Keratinization With a-Hydroxy Acids and Related Compounds

Topical preparations containing α-hydroxy acids and closely related compounds were found to exert profound effects on epidermal keratinization in ichthyosis. Therapeutically efficacious compounds include citric acid, ethyl pyruvate, glycolic acid, glucuronic acid, 3-hydroxybutyric acid, 2-hydroxyisobutyric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, methyl pyruvate, pyruvic acid, tartaric acid, and tartronic acid. These materials appear to influence the process of keratinization per se, but do not seem to be keratolytic.

Oxidation of Methyl Linoleate and the Influence of Antioxdants. IV. On the Antioxidant Action of α-Tocopherol and Synergism of Organic Acids

In a series of the studies, the antioxidant effect of D, L-α-tocopherol and the synergistic effects of some kinds of organic acids on the oxidation of methyl linoleate (ML) with oxygen were reported in this paper. Samples and experimental conditions were same as those described in the previous paper. Oxygen was passed through purified ML with or without the antioxidant and the synergists, then the samples obtained were estimated for peroxide value. Antioxidant effect of α-tocopherol on the oxidation at 105°was shown little in the absence of the synergist, but was remarkable in the presence of ascorbic acid or citric acid. The effect of α-tocopherol on the oxidation at 70°was clearly observed even without any synergist, but the addition of it increased markedly the antioxidant offect of α-tocopherol. The effect of α-tocopherol was compared with that of butyl hydroxy anisol (BHA), which had been reported in the previous paper. It was shown that the effect of BHA was more active than that of α-tocopherol ; even a half equivalent of BHA was more effective than α-tocopherol on the oxidation at 70°. Sixteen kinds of organic acids and esters were examined for the synergistic effect with α-tocopherol and eight of them were found to be effective in preventing oxidatien of methyl linoleate ; D, L-malic, L-tartaric, oxaloacetic, malonic, citric, L-ascorbic, and D, L-gliceric acids and diethyl malate were effective ; succinic (weak +), tartronic, propionic, lactic, β-hydroxybutyric, and pyruvic acids, gluconolactone, and triethyl citrate were ineffective. The mechanism of the synergistic action of these organic acids seemed to be complicated, but the synergist was assumed to act as a hydrogen donor to α-tocopherol (or its oxidation products).

Mass spectrometry of hydroxy dicarboxylic acids as trimethylsilyl derivatives. Rearrangement fragmentations

AbstractGas chromatography—mass spectrometry offers a convenient method for the separation and identification of hydroxy dicarboxylic acids as open‐chain trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives. Mass spectra were studied of aldaric (tartronic, tartaric, pentaric and hexaric) acids and deoxyaldaric (malic, 2‐deoxypentaric, 2‐deoxyhexaric, 3‐deoxypentaric and 3‐deoxyhexaric) acids. The different structural types can be readily identified from their characteristic spectra.The most prominent fragmentations involving the rupture of one bond are the loss of a siliconlinked methyl group and the formation of α‐cleavage ions by carbon chain cleavage. The further decay is characterized by a number of significant rearrangements specific of TMS derivatives. Several of these can be classified as involving migration of a TMS group to an oxygen atom or migration of an ester OTMS group to a silicon atom. Concomitant loss of a stable molecule often provides a driving force.Prominent odd‐electron ions are formed by a McLafferty‐type rearrangement of a TMS group. The decomposition of several even‐electron ions can be regarded as analogous to that rearrangement.

New titrimetric microdetermination of acetoin (2-butanone-3-hydroxy) and tartronic acid (hydroxymalonic acid)

Abstract A new method for the microdetermination of acetoin and tartronic acid was described. This was done by an oxidation-reduction reaction. Oxidation of acetoin and tartronic acid were effected by means of an excess of Cu(III) solution on heating, the remaining excess of Cu(III) was titrated back by acidifying and adding a known excess of arseneous oxide solution against a standard iodine solution with the use of starch as an indicator.

Electron spin resonance studies of copper(II) hydroxy-carboxylic acid chelates in aqueous and non-aqueous solutions

The theory of the electron spin resonance of dipolar coupled copper(II)–copper(II) pairs has been critically assessed and extended to take into account ΔM= 2 transitions that are observed experimentally. Computational procedures have been evolved to determine the copper(II)–copper(III) separation in dimeric species. The existence of such species has been shown in both aqueous and non-aqueous solutions of the copper(II) chelates of citric, malic, tartronic, mandelic, and 5-sulphosalicyclic acids. The computational procedures have been applied to calculating and comparing the electron spin resonance signal line-shape for the dimeric species with that obtained experimentally, leading to a selection of the values of the parameters involved which includes the copper(II)–copper(II) separation. With this information, structures have been proposed for the various dimeric species.

La migration de groupes carboxamides lors de la transposition benzilique d'amides α,β‐dicarbonylés. 24e Communication sur les réductones et les composés tricarbonylés‐1,2,3 [1

AbstractUnder the conditions of the benzilic acid rearrangement, α,β‐diketobutyryl‐di‐phenylamide (Ia) and ‐N‐methylanilide (Ib) are transformed into tartronic acid derivatives (VI), which decarboxylate to lactamides VII. It is proved by 14‐labelling of Ia, that the reaction takes place by carbonamide group migration.The reaction was followed kinetically by polarography at a fixed potential; at low pH the velocity is proportional to [OH⊖], at higher pH it becomes independent of [OH⊖], which is explained by complete transformation of I into its hydrate‐anion. The equilibrium between I and its hydrate was measured by UV.‐spectroscopy.

Absence of tartronic acid in human urine

Absence of tartronic acid in human urine

Anion-exchange chromatography of organic acids in magnesium acetate medium

Magnesium acetate solution is a useful eluant in the separations of dibasic organic acids by anion-exchange chromatography. The following acids were separated: oxalic, tartronic, malic, glucaric, galactaric, tartaric and maleic acids. The eluate was analyzed automatically using chromic acid oxidation.

Induction and repression of endopolygalacturonase synthesis by Pyrenochaeta terrestris.

Endopolygalacturonase (endo-PG) synthesis was inducible in standing and replacement liquid culture by Pyrenochaeta terrestris. Inducers were galacturonic acid, its polymers (pectin and polypectate), and structural relatives (mucic acid, tartronic acid, and dulcitol). On pectin, fungus growth and endo-PG synthesis were proportional to initial pectin concentration.Synthesis of endo-PG on pectin was stimulated by hexose supplements at 0.005 M and repressed by supplements at 0.05 M and above. Thus, repression of induced endo-PG synthesis was not dominant at low supplement concentrations as was found for induced cellulase synthesis by the same organism. This suggests that the production of endo-PG by the parasite during pathogenesis is less repressed by host sugars than is cellulase synthesis.

Studies on the Polyuronide of Oh-gyo-tye (The Achine of Ficus awkeotsang MAKINO) Part I

A polyuronide, main component of the water extract of achine of Ficus awkeotsang MAKINO (on-gyo-tye), was purified by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The polyuronide (Fraction IB) is homogeneous electrophoretically and consists mainly of galacturonic acid. Optical rotation of Fraction IB is [α]26D=+294.7 and content of methoxyl group is trace. In periodate oxidation of Fraction IB, molar ratio of galacturonic acid residue and periodate consumption was 1, and formic acid formation was very small. Periodate oxidation product of Fraction IB was oxidized further with bromine and the resulted substance was hydrolyzed. In the hydrolyzate, presence of large amount of tartaric and glyoxylic acids and small amount of tartronic acid were detected by paper chromatography. Reduced viscosity of aquous solution of Fraction IB increased with decreasing of the concentration of Fraction IB solution. From these results, it was deduced that Fraction IB has a linear structure of 1→4 linkage of D-galacturonic acid, probably α-linkage.

The crystal structure of tartronic acid

The crystal structure of tartronic acid

Electron Spin Resonance of X-Irradiated Tartronic Acid

Electron Spin Resonance of X-Irradiated Tartronic Acid

The quantitative determination of tartronic acid (hydroxymalonic acid) in urine and tissues

A method for the isolation, identification, and quantitative estimation of tartronic acid in plant and animal tissues, and in urine is described. Using this method of identification and analysis the tartronic acid content of some urines and various plant and animal tissues has been determined, and the results compared with values previously reported by others. A report in the literature that tartronate is not metabolized by the rat has been confirmed.

Studies on Oxidative Fermentation

It has been found that Gluconobacter liquefaciens metabolized 5-ketogluconic acid. In order to clarify metabolic pathways of this compound, the oxidation products by resting cells of this organism were investigated. Rubiginol, rubiginic, comenic, 2, 5-diketogluconic, glycolic and tartronic acids were detected or identified in the reaction fluid. On the basis of these results and the data obtained by means of manometric experiments, the oxidation pathways of 5-ketogluconic acid were discussed.

OXIDATION OF WHEAT STARCH WITH ALKALINE HYPOCHLORITE

The starch was oxidized with 5.5 base molar equivalents of 0.43 M calcium hypochlorite kept near pH 12 and 20°. The rate of oxidation was consistent with the occurrence of two first-order reactions differing in rate by a factor of 10, the more rapid of which consumed about 4 moles of hypochlorite for each C6H10O5unit actually oxidized. Oxalic acid (0.2 mole) and perhaps carbonic acid [Formula: see text] were formed directly, but it was necessary to hydrolyze the product in order to liberate D-glucose (0.4 mole), glyoxylic acid (0.03 mole), D-erythronic acid (0.11 mole), mesotartaric acid (0.02 mole), D-tartaric acid (0.02 mole), L-tartaric acid (0.01 mole), D-glucuronic acid (0.004 mole), and probably tartronic acid [Formula: see text].

Inhibition of aerobic glycolysis in Yoshida ascites hepatoma by tartronic acid.

THE inhibition of lactic dehydrogenase should allow a blocking of aerobic glycolysis of neoplastic cells, thus depriving them of a high percentage of adenosine triphosphate without damaging the normal cells which, in conditions of normal functional activity and sufficient oxygen supply, do not need this enzyme1. According to this premise, the action of tartronic acid, which is a lactic dehydrogenase inhibitor2,3, on the growth of Yoshida's ascites hepatoma and Ehrlich's ascites tumour was studied1.

OXIDATION OFD-GALACTURONIC ACID WITH SOME DELIGNIFYING AND BLEACHING AGENTS

D-Galacturonic acid was oxidized with decreasing ease, and in the approximate order shown, by excess of the following agents: sodium chlorite near pH 2.8 and 75°; sodium hypochlorite at pH 10–11 and 25°; chlorine dioxide, pH 1.3 or 5 at 75°; chlorine near 0° and pH 5 (slight); and hydrogen peroxide at pH 10–11 and 25° (negligible). Some uronic acid was always recovered unchanged, even from conditions that would have oxidized glucose quantitatively to gluconic acid. The only other products were mucic acid, together with DL-tartaric acid and tartronic acid presumably derived therefrom. Chlorine dioxide, however, never produced tartronic acid. Methyl-α-D-galacturonoside methyl ester yielded some galacturonic acid when exposed to alkaline hypochlorite or peroxide, and this cleavage of the glycosidic group was tentatively attributed to the oxidants rather than to the alkalinity of the systems.Anhydrous bromine degraded the silver salt of methyl-α-D-galacturonoside in poor yield to a syrup which was probably L-arabotrihydroxyglutaric dialdehyde.

Tartaric acid metabolism of Neurospora crassa.

The growth of wild type Neurospora crassa is stimulated by various organic acids including tartaric, tartronic, and mesoxalic acids. Evidence is presented that this organism converts d- or l-tartaric acid to tartronic and mesoxalic acid, probably by fixation of CO(2).

Tartaric Acid Metabolism of Neurospora crassa

The growth of wild type Neurospora crassa is stimulated by various organic acids including tartaric, tartronic, and mesoxalic acids. Evidence is presented that this organism converts d - or l -tartaric acid to tartronic and mesoxalic acid, probably by fixation of CO 2 .

Synthesis of Products of Higher Molecular Weight in the Radiolysis of Aqueous Solutions of Formic Acid

Irradiation of dilute, oxygen-free formic acid solutions with cyclotron- produced protons or helium ions leads to the synthesis of a number of products of higher molecular weight. The compounds identified include oxalic, glyoxylic, glycolic, mesoxalic, tartronic, and tartaric acids, and glyoxal. These products are not formed in appreciable yield by neutron (and gamma -ray) irradiation. The observations are correlated in terms of a reaction mechanism that involves dose rate-dependent steps. (auth)