Tartrate Anions Research Articles

Crystal structure of 1,2,3,4-tetra-hydro-isoquinolin-2-ium (2S,3S)-3-carb-oxy-2,3-di-hydroxy-propano-ate monohydrate.

The crystal structure of 1,2,3,4-tetra-hydro-isoquinolin-2-ium (2S,3S)-3-carb-oxy-2,3-di-hydroxy-propano-ate monohydrate, C9H12N+·C4H5O6 -·H2O, at 115 K shows ortho-rhom-bic symmetry (space group P212121). The hydrogen tartrate anions and solvent water mol-ecules form an intricate diperiodic O-H⋯O hydrogen-bond network parallel to (001). The tetra-hydro-isoquinolinium cations are tethered to the anionic hydrogen-bonded layers through N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The crystal packing in the third direction is achieved through van der Waals contacts between the hydro-carbon tails of the tetra-hydro-isoquinolinium cations, resulting in hydro-phobic and hydro-philic regions in the crystal structure.

Crystal structure of brimonidine hydrogen tartrate, (C11H11BrN5)(HC4H4O6)

Crystal structure of brimonidine hydrogen tartrate, (C₁₁H₁₁BrN₅)(HC₄H₄O₆)

Salicylic and tartaric ions co-doped polypyrrole to enhance the corrosion protection of polypyrrole/zinc bilayer coating on ZK60 magnesium alloy in Hank's solution

To enhance the corrosion protection of the polypyrrole/zinc (PPy/Zn) bilayer coating on biodegradable ZK60 magnesium alloy in Hank's solution at 37 °C, sodium salicylate (NaSA) in different concentrations (CNaSA, 0.5–4.0 mM) is selected as a co-doping reagent of tartrate anions (TA−), and an electropolymerization method that combines potentiostatic and galvanostatic synthesis is developed to prepare PPy(TA + SA)/Zn bilayer coatings. The co-doping of SA− suppresses the growth of PPy and notably increases its synthesis potential (Epoly) with increasing CNaSA. The co-doped PPy(TA + SA) films have a surface morphology and thickness similar to the PPy(TA) film. However, their chemical composition, structure, and adhesion strength change notably due to their varying growth conditions. In the long-term immersion test of PPy(TA + SA)/Zn/ZK60 samples, the PPy(TA + SA)/Zn coatings exhibit high stability, and the coating prepared with CNaSA = 1.0 mM has the most prolonged protection time (54 ± 1.5 d). As CNaSA increases, the co-doped PPy(TA + SA) film becomes heavily over-oxidized to produce more defects on PPy chains due to the high Epoly, ultimately decreasing the protection time to 40 ± 1.0 d. The corresponding mechanism involved is thoroughly discussed.

Extraction of caffeine from coffee husk employing choline-based ionic liquids: Optimization of the process and theoretical study on solute-salts interactions

The effectiveness of a series of five aqueous solutions of choline (Ch)-based ionic liquids (IL), where the corresponding counterions were propanoate [Prop], hexanoate [Hex], nicotinate [Nic], citrate [Cit], and tartrate [Tar], was compared to extracting caffeine (Caf) from a sample of coffee husk (CH), an abundant agro-industrial by-product. The [Ch][Hex] was the most efficient of the series, whereas no significant differences were found among the others. A response surface methodology (RSM) using a three-factor central composite design 23 was used to optimize the process, considering temperature (T), solid/liquid ratio (R) and [Ch][Hex] concentration (C) as the more influential variables. The estimated optimal conditions for the extraction were 95 °C, 0.021 g/mL, and 2.34 M, respectively, which yield 4347.50 ± 115 mgCaf/kgCH; in addition, the [Ch][Hex] solution was reusable, at least twice, without drastically reducing its efficiency. On the other hand, the non-covalent interactions between ILs and caffeine within the complexes IL-Caf were obtained at a DFT level of calculation, including temperature and the solvation effect of water, through AIM and NCI analyses. A net of hydrogen bonds can be observed among the components of the complexes, the strongest ones taking place between hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl or carboxylic groups of the anions, mainly in the citrate and tartrate anions. In contrast, weak hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions are predominant between hexanoate and caffeine. Thus, a hydrotropic effect seems to be the driving force in the extraction of the alkaloid with [Ch][Hex]. Thermochemistry of the complexation process was also calculated, and findings were in good agreement with experimental results for the ILs under study.

Structural, spectroscopic and second harmonic generation evaluation of 1,2,4-triazolinium tartrate - tartaric acid as a promising nonlinear optical material

Crystallization of 1,2,4-triazole with (2R,3R)-(+)-tartaric acid (l (+)-tartaric acid) in a 1:2 ratio yields the ionic co-crystals of 1,2,4-triazolium tartrate – tartaric acid (1:1), (C2H4N3) (C4H5O6)‧C4H6O6 – (abbreviated as TATT). TATT crystallizes in the tetragonal system with a non-centrosymmetric P41212 space group of eight molecules per unit cell. Apart from ionic interaction by the building ions and N–H‧‧‧O, the 1,2,4-triazolinium cation and the tartrate anion interact through hydrogen bonds and O–H‧‧‧O with tartaric acid to form a supramolecular complex (C2H4N3) (C4H5O6)‧C4H6O6 (TATT). Hydrogen bonds further organise these supramolecular complexes into a three-dimensional network. The interactions between the building blocks of the co-crystal were analyzed using Hirshfeld surface and 2D fingerprint plots. Normal coordinate force field calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) and structure optimizations were utilized to interpret the molecular structure and fundamental vibrational frequencies. The wave numbers' complete vibrational assignments were determined through potential energy distribution (PED). The HOMO and LUMO energy gap calculations explained the charge transfer interactions within the supramolecular unit. For the TATT co-crystal, the efficiency of the second harmonic generation (SHG) process was investigated under 800 nm irradiation using the Kurtz–Perry powder technique. The ionic co-crystal demonstrated a low SHG efficiency on the order of 10−1 compared to that of KDP.

Tartrate bridging ligands in divalent Co(II)/Co(III) dinuclear anion

A cobalt(II/III) ionic compound with bridging tartaric acid (H4L) anion (CH6N3)3[Co2II/III(L)2(H2O)2]·4H2O 1 was synthesized. The crystallites were isolated from highly alkaline aqueous solution in the presence of guanidinium cations (CH6N3)+ being then incorporated as counter ions.A determined structure reveals the dinuclear coordination anion with two cobalt centers, each within its distinctive coordination octahedron CoO6 sphere showing different Co−O bond lengths. The metal center with shorter coordination bonds is assigned as Co(III), while the other with Co(II), all in agreement with overall net charge equilibrium. This involves three guanidinium cations, two tartrate(4-) anions, the latter within the coordination anion, as well as with bond valence sums for both cobalt centers. Both tartrates (L) are triply bonded on the Co(III) center, thus enabling CoIIIO6 coordination bonds. On the other hand, only two coordination bonds are enabled by each tartrate towards Co(II), while the remaining two in CoIIO6 are completed by two terminal water molecules. The electronic spectrum shows clearly the d-d bands at 400 and 665 nm for Co(III), while at 520 nm for Co(II), for each CoO6, respectively. The temperature dependent magnetic susceptibility shows the paramagnetic behavior of the compound, due to the d7 Co(II) ions being in a high spin state, while the d6 low spin Co(III) ions are diamagnetic.

Polypyrrole/zinc bilayer coating on ZK60 magnesium alloy for enhanced corrosion protection in Hank's solution

A polypyrrole/zinc (PPy/Zn) bilayer coating is prepared to significantly improve the corrosion resistance of ZK60 magnesium alloy in 37 °C Hank's solution to meet the requirements for biodegradable metals. The zinc coating composed of dense and uniform flake-like zinc crystals displays good abrasion resistance and adhesion strength, acting as a vital intermediate layer for growing the PPy film doping with tartrate anions (TA−). The prepared PPy/TA films (10, 20 and 28 μm) on the Zn coating are compact and have high stability in Hank's solution. The electrochemical and hydrogen evolution tests for PPy/Zn/ZK60 specimens show that the PPy/TA film's stability determines the protective performance of PPy/Zn coating in a long immersion period. The PPy(20 μm)/Zn coating has the longest protection time (40 ± 4 days), and too thick PPy film (28 μm) damages its structure to accelerate breakage, developing local corrosion quickly on ZK60. The corrosion mechanism involved is discussed.

A Double-Functional Additive Containing Nucleophilic Groups for High-Performance Zn-Ion Batteries.

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) have attracted attention for their low cost and environmental friendliness. Unfortunately, commercialization has been hampered by several problems with dendrite growth and side reactions. Herein, we select sodium tartrate (TA-Na) as a dual-functional electrolyte additive to enhance the reversibility of AZIBs. The tartrate anions are preferentially adsorbed on the Zn surface, and then the highly nucleophilic carboxylate will coordinate with Zn2+ to promote the desolvation of [Zn(H2O)6]2+, leading to uniform Zn deposition on the beneficial (002) plane and inhibiting side reactions and dendrite growth. Consequently, the Zn|Zn cells show a long-term cycling stability of over 1500 cycles at 0.5 mA cm-2. Moreover, the Ta-Na additive improves the performance of Zn||MnO2 full cells, evidenced by a cycling life of 1000 cycles at 1 A g-1 under practical conditions with a limited Zn anode (negative/positive capacity ratio of 10/1) and controlled electrolyte (electrolyte/capacity ratio of 20 μL mAh-1).

Effect of Sulfate, Citrate, and Tartrate Anions on the Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium Behavior of Water + Surfactant

Cloud point extraction is a versatile method aimed at separating compounds from complex mixtures and arouses great technological interest, particularly among the biochemical industries. However, one must have deep knowledge of the liquid–liquid equilibrium behavior of systems to properly use the method. Thus, we used thermodynamic parameters to evaluate the effect of citrate, sulfate, and tartrate anions on the phase separation of water + Triton X-114® mixtures at 283.2 K, 293.2 K, and 303.2 K. In these systems, increasing the temperature and the anion molar fraction expanded the biphasic region in the following order: C6H5O73-> SO42- > C4H4O62−. Unlike other studies based on the Hofmeister series, the Gibbs free energy of micellization correlated the anion effect on the biphasic region with the spontaneity of the micelle formation. The water molecules structured around these anions were evaluated according to the shell volume of the immobilized water by electrostriction, volume of water around the hydration shell, Gibbs free energy of hydration, and Gibbs free energy of electrostriction (ΔGel12). The citrate anion presented a higher ΔGel12 of −1781.49 kJ mol−1, due to the larger number of electrons around it. In addition, the partition coefficient of the surfactant in the two liquid phases revealed a linear dependence upon the anion mole fractions by following the previous anion sequence and temperature in the phase separation.

Carboxylate functionalized NaDy(MoO4)2 nanoparticles with tunable size and shape as high magnetic field MRI contrast agents

Uniform sodium-dysprosium double molybdate (NaDy(MoO4)2) nanoparticles having different morphologies (spheres and ellipsoids) and tunable size have been synthesized for the first time in literature. The procedure is based on a homogeneous precipitation process at moderated temperatures (≤220 °C) from solutions containing appropriated precursors dissolved in ethylene glycol-water mixtures, in the absence (spheres) or the presence (ellipsoids) of tartrate anions. The effects of the morphological characteristics (size and shape) of the nanoparticles on the magnetic relaxivity at high field (9.4 T) have been evaluated finding that the latter magnitude was higher for the spheres than for the ellipsoids, indicating their better suitability as contrast agents for high-field magnetic resonance imaging. Such nanoparticles have been successfully coated with polymers bearing carboxylate functional groups through a layer-by-layer process, which improves the colloidal stability of the nanoparticles in physiological media. It has been also found that the coating layer had no significant effects on the nanoparticles relaxivity and that such coated nanoparticles exhibited a high biocompatibility and a high chemical stability. In summary, we have developed NaDy(MoO4)2 based bioprobes which meet the required criteria for their use as contrast agents for high-field magnetic resonance imaging.

Synthesis, structure and oxygen reduction reaction activity of a Ni-containing tartratoborate Na[Ni(py)2]2·[(C4H2O6)2B]·H2O (py = pyridine) and a copper complex borate [Cu(H2O)2(1-EI)4]·[B5O6(OH)4]2·H2O (1-EI = 1-ethylimidazole)

Two new metal hybrid borates, Na[Ni(py)2]2·[(C4H2O6)2B]·H2O (py = pyridine) (1) and [Cu(H2O)2(1-EI)4]·[B5O6(OH)4]2·H2O (1-EI = 1-ethylimidazole) (2), have been successfully synthesized. 1 features an interesting structure based on mixed borate-tartrate motifs. Two tartrate anions are condensed with one BO4 to form the hybrid anionic group [(C4H2O6)2B]5−. The structure of 2 is composed of [B5O6(OH)4]− clusters and [Cu(H2O)2(1-EI)4]2+ complexes, which exhibits hydrogen-bonded network formed by [B5O6(OH)4]− clusters. These compounds are further confirmed by FTIR, PXRD and UV–vis. In addition, the catalyst prepared from 2 shows excellent electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity.

Rice Bean (Vigna umbellata Thunb.) Acid Phosphatase: Effect of Metal Ions and Metabolites

Rice bean acid phosphatase dialyzed against ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (1 mM), yielded no loss in activity at 0.5 mM p-nitrophenylphosphate. It had a mild activating effect at 0.1 mM p-nitrophenylphosphate. Divalent cations belonging to group II of Periodic Table like Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+ at 0.5 mM concentration p-nitrophenylphosphate did not affect the enzyme activity. At 0.1 mM p-nitrophenylphosphate, however, only Mg2+ ions showed little inhibition. The transition metal ions viz. Zn2+ , Cu2+, Co2+, Mn2+ and Fe3+ showed inhibition at both pnitrophenylphosphate concentrations. Na+ , K+ , and NH4 + ions did not influence the enzyme activity, but Li+ inhibited the activity at 0.1 and 0.5 mM p-nitrophenylphosphate concentrations, respectively. Molybdate and phosphate anions proved to be strong inhibitors, but vanadate, a moderate inhibitor. Tartrate anion did not exhibit an effect on rice bean acid phosphatase. Sugars, plant hormones, medicines, vitamins, and amino acids at 1.0 mM concentration did not affect the enzyme activity. NADH exhibited the maximum activation, followed by citric acid, isocitrate, and oxaloacetate. Caffeine showed activation in the enzyme activity. Phosphate esters (1-Naphthylphosphate, phenylphosphate, PEP, and ADP) exhibited competitive inhibition when pnitrophenylphosphate was used as a substrate. Non-ionic detergents Triton X-100 and Tween-20 brought activation to the enzyme. The ionic detergent SDS brought complete loss to the enzyme activity. Dithiothreitol brought inhibition to the enzyme activity. The presence of β-mercaptoethanol did not influence the enzyme activity.

Oscillatory Electrodeposition of Cu/Cu2o: A Study on the Influence of Ligands in Cu(II) Complexes

Self-organization is a powerful tool for the synthesis of new materials, among a wide variety of processes that exhibit this phenomenon, electrochemical ones are promising candidates in which the main contributions can be divided between electrodeposition and electrodissolution systems.1 Potential and/or current oscillations have already been observed in several electrodeposition reactions and culminated in the formation of different structures under micro and nanoscale such as multilayers, spiral waves and dendrites.Periodic potential oscillations related to alternate electrodeposition of Cu and Cu/Cu2O, recorded in the form multilayered architecture were first reported by Switzer and collaborators,2 and further explored in the presence of other ligands such as tartrate and citrate.The oscillations that occur under galvanostatic regime are detected in a broad range of pH and current densities values, that directly affect the period and amplitude of the oscillations. Therefore, as the material morphology and properties are directed related to the dynamical behavior of the system, it is of major importance to understand deeply the role of the experimental variables on the system. Although direct relationships between experimental parameters, especially at short range studies, are consistently reported at the literature, multivariate statistical analysis revealed a more complex dependence on the frequency including quadratic terms.3 Concerning the chemical influence of the ligand over the oscillatory electrodeposition of Cu/Cu2O, we have investigated the effect of lactate (Figs. A and C) and tartrate (Figs. B and D) ligands in the oscillation period (Figs. A and B) and amplitude (Figs. C and D).4 The potential oscillations at the Cu(II)-lactate and Cu(II)-tartrate systems are detected in different ranges of pH and current densities values for each system, that affect the period and amplitude of the oscillations as portrayed at the diagrams in Figs. A to D. Although a strict parallel of the systems can not be performed, the main characteristics are the period and amplitude variation when the lactate is replaced by tartrate in the reaction media. On balance, the potential oscillations in the Cu(II)−tartrate system exhibit larger periods and lower amplitude values in relation to the Cu(II)−lactate one. Beyond that, there is a significant suppression of the oscillation domain in the tartrate system, that can be connected to an apparent inhibition effect, as a result of the stronger adsorption of tartrate anions and/or its metallic complexes. In fact, the presence of a poisoning species on the surface, that acts as spectator of the reaction, can induce the increase of the oscillation period and suppress the Hopf domain, as previously reported.The oscillation mechanism introduced by Switzer et al., further detailed by Leopold et al. and updated by our group, taking into account recent available structural information (Figs. E and F), describes the alternated deposition of copper and copper oxide, and considers pH interfacial variation as being an essential step for the oscillation mechanism. Supposing that only a buffering effect can alter the oscillation period, as stated before by previous investigations, the buffering capacity found in the lactate complex (Fig. E) should be less effective when compared to the tartrate one (Fig. F). This can be explained from the ligand structures: the second carbonyl and hydroxy groups available for protonation/deprotonation (tartrate vs. lactate complex) lead to an increase in the buffering capacity, besides the concentration of these species in solution. Since the oscillating period is reduced when the solution pH is increased, a longer period observed for the tartrate complex means that this system possesses a higher buffering capacity compared to that for the lactate complex.Even though of significant importance, this mechanism does not account for the anion adsorption and/or the respective complexes dissolved in the electrolyte and as observed experimentally, which is an important consideration to be made in the description of the oscillatory electrodeposition. The surface blocking and buffering effect are enhanced when tartrate molecules are utilized as the ligand (in comparison with lactate system), and both mechanisms seem to control the dynamic properties of the electrochemical oscillator simultaneously. Therefore, we show that chemical structures or functions of the reactants could be altered to induce an autonomous growth of a target material, giving rise to a bottom-up synthesis approach. This is of great value especially since Cu and Cu2O interfaces are employed in many fields, such as electrocatalysis in the CO2 electroreduction.[1] M. R. Pinto, et al. ChemElectroChem 2020. [2] J. A. Switzer, et al. Adv. Mater. 1997.[3] B. T. Kitagaki, et al. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2019.[4] M. R. Pinto, ei al. J. Phys. Chem. C 2020. Figure 1

Effects of the Mixing Protocol on the Self-Assembling Process of Water Soluble Porphyrins.

The hierarchical self-assembling kinetics of the porphyrin 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (H2TPPS44−) into J-aggregates at high ionic strength under acidic conditions and eventually in the presence of an added chiral templating agent (tartrate) were investigated through UV/Vis spectroscopy, resonance light scattering, and circular dichroism (CD). The effect of changing the mixing order of the various components in the solution on the kinetic parameters and the expression of chirality on the final J-aggregates was evaluated. In this latter case, only when the chiral tartrate anion is premixed with the porphyrin, the resulting nano-architectures exhibit CD spectra that reflect the handedness of the chiral inducer. We discuss a general mechanistic scheme, with the involvement of ion pairs or dimers that offer an alternative pathway to the aggregation process.

Comparison of Oxalate, Citrate and Tartrate Ions Adsorption in the Hydroxyapatite/Aqueous Electrolyte Solution System

The kinetics of adsorption/desorption of oxalate, citrate and tartrate anions was investigated using hydroxyapatite from solutions at the initial concentrations of 0.000001 and 0.001 mol/dm3 anions. The adsorption process from a solution with a concentration of 0.001 mol/dm3 takes place in three stages and is well described by the multiexponential equation of adsorption kinetics. The process of tartrate and citrate ion desorption after increasing the pH to 10 is irreversible, while the oxalate ions undergo significant desorption with the increasing pH. The adsorption of oxalate ions decreases with the increasing pH. This effect is weaker in the adsorption of citrate and tartrate ions. Ion adsorption studies were supplemented with the measurements of zeta potential, FTIR and particle distribution of hydroxyapatite particles.

Dual activity of durable chiral hydroxyl-rich MOF for asymmetric catalytic reactions

The quest to prepare of asymmetric heterogeneous catalysts with both effective Brønsted acid sites (BASs) and Lewis acid sites is very significant challenge. Herein, we report the construction of a chiral metal-organic framework with two kinds of catalytic active sites (Lewis acid/Brønsted acid). It contains coordinative unsaturation metal centers and chiral functional groups that have cooperation in the catalytic activity. In the synthesized CMOF, the chiral decoration of metal node was performed through the practical method: anions exchange hypothesis (post-synthetic exchange). For this aim, the elimination of framework fluorides happened by using the enantiopure auxiliary anions (L-(+)-tartrate anion (tart−)) that led to a chiral cationic MOF with eventual chemical formula [Cr3tart(H2O)2O(bdc)3]. XRD, BET, 1H NMR, SEM and EDX were employed to characterize of the present CMIL. Despite the chiral tartrate anions generate a chiral environment, they have main role in the activating of epoxide ring due to hydrogen-bonding interaction. Experiments show that the enantiopure tartrate-functionalized MIL-101(Cr) as a green asymmetric catalyst has the considerable performance in the enantioselective reactions due to chiral modified surface without remarkable loss in activity.

Growth of Morpholin-4-ium hydrogen tartrate single crystal for optical limiting application

A new third order nonlinear optical single crystal of Morpholin-4-ium hydrogen tartrate has been grown by the slow evaporation method. The lattice parameters and crystalline purity of this orthorhombic crystal were measured by single crystal X-ray diffraction and powder X-diffraction technique respectively. The optimized geometry shows that the morpholinium ring exist in a chair form where tartrate anions are linked via NH⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming chains. These chains are linked via NH⋯O and OH⋯O hydrogen bonds, involving the morpholinium cation. The vibrational spectral investigation predicts that the red shifting of OH and NH stretching wavenumbers are due to OH⋯O and NH⋯O intermolecular interactions, respectively which are also evident form NBO analysis. The photoluminescence spectrum shows luminescence at the blue region with an appreciable lifetime leading to applications in blue OLEDs. Third order nonlinear optical properties like self-defocusing, saturable absorption and optical limiting at 532 nm are identified by Z-scan analysis. The laser damage threshold (LDT) energy have been measured by using Nd:YAG laser of wavelength 532 nm. The field dependent nature of first and second order hyperpolarizabilities and luminescence properties suggest that MHT crystal is a potential candidate for OLED and nonlinear optical applications.

Proton-induced intermolecular charge transfer in Picolinium Tartrate Monohydrate crystal for OLED and nonlinear optical applications: A combined experimental and computational study

Proton transfer complex of Picolinium Tartrate Monohydrate (PTM) was synthesized and structure was confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction technique and 1H &13C NMR analysis. The molecular structural investigations by Hirshfeld surface, NBO and AIM analyses reveals that the picolinium cation and tartrate anion are interconnected through water molecule via strong N+-H ….O− and O+-H…O− hydrogen bonds. The harmonic wavenumber is computed with DFT/B3LYP/6–31++G(d,p) method and compared to the experimental FT-IR and FT-Raman with the help of Normal Coordinate Analysis (NCA) following scaled quantum mechanical force field methodology results the red shifting of NH and OH stretching vibrations due to the proton transfer. The solid state and solvent assisted photoluminescence spectrum shows that luminescence is at the blue region with appreciable lifetime. Third order nonlinear optical properties like self-defocusing, saturable absorption and optical limiting at 532 nm are identified by Z-scan analysis. The field dependent nature of first and second order hyperpolarizabilities and luminescence properties suggest that PTM crystal is a potential candidate for non-linear optical and OLED applications. The correlation between proton transfer, hole-electron transport and charge transfer interaction explores in this study.

Three Cadmium Tartratoborates with Good Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) or Luminescence Performances.

Three new cadmium(II) tartratoborates, namely, Cd5[(C4H2O6)2B]2(H2O)8·3H2O (1), K2Cd4[(C4H2O6)2B]2(H2O)2 (2), and Li0.92K1.08Cd1.5[(C4H2O6)2B](H2O)2 (3), have been successfully synthesized by the hydrothermal method. Compounds 1-3 belong to centric C2/ c, acentric Pc, and the polar C2, respectively. Through based on the same hybrid borate-tartrate [(C4H2O6)2B]5- anions, they exhibit different structures. The [(C4H2O6)2B]5- anion is composed of two tartrate anions and a B(OH)4- unit. Compound 1 features a novel 3D network formed by 2D {Cd3[(C4H2O6)2B]2(H2O)2}4- anionic layers and [Cd2O10] dimers, forming tunnels of large 14-MRs which are filled by the non-coordination water molecules. Compound 2 has a characteristic 3D network based on {Cd2[(C4H2O6)2B]}- units interlinked via carboxylate groups, forming tunnels of 11-MRs, half of which stuffed with the K+ ions. Compound 3 features 2D {Cd4[(C4H2O6)4B]}3+ layers which are separated by K/Li ions. Luminescent studies suggest that they emit blue light. Compounds 2 and 3 display phase-matchable second harmonic generation signs of about 3.2× and 1.5× KH2PO4, respectively.

Study of liquid-liquid equilibria in aqueous two-phase systems formed by poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) and sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate (Na2S2O3.5H2O) at different temperatures

This study aimed at providing experimental liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) data for aqueous two-phase systems (ATPSs) formed by poly (ethylene glycols) (PEG) of different molecular weights (1500 or 4000 or 6000) g.mol−1 and sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate at different temperatures (293.15–313.15) K and under atmospheric pressure. Correlations of experimental data of binodal curves were carried out using the Merchuk methodology. The effects of temperature, polymer molecular weight and of the nature of the anion of salts on binodal curves were discussed. In comparison with other anions previously investigated, the salting-out ability of the thiosulfate anion was between those of citrate and tartrate anions. Finally, the Othmer-Tobias and Bancroft equations and the NRTL activity coefficient model were used for correlating tie line compositions.