Tartaric Acid Medium Research Articles

Selective recovery of Cu from copper mold production waste by organic ligands

In the present study, organic acids - oxalic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid and siderophore Desferrioxamine B were evaluated for their efficiencies to selectively recover Cu from its mold production waste. XRD analysis showed that copper mold production waste mainly consisted of Fe and Cu. The complete dissolution of this waste in aqua regia and subsequent analysis via ICP-MS revealed metal contents of 355.3 mg/g Fe and 293.9 mg/g Cu. Among all the organic acids, citric acid had the highest leaching efficiency (58.5 %) for Fe while leaching <1 % of Cu. Whereas, the leaching of Cu and Fe was poor in oxalic acid medium and Cu leaching was also negligible in tartaric acid medium. Only Fe showed 11.2 % leaching efficiency at 2 mol/L tartaric acid. The step-by-step leaching of production waste with citric acid lead to 100 % leaching of Fe while leaving 93.1 % of Cu with a yield of >99 % in the solid residue in the 4th step. Further, the siderophore Desferrioxamine B could effectively leach Fe (91.2 %) while 21.4 % leaching of Cu in 30 days. The presence of Fe impedes the leaching of Cu from the waste as demonstrated by leaching and DFT calculations due to higher stability of Fe-citrate and Fe-desferrioxamine B complex compared to Cu-organic complexes. This recycling technique described herein is simple, reliable and environmentally friendly for recovery of Cu from copper mold production waste.

Studies, Synthesis and Characterization of Chelation Ion-Exchange Properties of Copolymer Resin Derived from 8-Hydroxyquinoline-Formaldehyde-Pyrogallol

Chelating ion-exchange resin was synthesized by the condensation of 8-hydroxyquinoline with pyrogallol using formaldehyde as a cross-linking agent at 120oC in DMF in the presence of hydrocloric acid catalyst. The resin was characterized by elemental analysis and FTIR. The morphology of the synthesis resin was examined by optical photograph and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).The physicochemical properties of the resin were studied. The cation exchange capacity was measured and the effect of pH and metal ion concentration on the ability of the ion exchange were studied. The ratio of cation exchange reaction and the distribution coefficient in tartaric acid medium at different pH were also studied using the method of batch equilibration.

Synthesis, Characterization and Chelation Ion-Exchange Studies of a Resin Copolymer Derived From 8-Hydroxyquinoline-Formaldehyde-Pyrogallol

An ion exchange resin chelator was synthesized from 8-hydroxyquinoline and pyrogallol using formaldehyde as a crosslinking agent to 120°C in a solution of DMF. The resin was characterized by elemental analysis and FTIR. The morphology of the synthesis resin was examined by optical photograph and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The physicochemical properties of the resin were studied. The cation exchange capacity was measured and the effect of pH and metal ion concentration on the ability of the ion exchange were studied. The ratio of cation exchange reaction and the distribution coefficient in tartaric acid medium at different pH were also studied using the method of batch equilibration.

Microwave-promoted M-PFR resin: kinetics, isotherms and sequestration of Cr(III) and Pb(II) from environmental samples

Microwave-promoted phthalic acid–formaldehyde–resorcinol (M-PFR) based chelating resin was synthesized in DMF media at 2.45 GHz and its performance was compared with conventional phthalic acid–formaldehyde–resorcinol (C-PFR) chelating resin, synthesized earlier in our laboratory. M-PFR resin was characterized by FTIR and elemental analysis. Thermal stability and structural morphology of the synthesized resin were evaluated by TGA, SEM, and BET analysis. The energy of activation (Ea) was estimated by thermal analysis data using Broido and Horowitz–Metzger methods. The physico-chemical properties of M-PFR resin have also been determined. The adsorption capacities of M-PFR resin for Cr(III) and Pb(II) have been studied by batch equilibrium method, and were found maximum 0.43 and 3.12 mmol/g at pH 6.0, respectively. Operational variables such as pH, metal concentration and equilibrium rate were optimized. The sorption equilibrium data follow Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models. A pseudo-second order kinetic model has been proposed to correlate the data. Sequestration of Cr(III) and Pb(II) from estuarine sediment extract was carried out at optimized Kd values in tartaric acid media by column method. The regeneration of M-PFR resin was successfully carried out by 2 M HCl and reused several times.

Synthesis, charecterization and chelation ion-exchange studies of a resin copolymer derived from 8-hydroxyquinoline-formaldehyde-catechol

A chelating ion exchange resin was synthesized from 8-hydroxyquinoline and catechol using formaldehyde as a cross linking agent at 120 ± 2 °C in DMF solution. The resin was characterized by FTIR and elemental analysis. The morphology of the synthesized resin was studied by optical photograph and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Various kinetic parameters such as energy of activation (Ea), enthalpy of activation (H‡), entropy of activation (S‡), free energy of activation (G‡), order of reaction (n) and pre-exponential factor (A) of various steps of thermal decomposition have been calculated from thermogravimertic results. The physico-chemical properties of the resin have been studied. The total cation exchange capacity was measured and effect of pH and metal ion concentration on ion exchange capacity were studied. The rate of cation exchange reactions and distribution coefficient values in tartaric acid media at different pH were also studied using batch equilibration method.

Corrosion control of aluminum surfaces by polypyrrole films: influence of electrolyte

Polypyrrole (PPy) films were galvanostatically deposited on 99.9 wt. (%) aluminum electrodes from aqueous solutions containing each carboxylic acid: tartaric, oxalic or citric. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the morphology of the aluminum surfaces coated with the polymeric films. It was observed that the films deposited from tartaric acid medium presented higher homogeneity than those deposited from oxalic and citric acid. Furthermore, the corrosion protection of aluminum surfaces by PPy films was also investigated by potentiodynamic polarization experiments.

Simultaneous determination of total arsenic and total selenium in Chinese medicinal herbs by hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry in tartaric acid medium

By HG-AFS, a new method was proposed for simultaneous determination of total arsenic and total selenium existed in the Chinese medicinal herbs in tartaric acid medium. The effects of analytical conditions and coexisting ions on the fluorescence signal intensity of analytes were investigated. The proposed method was provided with linear response ranges above 22 μg l −1 for As and 44 μg l −1 for Se, and the detection limits of 0.13 and 0.12 μg l −1 were obtained for As and Se respectively. The recoveries of 93.8–96.1% for As and 95.3–99.1% for Se, and the precision of 1.2–3.8% and 2.4–5.3% (R.S.D., n = 8) respectively, were obtained via simultaneous determined four samples of Chinese medicinal herbs and three certified botanic reference materials successfully. The proposed method has the advantages of simple operation, high sensitivity and high efficiency.

Simultaneous determination of arsenic and selenium in biological samples by HG-AFS

A new method is proposed for simultaneous determination of traces of arsenic (As) and selenium (Se) in biological samples by hydride-generation double-channel non-dispersive atomic-fluorescence spectrometry (HG-AFS) from tartaric acid media. The effects of analytical conditions on fluorescence signal intensity were investigated and optimized. Interferences from coexisting ions were evaluated. Under optimum conditions linear response ranges above 20 microg L(-1) for As and 32 microg L(-1) for Se were obtained with detection limits of 0.13 and 0.12 microg L(-1), respectively. The precision for eleven-fold determination of As at the 4 microg L(-1) level and of Se at the 8 microg L(-1) level were 2.7 and 1.9% (RSD), respectively. Recoveries of 92.5-95.5% for As and 101.2-108.4% for Se were obtained for four biological samples and two certified biological reference materials. The proposed method has the advantages of simple operation, high sensitivity, and high efficiency; it was successfully used for simultaneous determination of As and Se in biological samples.

Fungal bioconversion of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP)

Ninety strains of fungi from the collection of our mycology laboratory were tested in Galzy and Slonimski (GS) synthetic liquid medium for their ability to degrade the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and its by-product, 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) at 100 mg l −1, each. Evolution of the amounts of each chemical in the culture media was monitored by HPLC. After 5 days of cultivation, the best results were obtained with Aspergillus penicilloides and Mortierella isabellina for 2,4-D and with Chrysosporium pannorum and Mucor genevensis for 2,4-DCP. The data collected seemed to prove, on one hand, that the strains responses varied with the taxonomic groups and the chemicals tested, and, on the other hand, that 2,4-D was less accessible to fungal degradation than 2,4-DCP. In each case, kinetics studies with the two most efficient strains revealed that there was a lag phase of 1 day before the onset of 2,4-D degradation, whereas there was none during 2,4-DCP degradation. Moreover, 2,4-DCP was detected transiently during 2,4-D degradation. Finally, M. isabellina improved its degradation potential in Tartaric Acid (TA) medium relative to GS and Malt Extract (ME) media.

Quantitative separation of Cr 3+ from Mo 6+, W 6+, Hg 2+2, Cu 2+ and Pb 2+: Chromatographic behaviour of 51 cations on papers impregnated with Sn(IV)-based inorganic ion exchangers in complex-forming acid systems

The chromatographic behaviour of 51 metal ions was studied on tin(IV) arsenate-, tin(IV) phosphate-, tin(IV) tungstate-, and tin(IV) molybdate- and tin(IV) selenite-impregnated papers in 0.5 M oxalic, citric and tartaric acid media. The composition and ion-exchange capacity of these papers were determined. The concentration of the anion in the exchanger deposited was found to vary directly with the p K a of the corresponding anionic acids. The selectivity of the papers for different cations is discussed. The mechanism of migration is explained in terms of ion exchange, precipitation and adsorption. A published view on the prediction of elution sequence from R F values was also checked. A number of binary and ternary separations were achieved. Cr 3+ was quantitatively separated from binary mixtures and from synthetic mixtures containing common interfering metals.

Pneumatoamperometric flow-injection determination of iodide

A simple flow-through analytical system with pneumatoamperometric detection for the determination of iodide is presented. Iodide is detected after oxidation to iodine by iodate in tartaric acid medium. Iodide at concentrations below 100 μg l −1 can be detected even in the presence of a large excess of chlorides (more than 10 4-fold). The effect of other interfering anions was studied and minimized by introducing an auxiliary oxidant into the flow system.

Determination of antimony in ores and related materials by continuous hydride-generation atomic-absorption spectrometry after separation by xanthate extraction

A continuous hydride-generation atomic-absorption spectrometric method for determining ∼0.02 μg/g or more of antimony in ores, concentrates, rocks, soils and sediments is described. The method involves the reduction of antimony(V) to antimony(III) by heating with hypophosphorous acid in a 4.5 M hydrochloric acid—tartaric acid medium and its separation by filtration, if necessary, from any elemental arsenic, selenium and tellurium produced during the reduction step. Antimony is subsequently separated from iron, lead, zinc, tin and various other elements by a single cyclohexane extraction of its xanthate complex from ∼4.5 M hydrochloric acid/0.2 M sulphuric acid in the presence of ascorbic acid as a reluctant for iron(III). After the extract is washed, if necessary, with 10% hydrochloric acid−2% thiourea solution to remove co-extracted copper, followed by 4.5 M hydrochloric acid to remove residual iron and other elements, antimony(III) in the extract is oxidized to antimony(V) with bromine solution in carbon tetrachloride and stripped into dilute sulphuric acid containing tartaric acid. Following the removal of bromine by evaporation of the solution, antimony(V) is reduced to antimony(III) with potassium iodide in ∼3 M hydrochloric acid and finally determined by hydride-generation atomic-absorption spectrometry at 217.8 nm with sodium borohydride as reluctant. Interference from platinum and palladium, which are partly co-extracted as xanthates under the proposed conditions, is eliminated by complexing them with thiosemicarbazide during the iodide reduction step. Interference from gold is avoided by using a 3 M hydrochloric acid medium for the hydride-generation step. Under these conditions gold forms a stable iodide complex.

Leucosporidium fellii sp. nov., a basidiomycetous yeast that degrades L(+)-tartaric acid.

A new species of basidiomycetous yeast Leucosporidium fellii was isolated from soil in Portugal on a selective L(+)-tartaric acid medium. This yeast is self-sporulating but forms dikaryotic hyphae with clamp connections and is presumably homothallic. It differs from the type strain of Leucosporidium scottii in its life cycle, assimilation pattern and guanine-cytosine content and from the other described Leucosporidium species by additional characteristics.

ChemInform Abstract: DETERMINATION OF GERMANIUM BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY FOLLOWING VOLATILE HYDRIDE GENERATION

A sensitive technique for determination of germanium was investigated by atomic absorption spectrometry following volatile hydride generation. Of the three types of hydride generator and atomizer systems tested, direct transfer of the generated hydride into nitrogen-hydrogen flame for atomization was found to be suitable. The sensitivity was enhanced more than 40–60% in phosphoric acid medium as compared to hydrochloric acid, malic acid, or tartaric acid media. Interference of nickel(II), gold(III), and cobalt(II) in hydrochloric acid medium was reduced by adding ethylenediaminetetraacetate as a masking reagent or replacing the acid medium by malic acid. Detection limit and relative standard deviation of ten determinations of 0.5 μg germanium(IV) in 20 ml of 0.20 M phosphoric acid were 7 ng (S/N=2) and 4.3%, respectively, with 3 ml of 8 w/v % sodium tetrahydroborate solution. The method was applied to the determination of germanium in standard rocks, concentrations of germanium in JB-1 and JG-1 being eval...

Determination of Germanium by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Following Volatile Hydride Generation

Abstract A sensitive technique for determination of germanium was investigated by atomic absorption spectrometry following volatile hydride generation. Of the three types of hydride generator and atomizer systems tested, direct transfer of the generated hydride into nitrogen-hydrogen flame for atomization was found to be suitable. The sensitivity was enhanced more than 40–60% in phosphoric acid medium as compared to hydrochloric acid, malic acid, or tartaric acid media. Interference of nickel(II), gold(III), and cobalt(II) in hydrochloric acid medium was reduced by adding ethylenediaminetetraacetate as a masking reagent or replacing the acid medium by malic acid. Detection limit and relative standard deviation of ten determinations of 0.5 μg germanium(IV) in 20 ml of 0.20 M phosphoric acid were 7 ng (S/N=2) and 4.3%, respectively, with 3 ml of 8 w/v % sodium tetrahydroborate solution. The method was applied to the determination of germanium in standard rocks, concentrations of germanium in JB-1 and JG-1 being evaluated as 1.31 and 1.32 ppm, respectively.

Determination of tin in ores, iron, steel and non-ferrous alloys by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry after separation by extraction as the iodide

A simple and moderately rapid method for determining 0.001% or more of tin in ores, concentrates and tailings, iron, steel and copper-, zinc-, aluminium-, titanium- and zirconium-base alloys is described. After sample decomposition, tin is separated from the matrix elements, except arsenic, by toluene extraction of its iodide from a 3 M sulphuric acid—1.5 M potassium iodide medium containing tartaric and ascorbic acids. It is finally back-extracted into a nitric—sulphuric acid solution containing hydrochloric acid to prevent the formation of an insoluble tin—arsenic compound and the resultant solution is evaporated to dryness. Tin is subsequently determined by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry in a nitrous oxide—acetylene flame, at 235.4 nm in a 10% hydrochloric—0.5% tartaric acid medium containing 250 μg of potassium per ml. Co-extracted arsenic does not interfere. Results obtained by this method are compared with those obtained spectrophotometrically with gallein after the separation of tin by iodide extraction.

Determination of molybdenum in ores, iron and steel by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry after separation by α-benzoinoxime extraction or further xanthate extraction

A simple and moderately rapid method for determining 0.001% or more of molybdenum in ores, iron and steel is described. After sample decomposition, molybdenum is separated from the matrix elements, except tungsten, by chloroform extraction of its α-benzoinoxime complex from a 1.75 M hydrochloric-0.13 M tartaric acid medium. Depending on the amount of tungsten present, molybdenum, if necessary, is back-extracted into concentrated ammonia solution and subsequently separated from coextracted tungsten by chloroform extraction of its xanthate complex from a 1.5 M hydrochloric-0.13 M tartaric acid medium. It is ultimately determined by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry, at 313.3 nm, in a 15% v/v hydrochloric acid medium containing 1000 μg/ml of aluminium as the chloride, after evaporation of either extract to dryness with nitric, perchloric and sulphuric acids and dissolution of the salts in dilute ammonia solution.

Organic acid solutions in the chromatography of inorganic ions—IV Cation-exchange of Mn(II), Cd(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Al(III) and Fe(III) in tartrate media

The cation-exchange behaviour of Mn(II), Cd(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Al(III) and Fe(III), in tartaric acid media was studied. Separations of Fe(III), Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), Cd(II) and Mn(II) on Dowex 50W X8 have been achieved.

Electro-chromatography in the study of ions

Migration rate of ions increases with voltage. Nickel ion migrates in 0.5 Molar tartaric acid medium in a small well compact zone leaving no trailing and can be easily quantitatively estimated colorimetrically.

POLAROGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF TITANIUM IN PAINT PIGMENTS

A simple, rapid polarographic procedure for the determination of titanium in paint pigments has been developed, using a sulphuric acid – tartaric acid medium. The accuracy and precision of the method are satisfactory for routine testing operations. The interference of other common pigment ingredients is discussed, and a procedure suggested for the removal of copper and antimony prior to analysis.