Tariff System Research Articles

Did new electricity progressive tariff system change energy usage pattern in Seoul apartments? Evidence from integrated multisource dataset and combined analytical models

A new electricity progressive tariff (PT) system was introduced to cities in South Korea at the end of 2016 to replace the previous one as a policy response to increased energy demand and costs in hotter summers. Public concerns have been raised over its effects on annual energy use and energy poverty. However, studies on this topic are very few due to the lack of relevant data. In the broader literature on the effect of the PT system, studies are limited in that they mostly focus on household characteristics. This study contributes to the literature and practical discussions by examining how the new PT system influences residential electricity use in 243 sample apartments in Seoul, considering a wide range of factors that impact energy use decisions. An integrated urban dataset was developed based on urban big data from multiple sources, and a combination of two models was used for analysis. The interrupted time series analysis was adopted to find whether the change in household electricity use was significant for each apartment using the dataset. A logistic regression model was then used to examine the relationships between the significance of change and influential factors in energy use and billing, household, apartment, and neighborhood. Results suggest that nearly half of the sample apartments significantly increased electricity usage, and energy and built environment factors significantly influenced the change. Furthermore, higher-income groups were found to benefit more from the new PT system. The findings provide a reference for policymakers to evaluate the new policy and develop strategies toward broad sustainability goals. Given the wicked nature of urban energy policy, suggestions were made on policy implementation design and urban data integration for more rigorous evaluation.

Prosumer standby fee design: Solving the inequity problem of China's county-wide photovoltaic project promotion

To achieve the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals, China promoted county-wide photovoltaic projects (CWPVs) in 2021. A large number of distributed photovoltaic (DPV) installations have expanded the scale of prosumer. It also brings the inequity problem of prosumer, distribution network system operator (DSO) and consumer--DSO and consumer bear the costs such as access cost and depreciation of stock investment caused by DPV access. Combined with China's current electricity tariff system and the promotion of photovoltaic scale development, this paper proposes a standby fee model based on the principle of “beneficiary apportionment”. In this model, the standby fee mechanism for self-owned power plants is applied to DPV to reduce the implementation cost of the mechanism, and the principle of “beneficiary apportionment” is adopted to ensure the profitability of DPV. This paper takes the CWPV in Hunan Province, China as an example, calculates the standby fee under various electricity metering methods, and determines the most appropriate standby fee by considering factors such as output uncertainty of DPV. Finally, the difficulties in the implementation of standby fee are sorted out.

State formation and market integration: Germany, 1780–1830

The rise of modern states is an important factor for economic development. We test the effects of territorial consolidation and the increase in legal capacity on market integration. The political transformation of Germany in the wake of the Napoleonic Wars, which reduced territorial fragmentation and transformed former semi-autonomous estates to sovereign polities, serves as a natural experiment. We apply a difference-in-differences framework to a new dataset of grain prices and show that territorial consolidation reduced trade costs conditional on trade reforms that replaced heterogenous internal duties by a unified system of external tariffs. The effect was equivalent to a reduction of price gaps by 31 percent. Cities that were part of Prussia both before and after the Wars and experienced trade reform saw a reduction in price gaps of similar magnitude. By contrast, there was no market integration in late-reformer states such as Hanover and Saxony. Trade reforms were the main channel through which territorial consolidation fostered market integration.

STRUCTURAL CHANGE AND GROWTH PROSPECTS IN THE TURKISH ECONOMY: A DEMAND-SIDE DECOMPOSITION ANALYSIS

Over the past four decades, Turkey has undertaken a wide range of reforms that aim at the liberalisation of foreign trade, relaxation of the tariff system, deregulation of the financial system, and foreign investment regulations. Significant structural change experienced in the Turkish economy pursues access to the global market. This paper presents an empirical investigation of the growth prospects in both the Turkish economy and manufacturing industry during the whole period from 1995 to 2015 and the sub-periods of 1995–2001, 2001–2008, 2008–2015 and 1995–2015. Since investigating the dynamics of economic growth from the supply-side has been well documented in the literature, this work contributes to the literature on the sources of economic growth by providing a more up-to-date analysis from a demand-side perspective in the case of the Turkish economy. We make use of Chenery’s factor decomposition method that decomposes output growth into the growth of domestic demand, import-substitution, growth of export and intermediate demand. Conclusions revealed that the total output evolution of the whole economy and the manufacturing industry was mainly responsive to final domestic demand during the whole period of 1995–2015 and the sub-periods of 1995–2001, 2002–2008 and, 2008–2015. However, the nexus between the final domestic demand and the output evolution tended to weaken during the period from 2001 to 2008, but recovery took place again in the following periods. Moreover, the output growth that stemmed from export expansion was more prevailing in the manufacturing industry. To these ends, policies aimed at increasing income, demand, product diversity and reducing poverty should be applied to encourage the deepening of domestic demand. Furthermore, selective micro policies of industrial and technological upgrading and diversification should be applied to sustain output and export growth and, create a more resilient economy to external shocks

Improvement of water utility management in Tajikistan: reduction in water wastage using a metered tariff system

AbstractTajikistan is a country in Central Asia with rich water resources. However, drinking water is used for agriculture and other non-drinking purposes owing to the fixed tariff system. Consequently, the overall level of water services has deteriorated and generated revenue is insufficient for operation and maintenance costs. Therefore, a project aimed to improve the quality of water supply services by providing hardware support, such as construction of wells and renewal of water distribution pipes, was conducted. However, because hardware improvement alone cannot sufficiently enhance water supply services, software support to improve the capacity of Vodokanal (utility) staff, including preparation of a metered tariff system, was implemented through a technical cooperation project. The project successfully raised customer awareness of water conservation, and the water consumption rate was reduced to two-thirds of that before implementation of the project. Additionally, the water quantity, quality, pressure, and supply hours in the target area were significantly improved. Despite the resulting increase in financial burden, customer satisfaction regarding the water supply was enhanced from 51% before the project to 100% in the second half of the project. Simultaneously, the water supply revenue increased by 24% and this increase contributed to sustainable water supply management.

The Polish Society of Gynecological Oncology Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Endometrial Carcinoma (2023)

Due to the increasing amount of published data suggesting that endometrial carcinoma is a heterogenic entity with possible different treatment sequences and post-treatment follow-up, the Polish Society of Gynecological Oncology (PSGO) has developed new guidelines. to summarize the current evidence for diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of endometrial carcinoma and to provide evidence-based recommendations for clinical practice. The guidelines have been developed according to standards set by the guideline evaluation tool AGREE II (Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation). The strength of scientific evidence has been defined in agreement with The Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System (AOTMiT) guidelines for scientific evidence classification. The grades of recommendation have been based on the strength of evidence and the level of consensus of the PSGO development group. Based on current evidence, both the implementation of the molecular classification of endometrial cancer patients at the beginning of the treatment sequence and the extension of the final postoperative pathological report of additional biomarkers are needed to optimize and improve treatment results as well as to pave the route for future clinical trials on targeted therapies.

Impact of carbon tariffs on price competitiveness in the era of global value chain

More and more countries are joining the discussion on climate mitigation through a range of emissions reduction policies such as carbon pricing. However, differences in carbon prices and policy intensity have led countries to worry about issues such as unilateral competitiveness loss and carbon leakage, and carbon border adjustment mechanisms have emerged. This paper analyzes the impact of carbon border adjustment on price competitiveness with the carbon tariff system to be implemented by the EU and the US. First, we obtain the cost pass-through rates of 14 regions-3 sectors through the panel regression of error correction model, and corrects the input–output price model for incomplete cost transmission. Combined with global inter-industry linkages, the impact of carbon tariff levy on the real effective exchange rate, the main indicator of price competitiveness of each region and industry, is examined for the EU CBAM and the US Clean Competition Act. On this basis, we use the effective rate of protection which is adjusted with global value chain, to analyze the positive effect of carbon tariff policy on domestic producers. Finally, the welfare effects of residential households are estimated, after quantity adjustment using the real effective exchange rate. The results show that when only direct carbon tariffs are analyzed, the impact of the US Clean Competition Act is greater than that of the EU CBAM for Australia and Canada, and for Japan and other regions, the sanctioning effect of the EU CBAM is more significant. When considering the impact of cumulative tariffs in the upstream, the output prices of countries further increase, and the cumulative carbon tariffs of the US under the two scenarios are as high as 0.61 % and 0.81 %. According to the results of the real effective exchange rate, the price competitiveness of the US and Russia decreases. The effective rate of carbon tariff protection is negative in all countries except for the implementers of carbon tariffs - the US and the EU, which means that the producers lose value added due to carbon tariffs. Finally, the welfare effects analysis shows that the two largest causes of welfare losses are the increase in domestic prices and the prices of imported goods from the US.

Payment under the tariff system

Payment under the tariff system

Possibilities of managing electricity consumption through the application of time-classified tariffs

This manuscript is devoted to the issue of smoothing the load schedule of enterprises in “peak” periods in return for using the results of energy audits and applying a system of time-classified tariffs. Considering the mentioned issue above, using the results of the energy inspection and using the system of time-classified tariffs will create an opportunity to achieve smoothing the load schedule of the electric power system during “peak” periods. The use of the time-classified tariff system by consumers will reduce the loading period of the electric power system and change its regimes.

Possibilities of applying time-classified tariffs in “smoothing” the loading graph of the electric energy system

In this paper, the impact of the use of time-classified tariffs on the electricity system is considered. That is, the possibility of adjusting the loads on the existing substation in the morning and evening “peak” periods was assessed. In exchange for using the results of the energy audit and applying the system of time-classified tariffs, it will be possible to achieve smoothing of the load schedule of the electric power system during “peak” periods. Consumers’ use of the time-classified tariff system will reduce the loading period of the electric power system and change its regimes.

Characteristics of application of different time rates for electricity consumed in industrial enterprises

The article analyzes the graphs for the period of electricity consumption in industrial enterprises using a system of time-varying tariffs. Residents and settlements, industrial enterprises, manufacturing enterprises, factories, and several electricity-consuming organizations will be able to pay for electricity consumption at reduced prices because of the application of time-varying tariffs during non-peak hours of the day. If a consumer consumes electricity at night, he can pay for each kWh consumed at a price 1.5 times lower than during the day. Consumers pay less for electricity, which lowers the cost of production. This, in turn, will allow power generating and power supply organizations to ensure the long-term operation of the network and transformers, reduce the load period and provide consumers with quality electricity.

Investments reduction on developing the generating capacity with differentiated electricity tariffs

The article presents the problems of cost reduction based on the use of a differentiated tariff in the power system. Information on the economic feasibility of the implementation and rational use of differentiated tariffs for various power systems is presented, concerning the introduction of one-rate and two-rate tariffs based on short-term and low-cost measures. It is shown that the transition to a differentiated tariff system plays an important role in increasing the energy efficiency in large industrial enterprises.

Local Electricity Market Design Utilizing Network State Dependent Dynamic Network Usage Tariff

The new technologies emerging in the energy sector pose new requirements for both the regulation and the operation of the electricity grid. Revised tariff structures and the introduction of local markets are two approaches that could tackle the issues resulting from the increasing number of active end-users. However, a smooth transition from the traditional schemes is critical, thus creating the need for solutions that can be implemented in the current circumstances. This paper proposes a local market concept developed in the INTERRFACE Horizont 2020 project and a corresponding dynamic tariff system, which can not only be operated parallel to the current retail market, but which also considers possible interactions between the two markets by taking into account the estimated state of the network. The participants of the market can trade energy peer-to-peer via a platform that allocates proper network charges to all transactions. The calculated tariffs consider the physical effect of the transactions on the grid in terms of nodal voltage deviations, branch current flows, and overall system losses. The proposed method is tested and compared to the currently existing local market approach on the IEEE European LV test feeder through market simulations. The results imply that knowledge on network state prior to trades can increase the correctness of network charge allocation. With the proper tuning of DNUT (Dynamic Network Usage Tariff) components, the end-users can even realize larger surplus compared to other local market models, while the security of network operation is also ensured.

ПОСИЛЕННЯ МОТИВАЦІЙНОЇ РОЛІ ЗАРОБІТНОЇ ПЛАТИ: ПРОБЛЕМИ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ

It is argued that the war on the territory of Ukraine stimulated the departure process of Ukraini-ans mainly of working age and children abroad. The post-war economic recovery of Ukraine may face labour shortages and economic stagnation. The low level of wages in Ukraine, destruction of housing, social and industrial infrastructure becomes and obstacle to the return of migrants. The war has exac-erbated the problem of balancing the labour market. The growth in the number of unemployed and migration flows actualizes the problem of the wages level in Ukraine.The article considers modern experience of the countries of the world in terms of motivation of high labour productivity using the wages, the possibility of adapting best remuneration practices in the world in order to develop a motivational mechanism for remuneration in the post-war period of the recovery of Ukraine, namely: increasing the share of group forms of bonuses, systems of payment for knowledge and qualifications, development of flexible systems of benefits for employees of enterprises and social protection, participation in the enterprise management and equity.In the article, the functions of wages, the possibility of changing them, taking into account the imbalance of supply and demand for labour in Ukraine during the war and the post-war period in Ukraine. The issue of increasing wages as a result of the implementation of managerial competencies of managers at various levels is updated.The ways to increase the motivational role of the labour remuneration in terms of creating eco-nomic opportunities to increase the employees’ wages by increasing investment attractiveness of Ukraine, structural adjustment of the economy from the production of raw materials and their export to the development of high-tech industries; improvement of the tariff system and labour rationing in com-pliance with the equal wages principle for equal labour contribution; practice of forms of the employees’ participation in the enterprise management and share capital; development of mechanisms for collective and contractual regulation of labour remuneration, forms of collective bonuses are formulated..

Iranian health financing system challenges to promote health outcomes: Qualitative study.

Adequate health financing system should have key criteria and characteristics such as risk distribution over time, risk accumulation, sustainable resource provision, and resource allocation based on meeting essential needs. Weakness of the tariff system, lack of attention to strategic purchasing, inefficient allocation of manpower, and a weak payment system are among the problems within the Iranian financing system. Given the weaknesses of the current health financing system, it seems necessary to identify challenges and provide effective solutions to address them. This qualitative study was conducted to explore the views of a group of 32 major policymakers and planners in the various departments and levels of the Ministry of Health, Universities of Medical Sciences, Medical System Organization, and Health Insurance Organization in Iran (n = 32), selected through purposive sampling. The data was collected through in-depth and semi-structured interviews and analyzed using Graneheim and Lundman's conventional content analysis methods. The trial version of MAXQDA 16 software was used to manage the coding process. Based on the results of data analysis, a total of 5 categories and 28 subcategories were obtained. In this study, five main categories were obtained through the content analysis method, including (1) stewardship; (2) providing services; (3) production of resources; (4) collecting resources; and (5) purchasing and allocation of resources. It is suggested that those in charge of the health system, following the reform of the organization of the health system, move toward the improvement and widespread implementation of the referral system and that clinical guidelines be carefully compiled. Also, appropriate motivational and legal tools should be used to implement them. However, insurance companies need to make cost, population, and service coverage more effective.

Analysis of payment priority for electricity consumed in industrial enterprises on the base of classified tariffs

The following issues are considered and resolved in the article: the advantage of using tariffs stratified by time to increase the efficiency of electricity consumption by industrial enterprises; Analysis of the tariff system in the electric power system of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the essence of the effectiveness of the application of differentiated tariffs; In order to justify the application of time-differentiated tariffs, the electricity consumption of the industrial enterprise is analyzed; parameters of electricity consumption are optimized according to different tariffs. In order to regulate the load schedule of the energy system using time-graded tariffs in the morning and evening “peak” periods, a method of reducing the load in "peak" periods is proposed in exchange for increasing energy consumption in the night periods.

Evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of the tariff system in railway transport

Evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of the tariff system in railway transport

Research on the Improvement Idea of the Carbon Tariff System

As the problem of the greenhouse effect becomes more serious, limiting carbon emissions has become an issue in environmental issues. The author agrees that the existing EU carbon tariff policy has a positive incentive to limit carbon emissions. However, for the global carbon emission problem, a joint boycott mechanism should also be established in order to truly make the carbon emission governance of the international community achieve Pareto optimality, that is, to achieve the optimal allocation of resources on the carbon emission issue. But the boycott mechanism is only an answer drawn from the overall efficiency of the international community, and it does not answer the question of the legitimacy of international economic law and the achievement of fair distribution. Therefore, the author interprets carbon tariffs in terms of international law and supports that the purpose of carbon tariffs is to maintain public morality and can become an exception to the principle of most-favored-nation treatment. The author also envisages several preconditions for establishing carbon tariffs to achieve the goal of fairness and to exclude individual countries from using carbon tariffs to restrict international trade in disguise.

Applying different time enterprises rates for electricity consumption industrial and its impact on the energy system

This article calculates the consumption of electricity consumption in the “peak”, “half-peak” and night periods due to the application of a time-varying tariff system in an industrial enterprise and the impact on the regime of the energy system, in the article we are discussing about. If a consumer electricity at night, he will be able to pay for each kW·h of electricity consumed at a price 1.5 times lower than during the day. This, in turn, will lead to the long-term operation of networks and transformers, reducing the load period and smoothing the load schedules of the power system.

PROLONGED VENTILATOR IN ICU PUTRI HIJAU HOSPITAL WHAT SHOULD WE DO IN BPJS ERA

Number of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing progressively worldwide, especially in developing countries. In Indonesia, the largest proportion of hemodialysis patients is due to hypertension and diabetes. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive disease and causes variety of complications, which contribute to high mortality, morbidity and poor quality of life. In many cases, chronic kidney disease affects lung function directly or indirectly. Impaired renal filtration results in tissue edema that affects gas exchange processes and lead to life-threatening conditions. The clinical manifestations of patients with pulmonary edema are shortness of breath, tachypnea, cyanosis and use of accessory muscles of respirations and develop into acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The goals of treatment for pulmonary edema are to reduce symptoms, improve ventilation and adequate oxygenation, maintain cardiac output and perfusion to vital organs. Patients with pulmonary edema require mechanical ventilation and intensive care support. The duration of ventilator use in pulmonary edema varies from 1 to 40 days. Prolonged ventilator use is a challenge to hospital financing in BPJS Kesehatan era with current INA-CBGs tariff system.