Tariff Incentives Research Articles

Р ЕАЛИЗАЦИЯ ТАМОЖЕННОГО ПРОТЕКЦИОНИЗМА НА ПРИМЕРЕ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЙ МЯСНОЙ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТИ СЕВЕРО-ЗАПАДА

The article examines the instruments of customs protectionism (including tariff incentives, tariff quotas) used in Russia to regulate the meat and meat products market. The official statistical indicators reflecting the volume of imports and the vol- ume of domestic production of meat products are analyzed. It is determined that the necessary level of food security has been achieved in Russia in terms of the provision of meat products included in the list of socially significant products. It has been es- tablished that the North-Western region remains dependent on imported meat products, as a result, the instruments of customs protectionism are sensitive for participants in foreign economic activity.

Inequality in the distribution of resources in the health sector before and after the Health Transformation Plan in Qazvin, Iran

BackgroundThe equitable distribution of healthcare resources represents a paramount objective in the realm of global health systems. Thus, the present study sought to assess the fairness in the allocation of health resources at Qazvin University of Medical Sciences (QUMS), both prior to and subsequent to the implementation of the Health Transformation Plan (HTP) using the Gini coefficient and the Hirschman–Herfindahl index (HHI).MethodsThis descriptive-analytical study aimed to investigate the distribution of healthcare resources among general practitioners (GPs), specialists, and subspecialists employed at QUMS between 2011 and 2017. Demographic data pertaining to the cities were obtained from the statistical yearbooks of the Statistical Center of Iran, while information regarding the healthcare workforce was extracted from QUMS records. The analysis utilized two key measures, namely the Gini coefficient and the HHI, to assess the fairness of resource distribution. Data analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel 2016 and the Stata statistical software.ResultsThe highest number of GPs, specialists, and subspecialists was observed in 2014, 2017, and 2017, respectively, while the lowest number was recorded in 2016, 2011, and 2015, respectively. From 2011 to 2017, the Gini coefficient for GPs ranged between 0.61 and 0.63. Among specialists, the lowest Gini coefficient value was observed in 2015 (0.57), while the highest was recorded in 2017 (0.60). The Gini coefficient for subspecialists remained constant at 0.52 from 2011 to 2017. The HHI revealed a high concentration of GPs in the cities of Qazvin province. Although the disparity gradually decreased in the specialties of eye, ear, nose, and throat, and pediatrics, the concentration still persists in Qazvin. In general surgery, the index value is low, indicating some level of inequality. In anesthesia and neurology, the index value decreased after the HTP and reached 5700; however, achieving equality (below 1000) still requires further efforts. No significant change in the index was observed after the HTP in specialties such as neurosurgery, rehabilitation, and nuclear medicine. Subspecialists also exhibited a concentration in the city of Qazvin.ConclusionBased on the analysis of the Gini and HHI, it is evident that the distribution of GPs has not undergone significant changes following the implementation of the HTP. The Gini coefficient, which ranges from 0.4 to 0.6, indicates a high to complete level of inequality in the distribution of specialists and subspecialists. Moreover, the HHI exceeds 1000, reflecting a concentration of resources in specific areas. As a result, the HTP has not yet achieved its goal of ensuring a fair distribution of human resources. To address this issue, it is recommended to redesign distribution policies, including the allocation of physical health resources, such as specialized hospitals, beds, and medical equipment. Additionally, increasing student admissions in specialized and subspecialized fields and implementing tariff incentives can contribute to a more equitable distribution of resources. By aligning distribution policies with the principle of fairness, the healthcare system can better address the issue of resource distribution.

Energy Tariff Policies for Renewable Energy Development: Comparison between Selected European Countries and Sri Lanka

This article is written within the European Project “THREE-Lanka” which has the aim of modernizing the higher education related to Renewable Energy (RE) in Sri Lanka. The paper presents the outcomes of analysing various incentive schemes to stimulate RE development. In Europe, there was substantial growth in RE installation through generous incentives in the first years. Then, to regulate this growth, in recent years, the auction system has been introduced to improve the competition among companies that install RE plants. In Sri Lanka, on the other hand, the main energy tariff policies focus on the spread of PhotoVoltaics (PV) through contributions based on the electricity fed into the grid. This paper provides an updated view of the evolution of the energy tariff policies in the relevant European countries with respect to Sri Lanka, covering some recent policy developments. Within the Sri Lankan framework, four case studies involving residential, commercial, and industrial users are outlined to suggest better mechanisms (in the case of not adequate current incentive tariff) for supporting the deployment of grid-connected PV systems in a wide power range. Such knowledge transfer in the THREE-Lanka project will demonstrate the enormous potential RE capacity in a developing country, still depending on fossil fuels but willing to follow the path towards sustainability.

Policy and Strategies of Tariff Incentives Related to Renewable Energy: Comparison between Indonesia and Other Developing and Developed Countries

The transition from conventional fossil fuels to renewable energy is necessary, along with the increase in energy consumption and the decline in national energy production. In its application, increasing the renewable energy mix has many challenges, especially cost-efficiency. Thus, to make renewable energy competitive and achieve a significant acceleration of the mix, massive energy incentive policies are being studied and developed. This study provided a specific overview of policies and strategies for tariff incentives related to renewable energy, particularly in developing and developed countries. An essential section of this study discusses the comparison between Indonesia and other countries, as well as the current status and an ideal policy related to renewable energy for this country. The implementation of energy incentive policies in each country is quite different, depending on the potential, technological readiness, and political and economic conditions. Compared with other policy mechanisms such as RPS, FIT policies are more efficient at increasing capacity and stimulating R&D inputs to reduce costs. In terms of the stage of economic development and characteristics of the electricity system, the price adjustment model, such as that used in East Asia, is more suitable for application in Indonesia than other models.

Comparative Analysis of Renewable Energy Community Designs for District Heating Networks: Case Study of Corticella (Italy)

In recent years, a rapid increase in the adoption of renewable energy sources and in the transition from a centralized electricity generation system to an increasingly distributed one has occurred. Within this scenario, in line with the European directives for achieving the objectives in the field of energy transition and climate change, energy communities are seen as potential contributors. The purpose of this work is to analyze the application potential of the energy community concept associated with district heating networks, leading to better overall energy-economic performance. This was demonstrated for a specific energy community in Italy, and it can be achieved by maximizing internal energy sharing—resulting from the electricity surplus generated by the photovoltaic system—and adopting different strategies that include heat pumps in order to maximize self-consumption and self-sufficiency, as well as to evaluate the most efficient investment in economic terms by exploiting the incentive tariff on shared energy. The results show that the performance of the system can be improved with the proposed design, achieving a significant reduction in the system’s energy demand, emissions and costs: compared to the reference case, the use of photovoltaics reduces primary energy demand by approximately 11%, while the addition of the energy community configuration allows emissions to be reduced by nearly 12%, with no additional investment.

PUBLIC POLICY OF SOCIAL SECURITY DUE TO COVID 19 LEGAL JUSTICE PERSPECTIVE

Various social security policies due to the impact of the covid 19 pandemic are carried out as an effort to move the national economy and strengthen people's purchasing power, the restoration of education so that it can be better. The purpose of this study is to find out the policy of social security during the pandemic covid 19 perspective the foundation of legal justice theory. Research methods, using the type of normative legal research with the first approach of legislation (statute approach), second historical approach (historical approach), third conceptual approach (conceptual approach), and Fourth analytical approach (Analytical Approach). While the types and data sources used can be used in two, namely primary legal materials and secondary legal materials focusing on Public Policy of Social Security During the Covid 19 Pandemic Perspective of Legal Justice Theory. The findings in the study showed that various social security policies during the covid 19 pandemic. First Family Hope Program (PKH), Sembako Program Assistance (BPS), Cash Direct Assistance, Cash Social Assistance (BST), Pre-employment Card, BLT small micro-businesses, BLT Village Fund, Productive Banpres for MSME Working Capital, Employee Salary Subsidy, and electricity discount by providing electricity tariff incentives for customers affected by the Covid-19 pandemic, UKT Assistance, internet package assistance for students and students, BSU Lecturer, Pulsa ASN and Kouta are free, as well as other social protection programs. The two foundations of the theory of legal justice to social security policy due to the covid 19 pandemic show that policies in the aspects of education, business groups, communities, and employee salary subsidies, are still considered unable to embrace all elements, although using the distributive justice theory approach, let alone using affirmative justice theory that looks at equality in getting help due to covid 19.

Wind potential investigation with turbine siting control for improved energy yield at El-Tor Region, Egypt

The paper presents a detailed study of wind farm sizing/siting at Egypt, EL-Tor Sinai Peninsula. The study is driven by the ongoing Egyptian clean energy policy to utilize wind energy a viable source of renewable electricity within the national new planned energy-mix generation. The wind ample coastal/desert resources in Egypt stimulated the Government of Egypt to initiate the wind expansion program policy in October 2014 using wind and solar/PV renewable sources through the Feed-In Tariff incentive program to be one of the African and Middle Eastern pioneer countries reaching 20% of renewable energy (RE)-based electricity generation by 2022 and reducing the fossil fuel dependency. After presenting the techno-economic investigations of large wind farms in El-Tor area located in Sinai Peninsula of Egypt, the state of the art of defining the near-optimal wind micro-siting of best controlled wind turbines and the relevant technical selection criteria are introduced. The topographical data and wind characteristics in El-Tor area are fully analyzed. Using the WindPROTM software, the wind site optimal selection of controlled wind turbines and layout for maximum energy production are discussed considering the governing risk uncertainties; then finalized in terms of cost-benefit feasibility study during the wind farm life span for the national grid integration. Considering the soft and commercial loan factors, the economic viability of the wind farm implementation with its controlled turbine locations/spacing in El-Tor area is studied in comparison with the conventional power plants neglecting the certified emission reductions benefit. The methodology of this paper illustrates a systematic guided way for the selection and sizing of large wind farms as either standalone with storage battery systems or gas turbine back up or direct interfacing with the electric utility at high penetration levels of 15-20%.

Sustainable Water Demand Management and Incentive Tariff: Evidence From a Quantile-on-Quantile Approach

Sustainable Water Demand Management and Incentive Tariff: Evidence From a Quantile-on-Quantile Approach

Renewable energy policy around the globe

Renewable energy systems (RESs) have an inherent quality of achieving independence Vis a Vis useful energy harnessing for self or localized use. At larger scale the renewable energy system allows the power generation and distribution without a significant harm to the environment. Propagation and proliferation of RESs and the Renewable Energy Technology (RET), collectively demand an effective policy making infrastructure to be in place to ensure their penetration locally and globally. Renewable Energy Policies have a great impact on how readily these systems are adopted by the investors and market, how efficient these systems are which is dependent on the research and development (R&D) of RESs, how effectively the country or region copes with the scourge of environmental harm with the use of RESs. Renewable Energy Policies also have an impact on how costly these technologies are and how these technologies fiscally benefit common man, investors and industries. Efficiency enhancement, stability and intelligent management of grids integrated with RES are also renewable policy dependent. This paper thoroughly and critically examines the importance of renewable energy policy. not just at domestic or national level but also at global level. It discusses in detail the core ingredients of renewable energy policy which were adopted in the past, which are being adopted now and which should be adopted in future. This paper also discusses policy, business and financial models; importance of tariff formulation, incentives and subsidies and a few factors which may pose a risk to the development and adoption of RESs. At the end a few suggestions have also been made which, if adopted, would help promote the RESs proliferation across the globe at a rapid pace and would ensure energy security, sustainable development and environmental conservation.

Quintessential strategy to operate photovoltaic system coupled with dual battery storage and grid connection

This study proposes a novel strategy to utilize photovoltaic (PV) system energy coupled with grid connection and dual battery storage system. First, the problem is formulated in mathematical form with a linear model approach; later, a cost function is defined to evaluate the tariff in different scenarios. The cost function is designed to minimize the burden on consumers' shoulders in a constrained environment. The battery storage systems are used intelligently to reduce imported and exported energy, hence the respective cost. The secondary battery system has been added and discharges during high tariff hours provided the state of charge of the primary battery system is at the minimum level. Various types of tariff incentives are considered for comprehensive analysis. Various cases are considered for the analysis: grid supply, PV-system alone, grid connection coupled with PV-system, and grid connection connected with PV-system and battery storage banks. The statistical analysis is performed in each case to have a detailed observation on resultant distributions of imported energy, exported power, and stored energy based on unmet and excess power. The results conclude that the proposed methodology reduces the imported and exported power requirement with a net profit of £ 46.

Exploring payback-year based feed-in tariff mechanisms in Australia

Solar energy applications are crucial to urban sustainable development and energy investment. Among the policies incentivising solar energy utilisation, Feed-in Tariff has been widely applied to stimulate the adoption of solar photovoltaic systems in the residential sector. This paper presents a payback-year-based Feed-in Tariff determination mechanism from the investment perspective, as suggested by recent research survey data. As an important indicator, the time required to recover the investment (i.e., payback year) in a residential PV project is then formulated using the proposed algorithm to determine Feed-in Tariff rates. The proposed mechanism is demonstrated in a case study in Victoria, Australia. Sensitivity analysis is used to identify the optimum Feed-in Tariff ranges for two popular types of rooftop PV systems, i.e., 3 kW and 5 kW, as examples. The results identify the desirable Feed-in Tariff range for individual energy investors as 20.29 A¢/kWh to 28.25 A¢/kWh, and this should be considered as a point of reference in determining the Feed-in Tariff rate in a manner that takes into account end-users’ expectations. The proposed mechanisms and methodology would be useful for policymakers in adjusting Feed-in Tariff incentive policies at a national or regional level.

Price-Based Demand Side Response Programs and Their Effectiveness on the Example of TOU Electricity Tariff for Residential Consumers

Demand side response is becoming an increasingly significant issue for reliable power systems’ operation. Therefore, it is desirable to ensure high effectiveness of such programs, including electricity tariffs. The purpose of the study is developing a method for analysing electricity tariff’s effectiveness in terms of demand side response purposes based on statistical data concerning tariffs’ use by the consumers and price elasticity of their electricity demand. A case-study analysis is presented for residential electricity consumers, shifting the settlement and consequently the profile of electricity use from a flat to a time-of-use tariff, based on the comparison of the considered tariff groups. Additionally, a correlation analysis is suggested to verify tariffs’ influence of the power system’s peak load based on residential electricity tariffs in Poland. The presented analysis proves that large residential consumers aggregated by tariff incentives may have a significant impact on the power system’s load and this impact changes substantially for particular hours of a day or season. Such efficiency assessment may be used by both energy suppliers to optimize their market purchases and by distribution system operators in order to ensure adequate generation during peak load periods.

Стимулююче тарифне регулювання комунальних послуг: теоретичні основи та практичне застосування

The article aims at studying the manifestation features of the system of incentive tariff regulation of utilities given the need to attract investment to modernize the utilities infrastructure in cities in the field of electricity and centralized water consumption, indicating its risks and benefits. The following methods were used: decomposition, comparative analysis (when considering the methods of tariff calculation based on the "cost plus" principle and on the "rate of return on invested capital and regulatory asset base"), scientific abstraction, systemic approach, construction of scientific hypotheses (when studying the algorithm for the calculation and dynamics of the incentive tariff for electricity distribution services and centralized water consumption). A change in the electricity cost for end consumers under the transition to an incentive tariff for electricity distribution has been modelled. The dynamics of tariffs changes in centralized water consumption services is studied based on the concept of the rate of return on invested capital and regulatory asset base (RAB-methodology), and the number of investment resources that under such conditions can be directed to modernize urban water infrastructure is forecasted. The expediency of different approaches to determining the rate of return on capital (single and differentiated rate) given the legal status of assets is proved. The RAB tariff regulation concept is applied to services in the field of centralized water consumption with the identification of risks and benefits for consumers, service providers and potential investors in the modernization of the industry infrastructure. Given the energy intensity of the services, the impact of the full introduction of the electricity market on the tariffs dynamics and on the need for effective social tension preventers has been identified. The research results prove the necessity and validity of applying incentive tariff regulation in the field of electricity and water consumption, provided that the interests of consumers and service providers are balanced; and allow authorized persons to design a number of appropriate measures to ensure that the service provider invests the established amount of finance in the first regulatory period, given the uncertainty of this issue in the regulations

Model for measuring the effect of incentive schemes, tariff regimes and technological innovations on change of consumer behaviour on energy savings: a study based on Sri Lankan electricity consumers in the domestic sector

Model for measuring the effect of incentive schemes, tariff regimes and technological innovations on change of consumer behaviour on energy savings: a study based on Sri Lankan electricity consumers in the domestic sector

Synergizing carbon capture and utilization in a biogas upgrading plant based on calcium chloride: Scaling-up and profitability analysis

Herein we analyze the profitability of a novel regenerative process to synergize biogas upgrading and carbon dioxide utilization. Our proposal is a promising alternative which allows to obtain calcium carbonate as added value product while going beyond traditional biogas upgrading methods with high thermal energy consumption. Recently we have demonstrated the experimental viability of this route. In this work, both the scale-up and the profitability of the process are presented. Furthermore, we analyze three representative scenarios to undertake a techno-economic study of the proposed circular economy process. The scale-up results demonstrate the technical viability of our proposal. The precipitation efficiency and the product quality are still remarkable with the increase of the reactor size. The techno-economic analysis reveals that the implementation of this circular economy strategy is unprofitable without subsidies. Nonetheless, the results are somehow encouraging as the subsides needed to reach profitability are lower than in other biogas upgrading and carbon dioxide utilization proposals. Indeed, for the best-case scenario, a feed-in tariff incentive of 4.3 €/MWh makes the approach profitable. A sensitivity study through tornado analysis is also presented, revealing the importance of reducing bipolar membrane electrodialysis energy consumption. Overall our study envisages the big challenge that the EU faces during the forthcoming years. The evolution towards bio-based and circular economies requires the availability of economic resources and progress on engineering technologies.

Підхід щодо розміщення реклоузерів в розподільних мережах

Today, the electricity supplier is not able to declare the possible level of reliability of electricity supply, and the consumer simply does not have the opportunity to buy such “reliable” electricity. In such conditions, a differentiated approach to tariff formation is inevitable, which has been implemented in practice today, albeit in its infancy. Further improvement of the tariff-forming mechanism is impossible without creating a "flexible" dependence of the tariff on the indicators of the consumer's power supply reliability. Reliability indicators, in turn, are based, on the one hand, on the methods and approaches for their determination, and on the other, on statistically reliable data on the reliability of the elements that make up the equipment in the "generation-consumer" chain. Localization by automatic sectioning points at the design stage in the context of RAB tariff setting (incentive tariff setting) ensures the target nature of reducing SAIDI (index of average duration of outages in the system) and, as a result, assessing the possibility of achieving the target ENS (estimated volume of non-supplied electrical energy) significantly reduces the cost of network design and reconfiguration. In this regard, it is necessary to revise the state and topology of problem networks, including the operated partitioning hardware; to define support services in the energy company; be trained in software (for example, TELARM) as a design tool; to create the standards of the company (group of companies), taking into account the experience of colleagues from Moldova, the Security Council, the Baltic States, far abroad. As part of a scientific search, an approach was proposed, which is the basis for calculations to determine the optimal installation locations for automatic sectioning points for an average air line, as well as a parallel-serial air line with "targeted" automatic reserve input, corresponding to the optimal SAIDI value. The results obtained are presented in the framework of a joint technical meeting of leading specialists of operating enterprises, the customer and the staff of the Department of Power Supply named after A. V.M. Sinkova NULES of Ukraine.

Stimulating tariff formation models for reactive power flows and electricity quality control

It is shown that up to the present time, an effective, operating, efficient model of reactive power flow and power quality control has not been created in Russia. It is necessary to sharpen attention to the problem. It is necessary to analyze the state of the problem. To try to find out the reasons. Give suggestions. Involve specialists in its discussion. The main reason for the lack of a workable model is legal barriers to its implementation in practice. The criterion for legitimacy of application of incentive tariffs in the form of discounts (surcharges) may be equality of income of the energy supplying organization from application of economically justified tariff and income from application of incentive tariff. Known proposals in the form of mathematical expressions for calculation of discounts (surcharges) to the tariff require changes to existing regulatory and legal documents, which are not related to the methods of calculation of surcharges (discounts). What complicates the process of their implementation. The proposed model of formation of the incentive tariff with the use of a single approach to calculation of discounts (surcharges) both in case of power quality and in case of consumption of reactive power, does not require changes in the documents not related to the methods of calculation of discounts (surcharges) and differs in compliance with the criterion of legitimacy of their application.

Techno-Economical Model Based Optimal Sizing of PV-Battery Systems for Microgrids

Microgrid with integrated photo-voltaics (PV) and battery storage system (BSS) is a promising technology for future residential applications. Optimally sizing the PV system and BSS can maximise self-sufficiency, grid relief, and at the same time can be cost-effective by exploiting tariff incentives. To that end, this paper presents a comprehensive optimisation model for the sizing of PV, battery, and grid converter for a microgrid system considering multiple objectives like energy autonomy, power autonomy, payback period, and capital costs. The proposed approach involves developing a holistic techno-economic microgrid model based on variables like PV system power, azimuth angle, battery size, converter ratings, capital investment and electricity tariffs. The proposed method is applied to determine the optimum capacity of a PV system and BSS for two case residential load profiles in the Netherlands and Texas, US to investigate the effect of meteorological conditions on the relative size of PV and battery. Based on the optimisation results, thumb rules for optimal system sizing are derived to facilitate microgrid design engineers during the initial design phase.

Techno-Economic Analysis of a Residential PV-Storage Model in a Distribution Network

The high penetration level of photovoltaic (PV) generation in distribution networks not only brings benefits like carbon savings, but also induces undesirable outcomes, like more harmonic components and voltage fluctuations. Driven by decreasing costs of energy storage, the focus of this paper is to investigate the feasibility of applying energy storage in the grid-connected PV system to mitigate its intermittency. Firstly, to appreciate the functionality of storage, a generic PV-battery-supercapacitor model was simulated in MATLAB/Simulink, and a flat load profile was obtained to enhance predictability from the network management point of view. However, the usage of supercapacitors at the residential level is limited, due to its high startup costs. Secondly, a detailed residential PV-battery model was implemented in the System Advisor Model (SAM) based on local data in Dubai. The optimal sizing of a battery system was determined by assessing two criteria: The number of excursions, and average target power, which are contradictory in optimization process. Statistical indicators show that a properly sized battery system can alleviate network fluctuations. The proposed sizing method can be also applied to other PV-storage systems. Finally, economic studies of PV-battery system demonstrated its competitiveness against standalone PV systems under appropriate tariff incentives.

Research on Comprehensive Strategy of Microgrid PV Absorption Capability Improvement

As a typical renewable energy, photovoltaic (PV) has developed rapidly due to its permanent, clean and flexible characteristics. However, in the microgrid with a high proportion of PV installed, the difficulty of absorption has always been a hot issue. This paper constructs a photovoltaic microgrid system containing an electric vehicle and introducing a demand response model. Electric vehicles are used as energy storage systems and transferable loads. With the constraints of user satisfaction and the goal of maximizing photovoltaic absorption, the economy of microgrid is also taken into account. The peak, flat and valley time periods of time-sharing tariff are optimized to construct the tariff incentive model, which promotes the movement of the transferable load to the photovoltaic output. Comparing the comprehensive and single effects of energy storage system and demand response and the improved simulated annealing algorithm is used to solve the problem of multivariable nonlinearity. The results show that the combined effect of the two methods can promote the consumption rate and reduce the cost of power generation side and user side, while reducing the emission of polluting gases.