Ne Targets Research Articles

291 An evaluation of soybean meal inclusion rate in pigs fed from wean to market

Abstract Soybean meal (SBM) supply may result in decreased relative costs of SBM compared with other ingredients. Net energy of SBM closer to the NE of corn has been reported which may increase its relative value in formulations (Boyd and Gaines, 2023). To evaluate the effect of SBM level in two common diet formulation strategies, Corn-DDGS-SBM (DDGS) or Corn-SBM (SBM) in wean-to-market pigs (WTM). A total of 540 pigs (PIC X Duroc, 18 d of age, 5.3 kg) were weaned and blocked by body weight (BW) and sex for allocation. Six dietary treatments were assigned to 90 pens to give 15 replications per treatment in a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Individual BW for average daily gain (ADG) and pen feed disappearance (ADF) were collected every 2 wk for 18 wk and carcass data were collected at average market weight of 129 kg (18 to 20 wk after placement). The mash diets were formulated to a SID lysine:NE target in 7 phases using current NE estimates for SBM, 2087 Kcal/kg, and to meet or exceed NRC requirements (2012). The NE level used for DDGS was 2,343 Kcal/kg. The treatments consisted of Low (LO), Medium (MED), and High (HI) SBM levels by providing 0.5%, 0.25% and no added lysine (AA) in SBM- or DDGS (30%)-based diets. Data were analyzed using pen as the experimental unit for performance data and the pig as the experimental unit for carcass data. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC) and P < 0.05 was considered significant and 0.05 ≤ P < 0.10 considered a tendency. The ADF tended to be less from wk 0 to 18 for pigs fed SBM than DDGS diets. SBM diets increased wk 6 BW and ADG compared with DDGS (P < 0.05). HI and MED SBM additions increased wk 6 BW and wk 0 to 6 ADG vs LO SBM (P < 0.05). SBM diets increased wk 14 and 18 BW, gain to feed ratio (G:F) and ADG compared with DDGS (P < 0.05) except for MED in DDGS diets, which was not different. HI and MED SBM additions increased wk 14 and 18 BW and 0 to 18 wk ADG vs LO SBM (P < 0.05). Carcass data indicated SBM diets increased hot carcass weight by 2 kg, loin depth, back fat and calculated lean weight, compared with DDGS (P < 0.05). LO SBM resulted in more back fat, less loin depth and lean weight compared with the use of HI or MED SBM (P < 0.05). SBM improved growth, feed and caloric conversion, and increased carcass value in high-performance WTM pigs compared with the use of DDGS. MED and HI SBM level tended to improve ADG and carcass characteristics.

Direct measurement of the low-energy resonances in Ne22(α,γ)Mg26 reaction

The $^{22}\rm{Ne}(\alpha,\gamma)^{26}\rm{Mg}$ is an important reaction in stellar helium burning environments as it competes directly with one of the main neutron sources for the s-process, the $^{22}\rm{Ne}(\alpha,n)^{25}\rm{Mg}$ reaction. The reaction rate of the $^{22}\rm{Ne}(\alpha,\gamma)^{26}\rm{Mg}$ is dominated by the low energy resonances at $E_{\alpha}^{lab}$ = 650 and 830 keV respectively. The $E_{\alpha}^{lab}$ = 830 keV resonance has been measured previously, but there are some uncertainties in the previous measurements. We confirmed the measurement of the $E_{\alpha}^{lab}$ = 830 keV resonance using implanted $^{22}$Ne targets. We obtained a resonance strength of $\omega\gamma$ = 35 $\pm$ 4 $\mu eV$, and provide a weighted average of the present and previous measurements of $\omega\gamma$ = 35 $\pm$ 2 $\mu eV$ with reduced uncertainties compared to previous studies. We also attempted to measure the strength of the predicted resonance at $E_{\alpha}^{lab}$ = 650 keV directly for the first time and found an upper limit of $\omega\gamma$ $\mathrm{<0.15}$ $\mu eV$ for the strength of this resonance. In addition, we also studied the $E_{P}^{lab}$= 851 keV resonance in $^{22}\rm{Ne}(p,\gamma)^{23}\rm{Na}$, and obtained a resonance strength of $\omega\gamma$ = 9.2 $\pm$ 0.7 eV with significantly lower uncertainties compared to previous measurements.

K-LL Auger electron angular distribution and absolute cross section measurement upon keV energy electron impact ionization of CH[formula omitted], N[formula omitted] and Ne

We report on the measurement of absolute cross sections and angular distribution of electron emission in the K-LL Auger region, upon electron impact ionization of molecular (CH4 and N2) and atomic (Ne) targets. Differential cross sections in the K-LL Auger energy range were measured at 6 keV and 8 keV impact energies. The angular distribution of the K-LL Auger yield is shown to be isotropic for all the three targets. Total K-LL Auger emission cross sections were estimated by integrating the measured differential cross sections over the entire energy and angular range. The estimated cross sections are in good agreement with the theoretical estimates.

Subshell contributions to electron capture into the continuum in MeV/u collisions of deuterons with multielectron targets

The process of the capture of a target electron into the projectile continuum (ECC) is investigated both experimentally and theoretically for collisions of 1.25--6.00 MeV deuterons with multielectron gas targets. Double-differential cross sections (DDCS), ${d}^{2}\ensuremath{\sigma}/d\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}dE$, of the ECC cusp-shaped electron peak involving He, Ne, and Ar gas targets were measured at the emission angle of zero degrees with respect to the ion-beam velocity. Corresponding DDCS calculations, obtained using continuum distorted-wave (CDW) and continuum distorted-wave eikonal initial-state (CDW-EIS) theories, were critically compared to the measurements. The role of each atomic subshell of the multielectron Ne and Ar targets is examined employing the CDW-EIS theory with numerical target wave functions, which is found to best agree with the measurements.

Electron emission in fast heavy ion impact ionization of C60 and Ne: giant plasmon excitation

We have measured the energy and angle differential ejected electron spectra of C60 as well as Ne atoms in collisions with 4 MeV/u bare fluorine projectile ions. Absolute cross sections have been estimated for electron emission in the energy range of 1 eV–300 eV, including the KLL-Auger electrons for various angles between 30° and 150°. The double differential cross sections for C60 have been compared with the state-of-the-art CDW-EIS model under CNDO approximation as well as with the data for the Ne target. The C60 spectra at all angles show a broad giant plasmon resonance in the low energy region, which is not present in the atomic target data. The angular distribution reveals the dipolar nature of the plasmon excitation. The C K-LL Auger emission from C60 reveals a large angular anisotropy compared to that for a hydrocarbon, e.g. methane target.

Production of C4+ (2s2p 3,1P) hollow states in collisions of 6-18 MeV C4+ (1s2, 1s2s 3S) mixed-state beams with gas targets

Normalized electron yields of the formation of 2s2p 3,1P states from the metastable states 1s2s 3,1S and from the ground state 1s21S were obtained in 6-18MeV C4+ collisions with H2, He, Ne and Ar gas targets. The method of zero-degree Auger projectile spectroscopy was used to detect electrons emitted in the Auger decay C4+ (2s2p 3,1P) → C5+ (1s) + e-with high resolution. These states are of particular importance in the detailed study of fundamental excitation mechanisms, i.e. electron-nucleus excitation, electron-electron excitation and electron-electron excitation with spin exchange. Currently, the role of the above mechanisms in the production of the 2s2p 3,1P states is investigated utilizing variable 1s2s 3S metastable fraction beams as a function of collision energy and target species. Our latest results are presented.

Medium-indused modification of kaons spectra measured in SIDIS at HERMES

The predicted high sensitivity of the nuclear modification factor for K– in SIDIS due to the QCD based effect of medium-induced flavour conversion in the fragmentation function is studied at HERMES experiment. Unlike π+, π– and K+ nuclear modification factor for K– is assumed to increase at high value of Bjorken variable xB and a hadron fraction energy z. The experimental signature of this phenomenon is an enhanced K– nuclear modification factor compared with those of K+ for high xB and z range. The z spectra of nuclear attenuation ratios for charged kaons in different slices of xB extracted on Ne, Kr and Xe targets will be presented and discussed.

Extension of water-window harmonic cutoff by laser defocusing-assisted phase matching.

We extend a recently demonstrated scheme [Optica4, 976 (2017)OPTIC82334-253610.1364/OPTICA.4.000976] to overcome the limit of conventional harmonic cutoff for different pulse durations, laser wavelengths, and gas targets. By tuning the truncation of long wavelength lasers, we show that the defocusing-assisted phase matching (DAPM) can be achieved in a tightly focused beam and highly ionized short gas cell, and can be used to effectively extend the harmonic cutoff energy and optimize its yield. An analysis of phase matching reveals that at longer wavelengths, greater cutoff extension to the water window region is achieved because of the larger harmonic intrinsic phase (proportional to the cube of laser wavelength), and because DAPM works at relatively higher laser intensities using a Ne target. This scheme provides a promising method for efficiently generating intense attosecond light sources in the extreme ultraviolet to x-rays.

Radiative Double Electron Capture (RDEC) in F9+ + He, Ne Collisions

SynopsisPreliminary cross sections for RDEC, as well as total single and double electron capture, were measured for 40 MeV F9+ + He and Ne targets. Emitted x rays and charge-changed particles were measured using coincidence techniques.

Economic cost-benefit analysis of the use of bacitracin methylene disalicylate in broilers affected with necrotic enteritis

SUMMARY Theflock-leveleconomicimpactassociatedwithnecroticenteritis(NE)inbroilerproduction was estimated in flocks that were administered 55 ppm bacitracin compared to flocks that were not given prophylactic medication. Current production parameters and economic values available for the United States were used in a cost-benefit evaluation to determine the return on investment (ROI) in prophylactic use of BMD. Estimates were expressed in US dollars from the perspective of poultry producers. Costs to the producer, including feed and medication, were compared with benefits accrued from reduced mortality rates in treated flocks and improved weight gain. A sensitivity analysis evaluated the ROI from BMD use under varying mortality rates (one to 20%) and target weights (4.63 to 7.94 lb). The average flock-level ROI in BMD was $4.51, and sensitivity analyses demonstrated that the ROI ranged from $2.28 to 7.24 depending on NE morbidity rate and target weight. The average return in BMD per lb produced was c /1.5, and sensitivity analyses demonstrated that return ranged from c /0.8 to 2.1 depending on NE morbidity rate and target weight. These analyses demonstrated that a positive ROI can be realized in flocks at risk for NE through the prophylactic use of BMD in broiler production.

Charge-exchange x-ray spectra: Evidence for significant contributions from radiative decays of doubly excited states

Charge-exchange collisions of slow $\mathrm{Ne}^{10+}$ ions with He, Ne, and Ar targets were studied with simultaneous x-ray and cold-target recoil-ion-momentum spectroscopy proving the contribution of several mechanisms to the radiative stabilization of apparent (4,4) doubly excited states for He and Ne targets and of (5,6) states for Ar. In particular, the stabilization efficiency of the mechanism of dynamic auto-transfer to Rydberg states is confirmed. Moreover, we present evidence for direct radiative decays of (4,4) states populated in collisions with He, which is an experimental indication of the population of so-called unnatural-parity states in such collisions. These mechanisms lead to the emission of x-rays that have considerably higher energies than those predicted by current spectral models and may explain recent observations of anomalously large x-ray emission from Rydberg levels.

Electron emission in ionization of He and Ne by fast dressed oxygen ions and projectile-charge-state dependence

The double-differential cross sections (DDCS) of low-energy electrons emitted at forward, backward, and perpendicular directions are reported for collisions of 3.75 MeV/u ${\mathrm{O}}^{q+}$ ($q=5$, 6, 7, 8) projectiles with He and Ne targets. The measured DDCS are found to be deviating from the ${q}^{2}$ dependence throughout the entire energy region. The effect of projectile electrons, for the dressed ions, as a function of the impact parameter is clearly noticeable for large as well as low-impact parameter collisions. We also present a theoretical calculation based on the prior form of the continuum distorted wave--eikonal initial state approximation, in which the projectile-active electron interaction is modeled with the Green-Sellin-Zachor potential. This particular representation of the potential has been proven to give good qualitative results for projectiles with residual electrons. In addition to the total DDCS, the individual contributions from target ionization, projectile electron loss, and simultaneous ionization processes are also calculated. The total DDCS obtained from these calculations are shown to be in excellent agreement with the experimental observations.

Energy and angular distribution of electrons in ionization of He and Ne by 6-MeV/u bare carbon ions: Comparison with continuum-distorted-wave eikonal-initial-state calculations in prior and post forms

We have measured the absolute double-differential cross sections (DDCS) for electron emission in ionization of He and Ne atoms under the impact of 6-MeV/u ${\mathrm{C}}^{6+}$ ions. Data were collected between 1 and 500 eV for He, while for Ne this range was extended up to 1000 eV. The angular ranges covered in the experiment are ${30}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ to ${150}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ and ${20}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ to ${160}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ for He and Ne, respectively. The DDCS spectra are compared with the prior and the post forms of the state-of-the-art continuum-distorted-wave eikonal-initial-state model. Both the theoretical models show very good agreement with the energy and angular distributions of the DDCS in the case of He. For Ne, at low energies both are going together and matching very well with the data. In the high-energy region, at extreme forward and backward angles, although both the forms are underestimating the experimental data to some extent, the prior form shows much better agreement compared to the post form. This post-prior discrepancy is attributed to the influence of dynamic screening, on the ionized one, produced by the electrons remaining in the target. The single differential cross sections (SDCS) in emission angle $(\frac{d\ensuremath{\sigma}}{d{\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{e}})$ and electron energy $(\frac{d\ensuremath{\sigma}}{d{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{e}})$ are deduced by integrating the electron DDCS spectra. While excellent agreement is obtained for the $\frac{d\ensuremath{\sigma}}{d{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{e}}$ spectrum, the $\frac{d\ensuremath{\sigma}}{d{\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{e}}$ provides a further sensitive test to the adequacy of the theoretical model employed. The total cross section obtained from the SDCS spectra is about 11% higher than the prior model for He and about 6% lower for Ne. To get the quantitative picture of the two-center effect, the forward-backward angular asymmetry parameter has been deduced as a function of velocity of the ejected electrons. For both the targets, it is very well reproduced by both the forms of the theory. For the Ne target, $K$-LL Auger angular distribution has also been studied, which shows small asymmetry caused by multiple vacancies in the $L$ shell along with the $K$-shell vacancy.

Multiple-electron losses of highly charged ions colliding with neutral atoms

We present calculations of the total and m-fold electron-loss cross sections using the DEPOSIT code for highly charged Uq+ ions (q = 10,31,33) colliding with Ne and Ar targets at projectile energies E = 1.4 and 3.5 MeV u−1. Typical examples of the deposited energy T(b) and m-fold ionization probabilities Pm(b) used for the cross-section calculations as a function of the impact parameter b are given. Calculated m-fold electron-loss cross sections are in good agreement with available experimental data. Although the projectile charge is rather high, the contribution of multiple-electron-loss cross sections to the total electron-loss cross sections is high: about 65% for the cases mentioned.

Transverse momentum of ionized atoms and diatomic molecules acquired in collisions with fast highly charged heavy ions

Using a recoil-ion momentum spectrometer (RIMS), transverse momenta (${q}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$) of recoil atomic and molecular ions emerging from collisions between 2.5-MeV/u Xe${}^{34+}$ projectiles and neutral Ne, Ar, CO, N${}_{2}$, and O${}_{2}$ gases were measured as a function of the degree of target ionization. For the molecular targets the resulting distributions of ${q}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ corresponding to different dissociation channels were separated. Measurements with all the targets were performed under virtually identical conditions so that the results could be directly compared in detail. It was found that the shapes of the ${q}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ distributions are characterized by single asymmetric peaks and that, at least in the vicinity of their maximum values, they are well described by Weibull functions. Except for the Ar target, the velocities corresponding to the maxima of the ${q}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ distributions were found to follow (within the uncertainties of the results) a universal function of the target charge-to-mass number ratio for values up to 0.33. For larger charge-to-mass number ratios the results for the molecular targets appear to remain universal, but are slightly lower than the results for the Ne target. A more elaborate scaling was required to obtain a universal function that describes the low-charge-state results for Ne and Ar targets in a similar way. For different dissociation channels of the same parent molecular ion with charge states exceeding 6+, significant differences were found between the measured ${q}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ distributions. These differences were ascribed to increases in the ionization potential and to more prominent contributions from target-to-projectile electron transfer for the more asymmetric dissociation channels. For symmetric and nearly symmetric molecular dissociation channels the fragments with combined charge number $Q$ exceeding 9 for N${}_{2}$ and 10 for O${}_{2}$ were found to be distributed with a reduced probability at angles close to 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} relative to the beam direction. The magnitude of this effect was found to depend on the number of electrons removed in addition to one half of the number of available electrons ($Q$--$Z$). On the other hand, for highly asymmetric dissociation channels the angular distributions seem to indicate that the fragments of highly charged molecular ions may be distributed with an enhanced probability at angles close to 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} relative to the beam direction. A slight dependence of the ${q}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ distribution on molecular orientation was found to be present for the symmetric and nearly symmetric dissociation channels having $Q--Z\ensuremath{\geqslant}0$. The magnitude of this effect also seems to be determined by the value of $Q$--$Z$.

Energy-loss straggling of 2–10 MeV/u Kr ions in gases

Measurements have been performed on a time-of-flight setup at the Jyvaskyla K130 cyclotron, aiming at energy-loss straggling of heavy ions in gases. Theoretical predictions based on recently developed theory as well as an empirical interpolation formula predict that straggling can be more than ten times higher than Bohr straggling in the MeV/u regime. Our measurements with up to 9.3 MeV/u Kr ions on He, N2, Ne and Kr targets confirm this feature. Our calculations show the relative contributions of linear straggling, bunching including packing, and charge exchange. Our results for stopping cross sections are compatible with values from the literature.

Multicomponent approximation for evaluation of nonequilibrium charge fractions of ions passing through thin films

A method is proposed to calculate the nonequilibrium charge fractions and mean charges of light ions, depending on film thickness. The calculated results are presented for three charge fractions of 0.75 MeV/nucleon B ion beam, passing through the organic film, and for four charge fractions of 2 MeV/nucleon Ne beam, passing through the carbon film. The dependence of energy loss on the initial charge of projectile Ne ions and target thickness in the nonequilibrium conditions is examined.

Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis of Neutrophil Elastase and Cathepsin G by Lung Tumor Epithelial Cells

Abstract 3269Neutrophil elastase (NE) is an abundantly expressed enzyme with broad substrate specificity and the ability to regulate many components of the tumor microenvironment. Our laboratory has previously demonstrated that NE can gain entry into A549 lung tumor epithelial cells and increase their proliferation via degradation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1). We have employed a variety of biochemical and in vitro assays to better define the mechanisms governing the internalization and trafficking of NE within tumor cells. Using radiolabeled 125I-NE binding assays, we have determined that NE gains entry into three unique lung tumor epithelial cell lines via a low-affinity/high abundance receptor binding interaction with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 284 nM. NE enters cells via an endocytic pathway that is both clathrin-and dynamin-dependent and caveolin-1- and flotillin-1-independent. The interaction of NE with this putative receptor is also dependent upon an intact tertiary structure, as heat-denatured as well as chemically-denatured NE is not internalized into lung tumor epithelial cells. Uptake is competitively inhibited by the highly homologous proteinase cathepsin G (CG) which, like NE, is internalized into lung tumor epithelial cells via a clathrin- and dynamin-dependent endocytic pathway. Affinity purification studies are currently underway to identify the receptor which mediates uptake of NE into tumor cells. Identification of this receptor may unveil an attractive therapeutic target which would inhibit the uptake of NE into tumor cells while leaving the anti-microbial activities of this proteinase intact.As NE exhibits broad substrate specificity, we performed an unbiased proteomic screen to uncover additional intracellular targets of NE. Because NE enters the cell via EEA1+ early endosomes, we concentrated on this subcellular compartment to restrict the number of potential targets to those that NE is known to access within the cell. Early endosomal protein was purified from total cell lysates using sucrose gradient fractionation and then subjected to an unbiased mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis. Early endosomal lysates from NE-treated A549 cells exhibited marked reductions in 8 ubiquitin pathway-associated proteins, 3 prominent splicing factors, and 3 notable proteoglycans. Loss of these targets upon NE treatment was validated by western blot. Additional western blot analyses of total cell lysates from A549 cells (+/−) NE demonstrated changes in gene expression associated with an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transistion (EMT). Specifically, NE-treated cells upregulated alpha-smooth muscle actin, N-cadherin, and fibronectin-EDA, and downregulated E-cadherin in a dose-dependent fashion. These data expand the role of NE in regulating many aspects of solid tumor development, and characterization of the effect of NE on these pathways is currently under investigation. Disclosures:No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Multiple ionization of atoms including post-collisional contributions

We present a theoretical study on multiple ionization on Ne and Kr by charged ions in the energy range (0.1-10) Mev/amu. We employed the continuum distorted-wave eikonal initial state and a Hartree-Fock description of the dressed-ion, together with photoionization branching ratios to include Auger-type post-collisional contributions. Results are good, especially for Kr targets. Some questions, such as limitations of the independent particle model or influence of the ion charge-state versus the ion nuclear-charge, are analyzed based on the different results for Ne and Kr targets. We found that single ionization is related to the ion charge-state while multiple-ionization shows that the nuclear-charge is weekly screened by the ion outer-electrons.

Accurate semi-empirical potentials for positron scattering by atoms

Starting from adiabatic potentials for positron interaction with atoms, an empirical scaling is introduced to account for positron-electron correlation, leading to relevant improvements. For example, the Ransauer minimum is predict for Ar target and has its position corrected for Ne target. Elastic differential cross sections are generated for Be and Mg as well.