Targeted Drug Delivery Systems Research Articles

Advances in Iron Deficiency Anaemia Management: Exploring Novel Drug Delivery Systems and Future Perspectives.

Iron Deficiency Anaemia (IDA) is a prevalent global health issue characterized by inadequate iron levels in the body, leading to impaired red blood cell production and subsequent anaemia. Traditional treatment approaches for IDA, such as oral iron supplementation, often encounter challenges related to poor compliance, gastrointestinal side effects, and variable absorption rates. As a result, there is a growing interest in exploring novel drug delivery systems to enhance iron therapy efficacy and patient outcomes. This review discusses recent advances in IDA management, focusing on developing and utilizing innovative drug delivery systems for iron supplementation. Various strategies, including nanoformulations, microparticles, liposomes, and hydrogels, are explored for their potential to improve iron bioavailability, reduce adverse effects, and optimize therapeutic outcomes. Furthermore, promising strategies for the future management of IDA are explored, including the utilization of advanced technologies such as targeted drug delivery systems, controlled release mechanisms, and combination therapies. The integration of these novel drug delivery systems with advancements in diagnostics, personalized medicine, and patient-centered care holds great potential to revolutionize the management of IDA and improve the quality of life for individuals affected by this condition.

Milk exosomes: Harnessing nature's duality for cancer therapy

AbstractMilk exosomes, extracellular nanovesicles that are naturally present in milk, have gained significant attention in cancer research for their potential to revolutionize cancer treatment strategies. They possess a specific set of characteristics that make them promising nanoscale vehicles for targeted drug delivery systems. Their inherent biocompatibility, coupled with their ability to effectively encapsulate and transport therapeutic agents directly into tumor cells, suggests the possibility of developing novel cancer therapies, potentially minimizing side effects associated with conventional therapies. However, recent studies have shown that milk exosomes have a dual nature, which is not entirely positive. Although they show potential in delivering anticancer therapeutics, evidence suggests they may also, under certain conditions, contribute to cancer progression. This paradoxical nature necessitates a better understanding of how they interact and work in different stages of cancer. Further investigation is crucial to understand the factors influencing their behaviour and to develop strategies that can maximize their therapeutic prospects while mitigating potential risks associated with their use in cancer treatment.

Investigation on the Drug Release Efficacy of the Ibuprofen-Loaded ZIF-8/Fe3O4 NPs Nanocarrier.

In this work, a one-pot multicomponent synthesis of the ibuprofen-loaded Fe3O4 nanoparticles-supported zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (Ibu-ZIF-8/Fe3O4 NPs) nanohybrid was carried out. The ZIF-8/Fe3O4 NPs nanohybrid was used as a drug carrier for the in vitro release of ibuprofen in a PBS solution. The structure and morphology of the synthesized materials were investigated by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, UV-visible absorption studies, FTIR spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The ibuprofen release kinetics was studied by UV-visible spectroscopy. The mechanism of drug delivery was thoroughly investigated and the Higuchi model was found as the best-fitted model for the ibuprofen release study. The 20 wt % Fe3O4 NPs-supported ZIF-8 nanohybrid exhibited more than 95% ibuprofen release efficiency in phosphate buffer saline of pH 7.4 within 2 h. The separation ability of the nanohybrid was very good, and it was easily separated by a simple commercial magnet. In order to investigate the cell viability, the cytotoxicity of ZIF-8, Fe3O4 NPs, and ZIF-8/20 wt % Fe3O4 NPs was investigated using MTT assays against Leishmania donovani promastigotes. The ZIF-8/20 wt % Fe3O4 NPs nanohybrid carrier exhibited a cell growth inhibition effect with a high correlation coefficient and low probability (p) values. The high release of drug molecules may be due to the more open site of the ZIF-8/Fe3O4 NPs nanohybrid. The drug release profile suggests that the nanohybrid can be potentially used as a drug carrier for targeted drug delivery systems.

Hearing Loss and Oxidative Stress: A Comprehensive Review.

Hearing loss is a prevalent condition affecting millions of people worldwide. Hearing loss has been linked to oxidative stress as a major factor in its onset and progression. The goal of this thorough analysis is to investigate the connection between oxidative stress and hearing loss, with an emphasis on the underlying mechanisms and possible treatments. The review addressed the many forms of hearing loss, the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in causing damage to the cochlea, and the auditory system's antioxidant defensive mechanisms. The review also goes over the available data that support the use of antioxidants and other methods to lessen hearing loss brought on by oxidative stress. We found that oxidative stress is implicated in multiple types of hearing loss, including age-related, noise-induced, and ototoxic hearing impairment. The cochlea's unique anatomical and physiological characteristics, such as high metabolic activity and limited blood supply, make it particularly susceptible to oxidative damage. Antioxidant therapies have shown promising results in both animal models and clinical studies for preventing and mitigating hearing loss. Emerging therapeutic approaches, including targeted drug delivery systems and gene therapy, offer new possibilities for addressing oxidative stress in the auditory system. The significance of this review lies in its comprehensive analysis of the intricate relationship between oxidative stress and hearing loss. By synthesizing current knowledge and identifying gaps in understanding, this review provides valuable insights for both researchers and clinicians. It highlights the potential of antioxidant-based interventions and emphasizes the need for further research into personalized treatment strategies. Our findings on oxidative stress mechanisms may also affect clinical practice and future research directions. This review serves as a foundation for developing novel therapeutic approaches and may inform evidence-based strategies for the prevention and treatment of hearing loss, ultimately contributing to improved quality of life for millions affected by this condition worldwide.

Global scientific trends on exosomes therapy for osteoporosis from 2004 to 2023: A bibliometric and visualized analysis.

Exosomes have emerged as pivotal mediators in modulating physiological and pathological processes implicated in osteoporosis (OP) through their distinctive mode of intracellular communication. The use of exosomes has evoked considerable interest, catalyzing a surge in research endeavors on a global scale. This study endeavors to scrutinize contemporary landscapes and burgeoning trends in this realm. The Web of Science Core Collection was used to retrieve publications on exosomes therapy for OP within the time frame of January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2023. The bibliometric methodology was applied to study and index the collected data. VOSviewer and citespace software were used to conduct visualization, co-authorship, co-occurrence, and publication trend analyses of exosome therapy in OP. A total of 610 publications (443 articles and 167 reviews) from 51 countries and 911 institutions were included in this study. Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Central South University, Sichuan University, and Zhejiang University are leading research institutions in this field. Stem Cell Research Therapy published the highest number of articles and has emerged as the most cited journal. Of the 4077 scholars who participated in the study, Xie, Hui, Zhang, Yan, Tan, and Yi-Juan had the largest number of articles. Furthermore, according to the cluster analysis of external keywords, future research hotspots can be categorized into 3 directions: research status of exosomes for the treatment of OP, treatment of OP through exosome-regulated signaling pathways, and exosomes as targeted drug delivery systems. This study suggests that the number of future publications on exosome therapy for OP will increase, with a focus on fundamental investigations into drug-loading capacities and molecular mechanisms. In summary, this study presents the first systematic bibliometric analysis of exosome therapy publications in OP, providing an objective and comprehensive overview of the field and a valuable reference for researchers in this domain.

Bioinspired molecular communications system for targeted drug delivery with IoBNT-based sustainable biocyber interface

This paper presents a sustainable biocyber interface approach for an intelligent targeted drug delivery system (TDDS). The proposed approach employs a bioinspired molecular communications (MC) system in which molecules are used as information carriers and a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) nanorelay to efficiently transfer therapeutic drugs from extravascular (outside blood vessels) to intravascular (within blood vessels) sites that are targeting diseased tissue. The proposed approach consists of a number of bio-nano things (BNTs) implanted inside the human intra-body nanonetwork near the diseased site. The communication among BNTs is accomplished by a sequential multistep FRET, and the nanonetwork is controlled by the Internet of Bio-Nano Thing (IoBNT) paradigm sustained by an uplink/downlink biocyber interface. The bit error rate (BER) and molecular channel capacity are utilized to evaluate the performance of the proposed approach. In addition, a Markov model decision in terms of the number of nanomachines is presented to calculate the successful probability of drug delivery and the average delay time. The numerical results show how effective the suggested method is at transmitting therapeutic medication information with an attainable bit-rate error.

Phenylboronic Acid‐Functionalized Hyaluronic Acid as Polysaccharide Carriers for Diol‐Containing Drugs Delivery

Packaging hydrophobic drugs into polysaccharide carriers can improve their aqueous solubility, biocompatibility, tumor‐specific accumulation, and therapeutic effect. In this work, phenylboronic acid (PBA) was anchored onto the chain of biocompatible polysaccharide hyaluronic acid (HA) by an amide condensation reaction, which could be used to fabricate stimuli‐responsive targeted drug delivery systems. A series of pH‐responsive conjugated hyaluronic acid nanoparticles composed of a hydrophobic drug core and hydrophilic hyaluronic acid shell were prepared by the boronate‐crosslink of the PBA with diol‐containing anticancer drugs such as capecitabine (CAPE) and aloin (Al). Satisfactory targeted drug release behavior at acidic pH, lower cytotoxicity, and higher anticancer effect were realized by using this polysaccharide carrier. It is believed that this strategy has great potential for polysaccharide modification and anticancer‐associated applications.

Advancements and Perspectives in Folate‐Based Anticancer Drugs: Bridging Quantum and Classical Mechanics in Folate Receptor Research

AbstractThis review highlights the role of computational chemistry, specifically quantum and molecular mechanics, in the development of folate‐based anticancer drugs. Folate receptors (FRs) are overexpressed in cancerous cells, rendering these receptors a key focus in the design of targeted drug delivery systems. These computational tools are fundamental for analyzing drug–receptor interactions and overcoming the limitations of traditional drug development processes. A 10‐year literature survey demonstrated advancements in employing FRs for targeted cancer therapy. Key findings reveal that structural modifications to folate derivatives consistently enhance binding affinities and specificity toward FRα and FRβ. Computational methodologies predicted and analyzed molecular interactions, validated by experimental data. Functional groups play a crucial role in enhancing binding stability and interaction strength within FR binding pockets. Detailed structural insights into folate derivatives and antifolates interacting with FRs have identified critical residues involved in binding, aiding the design of targeted therapeutics.

Core-Tunable Dendritic Polymer: A Folate-Guided Theranostic Nanoplatform for Drug Delivery Applications.

Clinical application of anticancer drugs is mostly limited due to their hydrophobic nature, which often results in lower bioavailability and lesser retention in systemic circulation. Despite extensive research on the development of targeted drug delivery systems for cancer treatment, delivery of hydrophobic therapeutic drugs to tumor cells remains a major challenge in the field. To address these concerns, we have precisely engineered a new hyperbranched polymer for the targeted delivery of hydrophobic drugs by using a malonic acid-based A2B monomer and 1,6-hexanediol. The choice of monomer systems in our design allows for the formation of higher molecular weight polymers with hydrophobic cavities for the efficient encapsulation of therapeutic drugs that exhibit poor water solubility. Using several experimental techniques such as NMR, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC), the synthesized polymer was characterized, which indicated its dendritic structure, thermal stability, and amorphous nature, making it suitable as a drug delivery system. Following characterizations, theranostic nanoplatforms were formulated using a one-pot solvent diffusion method to coencapsulate hydrophobic drugs, BQU57 and doxorubicin. To achieve targeted delivery of loaded therapeutic drugs in A549 cancer cells, the surface of the polymeric nanoparticle was conjugated with folic acid. The therapeutic efficacy of the delivery system was determined by various cell-based in vitro experiments, including cytotoxicity, cell internalizations, reactive oxygen species (ROS), apoptosis, migration, and comet assays. Overall, findings from this study indicate that the synthesized dendritic polymer is a promising carrier for hydrophobic anticancer drugs with higher biocompatibility, stability, and therapeutic efficacy for applications in cancer therapy.

Facile synthesis of elastin nanogels encapsulated decursin for castrated resistance prostate cancer therapy

Nanogels offer hope for precise drug delivery, while addressing drug delivery hurdles is vital for effective prostate cancer (PCa) management. We developed an injectable elastin nanogels (ENG) for efficient drug delivery system to overcome castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) by delivering Decursin, a small molecule inhibitor that blocks Wnt/βcatenin pathways for PCa. The ENG exhibited favourable characteristics such as biocompatibility, flexibility, and low toxicity. In this study, size, shape, surface charge, chemical composition, thermal stability, and other properties of ENG were used to confirm the successful synthesis and incorporation of Decursin (DEC) into elastin nanogels (ENG) for prostate cancer therapy. In vitro studies demonstrated sustained release of DEC from the ENG over 120 h, with a pH-dependent release pattern. DU145 cell line induces moderate cytotoxicity of DEC-ENG indicates that nanomedicine has an impact on cell viability and helps strike a balance between therapeutics efficacy and safety while the EPR effect enables targeted drug delivery to prostate tumor sites compared to free DEC. Morphological analysis further supported the effectiveness of DEC-ENG in inducing cell death. Overall, these findings highlight the promising role of ENG-encapsulated decursin as a targeted drug delivery system for CRPC.

Rationale of using magnetically sensitive biomaterials in bone tissue therapy: a review

INTRODUCTION. Currently, new biomaterials are being intensively developed to improve the efficiency of repair of damage to hard and soft tissues. New approaches and methods for functionalizing biomaterials have been proposed. One such method is the use of magnetic nanoparticles. This approach is new and still little studied, however, the annual increase in the number of publications on this topic indicates the promise of studying the osteogenic effect of magnetic nanoparticles. AIM. To summarize the results of current research devoted to studying the effect of magnetically sensitive biomaterials on the functional activity of cells involved in the reparation of bone tissue damage. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A literature review was conducted using the databases PubMed and Scopus. Keywords used to conduct the search: electromagnetic field, magnetic nanoparticles, biomaterials, osteoinduction, bone regeneration. Request dates: February-March 2024, publication period 2000–2024 years. MAIN CONTENT. New approaches and methods for functionalizing biomaterials have been proposed. One such approach is the use of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). Traditionally, in medicine, MNPs are used as a contrast agent to improve the visualization of cancer tumors; in addition, MNPs can act as a matrix in targeted drug delivery systems and in hyperthermic therapy of cancer tumors. New experimental data show that the use of MNPs as a magnetically sensitive component in biomaterials is a promising way to stimulate the repair of bone defects and fractures. It has been shown that biomaterials modified by nanoparticles stimulate osteogenic differentiation of stem cells, increase proliferative activity and secretion of extracellular matrix proteins by bone cells. CONCLUSION. Integration of MNPs with organic and synthetic polymers, and other biomimetic constructs is a promising direction for creating osteogenic biomaterials for medical use, including those aimed at increasing the efficiency of regeneration of bone defects. The use of magnetically sensitive biomaterials makes it possible to create “smart” tissue-engineered structures controlled by external electromagnetic stimulus.

Scholarly knowledge fundamentals and dynamic research hotspots in the field of burns and immunology: A bibliometric analysis

BackgroundAn estimated 180,000 burn deaths occur each year, and the immune system plays a vital role in wound healing and burn complications, including inflammatory reactions and oxidative stress. This paper aims to explore the basic knowledge and dynamic hotspots in burns and immunology research with bibliometric methods. MethodsThrough systematic retrieval, we ensured all the documents complied with our retrieval strategy and were included in the Science Citation Index-Expanded of the Web of Science Core Collection. Using bibliometric methodologies, the general information was delineated; and foundational knowledge, as well as dynamic research hotspots, were ascertained through VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and R-bibliometrix. Results8758 publications were identified from January 1st, 2000, to June 17th, 2024. The most productive and collaborative country was the USA; Harvard University was the most productive affiliation; and the most productive author was David N. Herndon. According to source analysis, the highest-impact journal is Burns. Historically, “expression” was the most frequently occurring word. “Delivery” was the most frequently occurring word in recent years. ConclusionThe domain of burns and immunology has reached a zenith, with a modest decline in publication output over the past two years, yet it continues to evolve robustly. The focal points of inquiry have evolved from the initial appraisal of immunotherapeutic interventions for critical burn injuries to the elucidation of immune cell mechanisms in burn patients. Future research trajectory is poised to innovate therapeutic modalities, encompassing anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and targeted drug delivery systems, to enhance precision in immune modulation.

Research Progress of Disulfide Bond Based Tumor Microenvironment Targeted Drug Delivery System.

Cancer poses a significant threat to human life and health. Chemotherapy is currently one of the effective cancer treatments, but many chemotherapy drugs have cell toxicity, low solubility, poor stability, a narrow therapeutic window, and unfavorable pharmacokinetic properties. To solve the above problems, target drug delivery to tumor cells, and reduce the side effects of drugs, an anti-tumor drug delivery system based on tumor microenvironment has become a focus of research in recent years. The construction of a reduction-sensitive nanomedicine delivery system based on disulfide bonds has attracted much attention. Disulfide bonds have good reductive responsiveness and can effectively target the high glutathione (GSH) levels in the tumor environment, enabling precise drug delivery. To further enhance targeting and accelerate drug release, disulfide bonds are often combined with pH-responsive nanocarriers and highly expressed ligands in tumor cells to construct drug delivery systems. Disulfide bonds can connect drug molecules and polymer molecules in the drug delivery system, as well as between different drug molecules and carrier molecules. This article summarized the drug delivery systems (DDS) that researchers have constructed in recent years based on disulfide bond drug delivery systems targeting the tumor microenvironment, disulfide bond cleavage-triggering conditions, various drug loading strategies, and carrier design. In this review, we also discuss the controlled release mechanisms and effects of these DDS and further discuss the clinical applicability of delivery systems based on disulfide bonds and the challenges faced in clinical translation.

Semi-quantitative analysis on sea buckthorn phenolic-rich extract coating bone-like open porous NiTi-based alloy

This study investigates the feasibility of coating Ni–Ti alloy with sea buckthorn extract via a hydrothermal method for targeted delivery of beneficial phenolic compounds to bone tissue. The qualitative analysis confirmed the presence of flavonoids and tannins in sea buckthorn extract, supporting its osteogenic potential. The microhardness of the NiTi alloy substrate was suitable for biomedical applications, and successful coating was achieved without compromising its properties. NiTi alloy samples were coated with 18.1, 20.1, and 12.4 mg of extract, respectively. Comprehensive evaluations confirmed the successful integration of the extract onto the alloy's surface. The coated system exhibited sustained release properties over five days, with the highest release occurring on the first day (on average 32.1 % for the first peak and 72.1 % for the second peak), as determined by HPLC analysis. The findings demonstrate the potential of this novel approach in developing dual-functionality implants for bone health promotion. Overall, this study underscores the promising potential of Ni–Ti alloy coated with sea buckthorn extract as a targeted drug delivery system for bone tissue.

Taxifolin Adsorption on Nitrogenated Graphenes: Theoretical Insights

Solid-state drug delivery systems for the drug substances transport are of great importance nowadays. In the present work, the non-covalent interactions between taxifolin (Tax) and graphene as well as nitrogenated (N-doped) graphenes were systematically studied by using a wide set of theoretical techniques. Symmetry-adapted perturbation theory (SAPT0) calculations confirmed more favorable adsorption of Tax on N-doped graphenes compared to pristine graphene. It was established that dispersion interactions play the main role in the attractive interactions (>60%), whereas electrostatic and induction forces contribute only moderately to the attraction (~25% and 7–8%, respectively). Independent gradient model (IGM) analysis visually demonstrated the existence of dispersion interactions and hydrogen bonding in the studied Tax complexes. Ab initio molecular dynamics calculations indicated stability of these complexes at different temperatures. Our results show that N-doped graphenes with the enhanced interaction energy (Eint) toward Tax are promising candidates for the technical realization of the targeted drug delivery systems.

A Review on Targeted Drug Delivery System

Good drug delivery, also known as targeted drug administration, is a therapeutic approach that involves administering more medication to one or a few body parts than to others. Two tactics are Cancers Active and passive targeting is commonly employed to focus drugs to a certain organ or tissue. Delivery of drugs Cars provide the medication either continuously or only in the desired area. A perfect medicine delivery vehicle should be able to pass across barriers like the blood-brain barrier. Because nanotechnology is being used in medicine, nanomedicine has recently gained popularity. Nano drug delivery can help distribute medications with limited water solubility and can help prevent the first pass because nanoparticles are incredibly small. Liver metabolism. Medication delivery based on nanotechnology. These also include the approaches in which the therapeutic drugs are combined with "targeting ligands"—antigens linked to tumors—that have this potential.

Review on Colon Targeted Drug Delivery System

This review focuses on the importance of local drug delivery in the treatment of Gastro intestinal diseases ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, amebiasis, colon cancer. For many types of drugs, oral administration is the most common route of administration due to patient compliance and flexibility. Targeted drug delivery system is a system that sends drugs to diseased areas by changing the amount of information. The large intestine is where local drug delivery and systemic diseases can occur. Treatment will be better if the drug directly targets the intestine. The large intestine is where the local child allows local treatment of intestinal diseases and the distribution of drugs. Gastrointestinal therapeutic drugs are effective when they can be directly targeted to the intestine, because drug release and absorption should not occur in the stomach and small intestine and the bioactive agents should not be broken down and released into the intestine. Drugs targeting the intestinal area not only affect the treatment of local diseases, but also deliver drugs such as proteins and peptides to the body due to their effects on the body. At the same time, due to weakness of the digestive system, these drugs are broken down and their availability is quiet low.

Targeted Delivery Strategies for Multiple Myeloma and Their Adverse Drug Reactions.

Currently, multiple myeloma (MM) is a prevalent hematopoietic system malignancy, known for its insidious onset and unfavorable prognosis. Recently developed chemotherapy drugs for MM have exhibited promising therapeutic outcomes. Nevertheless, to overcome the shortcomings of traditional clinical drug treatment, such as off-target effects, multiple drug resistance, and systemic toxicity, targeted drug delivery systems are optimizing the conventional pharmaceuticals for precise delivery to designated sites at controlled rates, striving for maximal efficacy and safety, presenting a promising approach for MM treatment. This review will delve into the outstanding performance of antibody-drug conjugates, peptide-drug conjugates, aptamer-drug conjugates, and nanocarrier drug delivery systems in preclinical studies or clinical trials for MM and monitor their adverse reactions during treatment.

Targeted delivery of SN38 to breast cancer using amphiphilic diblock copolymers PHPMA-b-PBAEM as micellar carriers with AS1411 aptamer

Breast cancer treatment can be challenging, but a targeted drug delivery system (DDS) has the potential to make it more effective and reduce side effects. This study presents a novel nanotherapeutic targeted DDS developed through the self-assembly of an amphiphilic di-block copolymer to deliver the chemotherapy drug SN38 specifically to breast cancer cells. The vehicle was constructed from the PHPMA-b-PEAMA diblock copolymer synthesized via RAFT polymerization. A single emulsion method was then used to encapsulate SN38 within nanoparticles (NPs) formed from the PHPMA-b-PEAMA copolymer. The AS1411 DNA aptamer was covalently bonded to the surface of the micellar NPs, producing a targeted DDS. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies were also performed on the di block polymeric system, demonstrating that SN38 interacted well with the di block. The in vitro results demonstrated that AS1411- decorated SN38-loaded HPMA NPs were highly toxic to breast cancer cells while having a minimal effect on non-cancerous cells. Remarkably, in vivo studies elucidated the ability of the targeted DDS to enhance the antitumor effect of SN38, suppressing tumor growth and improving survival rates compared to free SN38.

Exploring Extravasation in Cancer Patients.

Extravasation, the unintended leakage of intravenously administered substances, poses significant challenges in cancer treatment, particularly during chemotherapy and radiotherapy. This comprehensive review explores the pathophysiology, incidence, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnosis, prevention strategies, management approaches, complications, and long-term effects of extravasation in cancer patients. It also outlines future directions and research opportunities, including identifying gaps in the current knowledge and proposing areas for further investigation in extravasation prevention and management. Emerging technologies and therapies with the potential to improve extravasation prevention and management in both chemotherapy and radiotherapy are highlighted. Such innovations include advanced vein visualization technologies, smart catheters, targeted drug delivery systems, novel topical treatments, and artificial intelligence-based image analysis. By addressing these aspects, this review not only provides healthcare professionals with insights to enhance patient safety and optimize clinical practice but also underscores the importance of ongoing research and innovation in improving outcomes for cancer patients experiencing extravasation events.