Target Yield Research Articles

Influences of split application and nitrification inhibitor on nitrogen losses, grain yield, and net income for summer maize production.

The application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer combined with nitrification inhibitor is considered to be one of the effective strategies to improve N efficiency and reduce N loss. While the chemical and physical properties of nitrapyrin (CP) in fertilizers have been evaluated to increase N efficiency, a lack of comprehensive evaluation of the effects of adding CP on summer maize yield, environmental benefits and economic income under different fertilization methods. In this study, two fertilization methods were used: split-N application and one-time basal N fertilizer before sowing. The comprehensive effects of N fertilizer with CP on N loss (NH3 volatilization, NO3– leaching, and N2O emissions), N efficiency, yield and profit under two N application methods were explored. Results showed that under the two N application methods, N fertilizer with CP treatment increased the N efficiency and yield (+3.4%∼+5.7%), significantly reduced the soil NO3–-N content and N2O emissions, while increased NH3 volatilization. Especially, the increase amplitude of NH3 was much less than the decrease amplitude of N2O induced by adding CP. Although split-N application could achieve higher yield and N efficiency, N2O emissions and NH3 volatilization also increased. However, the T1 + N (one-time basal N fertilizer before sowing mixed with CP) achieved the same yield level as T2 treatment (split-N application). Taking agronomic, economic and environmental benefits into consideration, one-time basal N fertilizer before sowing mixed with CP could ensure the target yield, increase economic benefits, maintain soil N content, and reduce N losses. Therefore, optimizing N management is essential to the sustainable development of agriculture.

Effect of Long Term Soil Test Crop Response Based Nutrient Management in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) on Physical Properties in a Vertisol

A field experiment was carried out during Rabi season of 2020‒21 and 2021‒22 at the Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur research field to find out the effect of long term soil test crop response based nutrient management in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) on physical properties in a Vertisol. The treatments details were T1; Control, T2; 120 N: 80 P2O5: 60 K2O kg ha-1, T3; Target yield 4.5 t ha-1, T4; Target yield 6.0 t ha-1, T5; Target yield 4.5 t + FYM 5 t ha-1, T6; Target yield 6.0 t + FYM 5 t ha-1 and carried out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with four replications. The results indicated that the STCR based treatment with target yield 6.0 t ha-1 along with application of FYM 5 t ha-1 recorded lowest bulk density (1.31, 1.33 and 1.35 Mg m-3) and particle density (2.62, 2.62 and 2.63 Mg m-3) at 0-15, 15-30 and 30-45 cm soil depth. The treatment with target yield 6.0 t ha-1 along with application of FYM 5 t ha-1 recorded highest porosity (50.07, 49.28 and 48.52 %) as well as water holding capacity (44.42, 40.16 and 37.44 %) at 0-15, 15-30 and 30-45 cm soil depth. The long term study based on STCR clearly demonstrated that balanced fertilizer application not only improved the physical properties of soil but also save the fertilizer without impairing soil health.

Determination of the experimental yield of 99mTc in (p,2n) nuclear reaction on enriched 100Mo sample with application of 11-MeV medical cyclotron

This paper presents the measured thick target yield of 99mTc from molybdenum sample with 92.2% enrichment in 100Mo isotope via the (p,2n) nuclear reaction channel. The yield was determined experimentally with application of the 11-MeV medical cyclotron Eclipse RD, equipped with a new target assembly developed for solid sample irradiations. The experimental physical yield was measured to be 30.9 ± 1.3 MBq/μAh. This result was compared with theoretical calculations and results of other authors. The features of irradiation conditions that may have an influence on produced activity were studied and analyzed.

Achievement of Target Yield by Using Required Quantitative Fertilizers in Rice Crop Cultivation by Using Optimum Solutions

Studies of soil-based tests pertaining to different crops in Vindhyan alluvial plains from 2001 to 2004 show effect of production on specific rice crop by IR-36 testing leveraging on soil stoichiometric testing and recommended balanced fertilizers and organic matter amelioration by application for the niche area of impact to targeted yield of rice crop. Findings reinforce that soil micro-flora and micro-organisms accelerate aeration, porosity, drainage and optimum crumby structures, resulting in nascent fertility and support to crop plant for profuse and vigorous growth through optimum soil texture under different agro-climatological divisions in specificity. Primary and secondary data are tabulated after administration of research questionnaire, structure, queue, flow and research objectives, first hand data fulfilment through field notes and experimental block designs under study in rice-based ecosystem of control and treatment blocks. The study of nutrients requirement for specific accelerated productivity of rice crop by applying control and treatment with particular fertilisers which is structured in the mathematical model of [CF (%)] and [CS (%)] gradient. Further data in relation to studies of nutrient dose recommended model development through incursion into stoichiometric trends, analysis, models, algorithms, principles, procedures and quantisation. Regression based studies support the experimental design blocks. Studies by experimental design of blocks replication and finding of experimentations led to outcome of best efficacy and efficient recommended fertiliser dose to enrich, replenish the gap of inadequate fertilizers to the paddy crop to meet our targeted yield of paddy crops. Analytical trends and comparison experimentation sheet led to the effort for how much fertilizer is actually required for crop growth by applying mathematical quantization and qualitative. Under experimental controls and originality of this innovative findings, this research supports systems approach for simplicity, spirituality and sustainability.

Site-Specific Fertilizer Recommendation for Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Using the QUEFTS Model in Wolaita Zone in Southern Ethiopia

Although Ethiopia is a center of barley domestication and diversity, and barley has an important place in African dry land agriculture due to its resilience to wide-ranging stresses; the average yield continues to be low, mainly due to low soil fertility. Site-specific fertilizer recommendation for barley in Wolaita, Ethiopia, has a pivotal role not only in optimizing barley productivity but also in maintaining ecological balance. Thus, this study was conducted to assess the relationship between grain yield and site-specific nutrient requirements for a target yield using a Quantitative Evaluation of the Fertility of Tropical Soil (QUEFTS) model. The data input was derived from field experiments predominantly in the major barley production areas of Wolaita, Ethiopia. Calibration of the QUEFTS model was estimated by describing the two boundary lines of the maximum accumulation and dilution of N, P, and K contents targeting the barley grain yield. The study revealed that balanced nutrient requirements estimated by the QUEFTS model had a good correlation between the simulated and observed grain yields (r2 = 0.82 ∗ , 0.88 ∗ , and 0.83 ∗ ) for different sites, namely, Doga Mashido, Kokate, and Gurimo Koyisha, respectively, while evaluation of the QUEFTS model by U-Theil values showed a good agreement between the simulated and observed yields. Therefore, the study concluded that the QUEFTS model can be used for determining nutrient requirements of crops, thereby contributing to the development of site-specific fertilizer recommendations.

Long term effect of STCR-based targeted yield application of fertilizers on productivity, profitability and nutrient uptake by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in an acid Alfisol

The present investigation was conducted during therabi season of 2017-18 at the research farm of CSK HPKV, Palampur (Himachal Pradesh). The effect of target yield based fertilizer application on productivity, profitability, and nutrient uptake by wheat were evaluated in a randomized block design with eight treatments. The results revealed that the continuous cropping for 10 years along with STCR based fertilizer application in target yield 35 q ha-1 + 5 t FYM ha-1 recorded the highest grain yield (34.9 q ha-1 ) followed by target 35 q ha-1 (31.6 q ha-1 ).The highest protein content (12.6 %) and protein yield (441.4 Kg ha-1 ) of wheat grains were observed with target yield of 35 q ha-1 + 5 t FYM ha-1 . Further, the maximum net profit of Rs.61401 ha-1 with a B: C ratio of 3.29 was obtained under target yield 35 q ha-1 . A significant increase in N, P, and K uptake by wheat grain and straw was observed in STCR based target yield plots as compared to soil test based, general recommended dose, farmers’ practice, and control. The available N, P, and K content in post-harvest soil were reduced in the control over their initial values. The higher values of available N (305 kg ha-1 ), P (70 Kg ha-1 ) and K (290 kg ha-1 ) were recorded with target yield of 35 q ha-1 + 5 t FYM ha-1 .

Long term effect of STCR-based targeted yield application of fertilizers on productivity, profitability and nutrient uptake by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in an acid Alfisol

The present investigation was conducted during therabi season of 2017-18 at the research farm of CSK HPKV, Palampur (Himachal Pradesh). The effect of target yield based fertilizer application on productivity, profitability, and nutrient uptake by wheat were evaluated in a randomized block design with eight treatments. The results revealed that the continuous cropping for 10 years along with STCR based fertilizer application in target yield 35 q ha-1 + 5 t FYM ha-1 recorded the highest grain yield (34.9 q ha-1) followed by target 35 q ha-1 (31.6 q ha-1).The highest protein content (12.6 %) and protein yield (441.4 Kg ha-1) of wheat grains were observed with target yield of 35 q ha-1 + 5 t FYM ha-1. Further, the maximum net profit of Rs.61401 ha-1 with a B: C ratio of 3.29 was obtained under target yield 35 q ha-1. A significant increase in N, P, and K uptake by wheat grain and straw was observed in STCR based target yield plots as compared to soil test based, general recommended dose, farmers’ practice, and control. The available N, P, and K content in post-harvest soil were reduced in the control over their initial values. The higher values of available N (305 kg ha-1), P (70 Kg ha-1) and K (290 kg ha-1) were recorded with target yield of 35 q ha-1 + 5 t FYM ha-1.

Influence of integrated nutrient application based on STCR approach on nutrient uptake of rice under ricemaize cropping sequence

Soil testing helps the farmers to use fertilizers according to need of crops. Fertilizer use for targeted yield is an approach which take into account the crop need and nutrient present in the soil. A study on soil test crop response based integrated plant nutrient ion system (STCR) were conducted adopting targeted yield method in non-calcareous sandy loam soil of Ustifluvents at Mandan Bharti Agriculture College, Agwanpur, Saharsa during the two consecutive of 2018 and 2019. The experiment was laid out in RBD with nine treatments replicated thrice. The STCR approach with or without FYM at low, medium and high target yield markedly increase the yield and uptake of NPK of rice. Thus, the targeted yield model used to develop fertilizer precipitation equations provides a strong basis of soil fertility maintenance consistent with high productivity and efficient nutrient management for sustainable and enduring agriculture. This also improved the relationship between farmers and scientists and built confidence between them.

Analysis of stem cell collections in adult patients with Ewing sarcoma.

Ewing sarcoma is one of the most frequent soft-tissue tumors in pediatric patients. The current treatment protocols recommend stem cell apheresis (SCA) after completion of the second course of induction therapy with vincristine, ifosfamide, doxorubicine, and etoposide (VIDE). The feasibility of SCA and graft compositions in adult patients with Ewing sarcoma have not been previously analyzed. The authors analyzed 29 stem cell collections of 19 adult patients (9 male, 10 female) at a median age of 27 (range 19-53) years mobilized after VIDE (n=17), cyclophosphamide/topotecan (n=1) or vincristine, dactinomycin and ifosfamide (n=1) chemotherapy. All patients were mobilized with filgrastim 5μg/kg twice daily from day +7 of chemotherapy. The collections were performed if CD34+ cell count in peripheral blood was >10/μL. The target yields were ≥4×106 CD34+ cells/kg body weight. Median CD34+ cells/μL in peripheral blood before SCA were 45.8 (range 6.7-614.4)/μL. The median cumulative yields were 10.6 (range 1.5-38.8) CD34+ cells/kg body weight and ≥2×106 in all but two patients (89%). CD34, CD3, and CD56 yields in collections after the third VIDE and after later courses did not differ. Four patients underwent high-dose therapy with autologous transplantation, and all were engrafted. Stem cell mobilization is feasible in most Ewing sarcoma patients. Additionally, the present study's data suggest that it is safe to postpone stem cell collection to a later VIDE chemotherapy cycle if medically indicated.

Comparative study and performance evaluation of steel moment resisting frames design with: Force-based design and performance-based plastic design

Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA), Nonlinear Response History Analysis (NLRHA) and Nonlinear Static Pushover Analysis (NSPA) has been carried out to evaluate seismic performance of Steel Moment Resisting Frames (SMRF). SMRF’s are used as the lateral resisting systems which consist of columns and beams joined by welding or using high strength bolts or combination of both. The resistance offered to the lateral forces is due to rigid frame action which develops bending moment and shear force in the frame members and joints. The 9-storey SMRF is been evaluated for two frames designed by Force Based Design (FBD) method and Performance Based Plastic Design (PBPD) method. The FBD frame is designed by using codal provision of ASCE 7 (American Based Seismic Code) and AISC (American Institute of Steel Construction) whereas PBPD frame is designed as per proposed work of Lee and Goel (2001) in which energy balance equation and pre-selected yield mechanism is considered. The evaluation study showed that the PBPD method for steel moment resisting frame is significantly more efficient in achieving a certain inelastic displacement/ductility for given seismic hazards compared to the existing design standards/specification for this system. By Nonlinear Static Pushover Analysis (NSPA) the PBPD method has achieved the target yield drift of 1.11% and FBD method has achieved 1.22% where the assumed yield drift was 1%. From NLRHA the percentage difference in achieved ductility factor for frame design by FBD method is 46.28% whereas for PBPD method it is 16.81%. From IDA inter storey drift is observed maximum in AISC design frame compared to PBPD design frame. Therefore, PBPD method frames responded as intended in design with much improved performances over those of the corresponding FBD method.

Promoting Cardiac Repair through Simple Engineering of Nanoparticles with Exclusive Targeting Capability toward Myocardial Reperfusion Injury by Thermal Resistant Microfluidic Platform

AbstractNanoparticle (NP)‐based intravenous administration represents the most convenient cardiac targeting delivery routine, yet, there are still therapeutic issues due to the lack of targeting efficiency and specificity. Active targeting methods using functionalization of ligands onto the NPs’ surface may be limited by trivial modification procedures and reduced targeting yield in vivo. Here, a microfluidics assisted single step, green synthesis method is introduced for producing targeting ligands free heart homing NPs in a tailored manner. The generated β‐glucan‐based NPs exhibit precise and efficient targeting capability toward Dectin‐1+ monocytes/macrophages, which are confirmed as main pathogenesis mediators for cardiac ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) injury, with a sequentially enhanced cardiac NP accumulation, and this targeting strategy is exclusively suitable for cardiac I/R but not for other cardiovascular diseases, as confirmed both in murine and human model. Comparing to FDA‐approved nano‐micelles formulation, β‐glucan NPs loaded with NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains‐containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome inhibitor (CY‐09) exhibit better efficiency in ameliorating myocardial injury and heart failure induced by surgically induced I/R. These findings indicate a simple production of targeting‐ligand free NPs, and demonstrate their potential therapeutic applications for preclinical I/R‐induced cardiac injury amelioration.

Production cross sections of samarium-153 and -145 via alpha-particle-induced reactions on natural neodymium

Production cross sections of 153,145Sm via alpha-particle-induced reactions on natNd were measured up to 23 MeV. The stacked-foil activation technique and high-resolution gamma-ray spectrometry were adopted for the measurement. The obtained cross sections were compared with the literature data and the TENDL-2019 and TENDL-2021 values. Physical thick target yields of the two radionuclides were derived from the measured cross sections.

Estimation of Cotton Nutrient Uptake Based on the QUEFTS Model in Xinjiang

The Xinjiang cotton-producing region is the main cotton-growing region in China; however, the combination of excessive application but low utilization of fertilizers has restricted its agricultural development. Estimating the balanced nutrient requirements for cotton is essential to increase its yield and nutrient use efficiency. The results from 372 field experiments performed between 1996 and 2019 were used to build a QUEFTS (quantitative evaluation of the fertility of tropical soils) model to investigate relationships between cotton seed yield and nutrient accumulation, with the data from 2017 to 2020 used to validate the model. The results demonstrated that the QUEFTS model predicted a linear relationship between target yield and nutrient uptake until the target yield reached about 60–70% of the potential yield. To produce 1000 kg of seed cotton, 28.3 kg N, 6.1 kg P, and 29.6 kg K were required for cotton, and the corresponding ratio of N, P, and K was 4.64:1:4.85. The corresponding internal efficiencies (IEs) for N, P, and K were 35.4, 163.2, and 33.7 kg/kg, respectively. Field validation indicated that the QUEFTS model could be used to estimate nutrient uptake at a targeted yield and contribute to developing a fertilizer recommendation strategy for Xinjiang cotton production.

Efficiency of 124I radioisotope production from natural and enriched tellurium dioxide using 124Te(p,xn)124I reaction

Background124I Iodine (T_{1/2} = 4.18 d) is the only long-life positron emitter radioisotope of iodine that may be used for both imaging and therapy as well as for 131I dosimetry. Its physical characteristics permits taking advantages of the higher Positron Emission Tomography (PET) image quality, whereas the availability of new molecules to be targeted with 124I makes it a novel innovative radiotracer probe for a specific molecular targeting.ResultsIn this study Monte Carlo and SRIM/TRIM modelling was applied to predict the nuclear parameters of the 124I production process in a small medical cyclotron IBA 18/9 Cyclone. The simulation production yields for 124I and the polluting radioisotopes were calculated for the natural and enriched 124TeO2 + Al2O3 solid targets irradiated with 14.8 MeV protons. The proton beam was degraded energetically from 18 MeV with 0.2 mm Havar foil. The 124Te(p,xn)124I reactions were taken into account in the simulations. The optimal thickness of the target material was calculated using the SRIM/TRIM and Geant4 codes. The results of the simulations were compared with the experimental data obtained for the natural TeO2 +Al2O3 target. The dry distillation technique of the 124-iodine was applied.ConclusionsThe experimental efficiency for the natural Te target was better than 41% with an average thick target (>0.8 mm) yield of 1.32 MBq/μAh. Joining the Monte Carlo and experimental approaches makes it possible to optimize the methodology for the 124I production from the expensive Te enriched targets.

Metabolic pathway engineering for the non-growth-associated succinate production in Escherichia coli based on flux solution space

Non-growth-associated bio-production using microorganisms has the potential to achieve a higher target yield than growth-associated production since the latter approach does not waste the substrate for cell growth. We previously proposed a metabolic pathway engineering method (SSDesign) for non-growth-associated target production based on metabolic flux solution space using elementary mode analysis. SSDesign predicts gene knockout combinations for enforcing cells to produce a target compound under non-growing conditions. For succinate production from glucose in Escherichia coli, gene knockouts of pykA-pykF-sfcA-maeB-zwf and pykA-pykF-sfcA-pntAB-sthA were predicted as candidates. In the present study, to verify the predictions of SSDesign, succinate productivities of these multiple knockout strains were evaluated in the stationary phase under microaerobic conditions. Succinate yields of the BW25113ΔpykAΔpykFΔsfcAΔmaeBΔzwf and BW25113ΔpykAΔpykFΔsfcAΔpntABΔsthA strains were 0.48 and 0.52mol/mol, respectively, and were higher than that of wild type strain (0.20mol/mol). The succinate yield of BW25113ΔpykAΔpykFΔsfcAΔpntABΔsthA strain was further improved to 0.66mol/mol by overexpression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase as a potential bottleneck step in the metabolic pathway.

New experimental data on natDy(a,x) reactions: Details on the production of the medically relevant 161Er, 160Er, and 161Ho Auger emitters

The cross sections for the formation of 160Er, 161Er, 162mHo, 157Dy in nuclear reactions natDy(α,x) in the energy range 53 → 20 MeV were measured by the stacked foils method. Most of the data were obtained for the first time. A comparison of the data with simulation results from the TENDL-2019 library is given. The 161Er yield on a thick target is 88.4 MBq/µAh. The natDy(α,x)161Er → 161Ho route was studied for 161Ho production. The possibility to produce 161Ho in an amount sufficient for medical applications was shown. The main radioisotope impurity is 160m,gHo (in the amount of 3–6% in terms of activity). The thick target yield of 160Er is 2.16 MBq/µAh, which is significantly less than those of the reactions induced by protons and deuterons.

Measurement of the natDy(p,x) nuclear reactions cross-sections

Excitation functions of the reactions natDy(p,x)159m+gHo, 161m+gHo, 162mHo, 162gHo, 155m+gDy, 157m+gDy, 159m+gDy, 155Tbcum, 155Tb, 156Tbcum, 160Tb, 161Tb, 159m+gGd were measured in the energy range of 7.4–35.9 MeV using the stacked foil technique and off-line γ-ray spectrometry. The obtained cross-sections were compared with previously published experimental data and prediction of the TALYS nuclear reaction model code adopted from the TENDL-2019 library. Thick target yields were calculated from the experimental data.

Measurement of the production cross-sections of natCd(p,x) reactions up to 45 MeV

In this experimental study, we used natCd as the target material and bombarded it with a 45-MeV energetic proton beam to study the natCd(p,x) reaction and determine the production cross-sections of 109g,110g,111g,113m,114m,115mIn, 107,109,115gCd, and 105,106m,110m,111gAg radionuclides. The external beam line of the MC-50 cyclotron installed at Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences (South Korea) was used for the activation. We applied the well-known stacked-foil activation technique to measure the excitation functions of the reaction products. The active foils were analyzed using an offline γ-ray spectrometry system to measure the production cross-sections. We also determined the thick target yield using the cross-section values. Subsequently, the measured results were compared with the theoretical model calculations using TALYS 1.9 code. In summary, the natCd(p,x) reaction is considerable because of its reaction products that have potential medical and industrial applications.

Excitation functions of proton-induced reactions on natW target for rhenium isotope production

The proton-induced reaction cross-sections on natural tungsten within the proton energy range of 12.50 ± 0.79 MeV to 44.08 ± 0.33 MeV are determined by using the stacked-foil activation method and offline γ-ray spectrometry at the MC50 cyclotron of the Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Science. The proton beam intensity is determined by using the natCu(p,xn)62Zn and natCu(p,xn)65Zn monitor reactions. The residual nuclide activities are measured using an HPGe γ-ray detector. The experimental results in this work contains 63 individual measured points for seven identified nuclides 181;182m,g;183;184m,g;186Re via the natW(p,xn) reactions. In addition, the thick target yields are determined for the 181;182m,g;183;184m,g;186Re products produced from the natW(p,xn) reactions. The present data are compared with literature data and the theoretical predictions from the TALYS-1.9 code and the TENDL-2019 library.

Effect of Soil Test Crop Response Approach on Yield, Nutrient Content and Uptake by Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

A field experiment was carried out during Rabi season of 2018-19 under AICRP project on Soil Test Crop Response at Agricultural Research Station, Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner to find out the effect of soil test crop response approach on yield, nutrient content and uptake of wheat. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with five treatment combinations viz. general recommendation dose, soil test crop response recommendation for target yield 30 q ha-1, soil test crop response recommendation for target yield 30 q ha-1 with integrated plant nutrient system, soil test crop response recommendation for target yield 40 q ha-1 and soil test crop response recommendation for target yield 40 q ha-1 with integrated plant nutrient system with four replications. Research finding of long term field experiment revealed that application of soil test crop response recommendation for target yield 40 q ha-1 with integrated plant nutrient system gave maximum number of effective tillers m-1 row length, spike length, number of grains spike-1, weight of grains spike-1, test weight, grain yield (4026 kg ha-1) and straw yield (5629 kg ha-1) of wheat which was found statistically at par with soil test crop response recommendation for target yield 30 q ha-1 with integrated plant nutrient system. Application of soil test crop response recommendation for target yield 40 q ha-1 with integrated plant nutrient system also improved the N, P and K content and their uptake by grain and straw of wheat. These study results proved that soil test crop response recommendation with integrated plant nutrient system gave better results of all parameters in the comparison of general recommendation dose and soil test crop response without integrated plant nutrient system.