Target Reference Points Research Articles

Конструирование профиля обучающегося общеобразовательной школы в контексте системно-деятельностного и компетентностного подхода

At present goals and objectives of the education development are associated with ensuring the global competitiveness of the Russian education in general and guaranteeing the entry of the Russian Federation into the top 10 countries in the world in terms of the quality of general education, in particular.
 To achieve these national goals and objectives aimed at the development of education, the purposeful activity of general education institutions is required. They should focus on the design of modern school models to transform them into a new type of schools that will be able to improve the quality of education and ensure the school graduates’ training and preparation for their future adult life in the context of sustainable technological changes in the production, economic and social spheres.
 The article presents the approaches used by the staff of the Educational Complex "Nasha Shkola" in Novosibirsk to the construction of the Student’s Profile as a target reference point for the educational content standard of the System "Nasha Shkola" in the context of the system-activity and outcome-based approaches.
 The paper also considers the list of universal competencies and literacy groups that are formed by the educational and technological environment of the school and allow creating conditions for the personal and professional success of each student.

Sidney Holt, a giant in the history of fisheries science who focused on the future: his legacy and challenges for present-day marine scientists

Abstract Sidney J. Holt (1926–2019) was more than a founding father of quantitative fisheries science, and the man who “helped save the great whales.” His accomplishments, over a career spanning seven decades, run deeper: he was a champion of reductionism (i.e. able to identify the factors essential for management) and a systemic thinker who inspired scientists to think critically about marine conservation and management. This article draws on first-hand experiences with Sidney over the last 15 years, when he regularly collaborated with scholars of the ICES Working Group on the History of Fish and Fisheries and the Oceans Past Initiative. Four main themes emerged from our reflections on Sidney’s life and legacy, which constitute ongoing scientific challenges: (1) the suitability of maximum sustainable yield as a target reference point for fisheries management; (2) the future of marine mammal conservation; (3) successful implementation of ecosystem-based marine management; and (4) the value of historical perspectives for conservation and management. We consider Sidney’s work across these themes, in which he readily collaborated, focused on evidence-based solutions, and, where evidence was lacking, he advocated for the “precautionary principle.” We posit there is much that we, and future generations of scientists, can learn from his example.

Research Article: The decline in the size of ribbonfish, Trichiurus lepturus (Linnaeus 1758), over the past decade in the Persian Gulf

Size-dependent variation in growth, mortality, and recruitment over time are potentially controlled by changes in length -frequency distribution that is dependent to capture probability. The changes in the length-frequency distribution of ribbonfish, Trichiurus lepturus were studied along northern coasts of the Persian Gulf during the period 2008-2017. The length-frequency distribution of ribbonfish indicated the exploitation of larger sizes over the past decade. The mean total length was significantly smaller than the mean length recorded a decade earlier in 2008 (p <0.05). The length-weight relationship (WT=0.00004LT3.44) was found to be significant at 1% level of significance and indicated positive allometric growth. The Von Bertalanffy growth parameters of all fish were =119.35 cm, K=0.3 year-1, and t0 = -0.38 year. Total, natural, and fishing mortality were estimated as 1.16 year-1, 0.53 year-1, and 0.63 year-1. The annual instantaneous rate of fishing mortality was higher than the target (Fopt= 0.26 year−1) and limit (Flim=0.35 year−1) reference points, indicating that the ribbonfish stock is at the risk of unsustainable exploitation.

ЦЕЛЕВЫЕ ОРИЕНТИРЫ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКИ КОМФОРТНОЙ И БЕЗОПАСНОЙ СРЕДЫ В СЕЛЬСКОЙ ШКОЛЕ

The authors of the article actualize the problem of identifying and justifying the targets for the formation of a psychologically comfortable and psychologically safe educational environment of rural school. The relevance of the problem is determined by modern socio-economic and sociocultural conditions, in which there are many risks and restrictions for psychologically comfortable and safe stay of a person in society. Modern studies of Russian scientists indicate that the psychological well-being of all participants in educational relations, as well as the favorable course of age-related crises and the successful socialization of students in society depend on the processes of improving the educational environment. The article presents the results of the work of the problem group «Targets for the formation of psychologically comfortable and safe environment in rural schools», which was organized during the All-Russian scientific and practical conference with international participation «The formation of psychologically comfortable and safe educational environment in rural schools». The participants of the problem group identified the essential characteristics and features of a psychologically comfortable and psychologically safe educational environment in rural school; we identified and identified as the key targets for the formation of this environment its purpose, the main methodological approach (subject-environment approach), the main functions, the leading idea, principles and goals for the formation of a psychologically comfortable and safe educational environment in a rural school. On the basis of the «Goal Tree» method, a hierarchy of goals for the formation of a psychologically comfortable and safe educational environment is built in three directions: the administrative and management team of rural educational organizations, students of rural educational organizations, teachers of rural educational organizations. The materials presented in the article can become a target reference point in the process of forming environments that meet the characteristics of psychological comfort and psychological safety.

Using length data to derive biological reference points for kiddi shrimp Parapenaeopsis stylifera (Milne Edwards, 1837) from the south-eastern Arabian Sea, India

Parapenaeopsis stylifera, a major commercial penaeid shrimp fishery resource in the Indian Ocean, has lacked adequate information on life history parameters for nearly two decades. In this study, growth and mortality parameters of P. stylifera from the southwest coast of India were estimated using length data and used to derive biological reference points for the species. The asymptotic length for females was L∞ = 131 mm; k = 1.1 y−1 and for males L∞ = 117 mm; k = 1.25 y−1. Mortality parameter estimates were Z = 4.42, M = 1.24, F = 3.18 y−1 and exploitation rate E = 0.72 for females; Z = 5.76, M = 1.39, F = 4.37 y−1 and E = 0.76 for males. Thomson and Bell yield biomass, Beverton and Holt yield per recruit, and relative yield per recruit models were applied to predict the stock status and length cohort analysis for estimating the stock size. The Beverton and Holt analysis gave Emax = 0.69 in females and 0.75 for males, which is below the Ecurrent values obtained for the sexes. The Thomson and Bell analysis indicated that if Fcurrent at which the yield is 121 460 t in females and in males 128 064 t is further increased, rise in yield will be modest. B/B0 and SB/SB0 at Fcurrent were 24% and 18% for females and 21% and 16% for males, respectively. Target reference point F0.1 and F0.5 at different levels of age at capture tc (0.5, 0.6, 0.7 and 0.8 yrs) was estimated by Beverton and Holt yield per recruit model. The outcome from these models forms integral inputs for multispecies/multigear tropical fisheries management. Parapenaeopsis stylifera is one of the inshore penaeid shrimp identified by the Marine Stewardship Council for certification from the region and, moreover, biological reference points are a prerequisite to assessment and management of tropical multispecies fisheries for ecosystem-based fisheries management.

Growth, Mortality and Yield-per-recruit of Nile Tilapia (&lt;em&gt;Oreochromis niloticusM/em&gt;) in Garmat Ali River, Iraq

The study was conducted to estimate the growth, mortality, recruitment and yield-per-recruit of Oreochromis niloticus from Garmat Ali River, Basrah, Iraq from October 2019 to September 2020. The population parameters were analyzed using the FAO-ICLARM stock assessment tool (FiSAT). A total of 2696 O. niloticus ranged from 7.0 to 25.0 cm and the sizes 13.0-18.0 cm constituted 64.2% of the total catch. The length-weight relationship was W= 0.012L3.109 suggesting that the species shows positive allometric growth. The growth parameters for the species were estimated as L∞= 30.45 cm, K= 0.45, to= -0.313 and Ǿ= 2.622. The coefficients of total mortality (Z), natural mortality (M) and fishing mortality (F) were 3.26, 1.03 and 2.24, respectively. The exploitation rate for the species computed to be 0.69. Fish were recruited to the fishery at a mean size of L50= 14.92 cm. The peak of recruitment was 23.51% in June. The analysis of yield-per-recruit (Y/R’) indicates that stock is not being overfished since the present exploitation rate was below the biological target reference points (E0.1 and Emax). So, more yields could be achieved by reducing the mesh sizes of the nets for fishing the species

Evaluating the potential for an increased and sustainable commercial fisheries production across multiple jurisdictions and diverse fisheries

We describe a first estimate of the potential to increase production from Australia’s commercial fisheries based on the difference between current catches and maximum sustainable yield (MSY). MSY is not being advocated as a target reference point but enables a level of consistency across species and/or jurisdictions with different reference points. MSY estimates were obtained for 290 species/stocks that comprised 84% of annual landings. 75% of the estimates were computed using methods applied specifically for this study, aided by an assessment framework, and supporting software. The catch-MSY method was used extensively given the lack of formal assessments for many species, and the limitations of taking this approach are discussed. The results indicated that potential production could be more than double the current national catch (an increase over current catches of about 124%), but potential increases varied considerably among Federal, State and Territory jurisdictions. The potential for increased production was particularly influenced by predictions for highly productive small pelagic fishes, although ignoring the potential for increased catches of these species still led to an estimate of an increase of almost 80% over current catches. Other factors such as whether an increase in production has market demand are also clearly important, along with other social and economic issues. Impacts on ecosystem sustainability and the consequences of climate change were beyond the scope of this study and would need to be considered in separate analyses. However, in making our estimates of potential production we acknowledged the issues with attempting to use single species approaches to provide fish community wide estimates and acted conservatively with our interpretation. Consequently, the results presented in this paper provide useful insights into possible biologically sustainable catches and the potential for increased production.

Population Dynamics and Management of Invasive Blue Tilapia (Oreochromis aureus) in Garmat Ali River, Basrah, Iraq

The blue tilapia, Oreochromis aureus is an invasive species that has successfully established itself in most of the Iraqi waters. However, there is little information on the population dynamics of the species in these waters. Hence, the growth parameters, mortality rates, probability of capture, recruitment pattern and yield per recruit of blue tilapia in Garmat Ali River, Iraq was assessed using FiSAT II software. A total of 1664 blue tilapia fish were collected by different fishing gears from October 2019 to September 2020 for recording the relevant data. The length-weight relationship obtained was W=0.0147*L3.0748 for fish ranging from 7.5 to 26.3 cm total length suggesting that the species shows positive allometric growth. The asymptotic length (L∞), growth constant (K), theoretical age at zero-length (t0), growth performance index (Ø') and longevity (tmax) were 29.9 cm, 0.205, -1.293, 2.345 and 10.7 years, respectively. The total mortality (Z), natural (M), fishing (F) and exploitation (E) were 1.09, 0.61, 0.48 and 0.43, respectively. Length at first capture (L50) was found to be 13.92 cm. The main recruitment pulse was from March to July with a peak in April, which account for 18.4% of the total recruitment in the year. The relative yield per recruit analysis revealed that the present exploitation rate (Epresent) for blue tilapia was below than the biological target reference points (E0.1 and Emax), which denotes that this stock was not over-exploited. For management purposes, higher yields can be achieved by reducing the mesh sizes of the nets during fishing.

Population dynamics of an invasive species Carassius auratus in the Shatt Al-Arab River, Iraq

The population dynamics of the crucian carp, Carassius auratus in the Shatt Al-Arab River, Iraq was studied from November 2015 to October 2016 with monthly samples collected by different fishing gears. The FAO-ICLARM Stock Assessment Tool (FiSAT II) software was used for the mathematical analysis. Length-weight relationship was calculated as W= 0.0149L3.065 for fish length 4.6 to 26.8 cm. Growth parameters L∞, K and Ø were computed as 29.1 cm, 0.51 and 2.635. The total (Z), natural (M) and fishing (F) mortalities were 2.69, 1.09 and 1.60, respectively. Exploitation rate (E) was 0.59. Length at first capture (Lc) was found to be 10.04 cm. C. auratus displayed one main pulse of annual recruitment. The relative yield per recruit analysis revealed that the exploitation rate (E) of C. auratus was higher than the biological target reference points E0.1 and equivalent to Emax. It could be concluded that the C. auratus stock in the Shatt Al-Arab River is operating nearby the exploited situation and needs some precautionary measures to avoid the overexploitation by activating the national law of fishing, exploiting and protecting aquatic resources, in particular preventing illegal fishing methods and follow up the execution of the closed season to prevent the decline of our fish resources.

Аутопсихологическая компетентность подростков как целевой ориентир развития самопознания в групповой психологической работе

The article discusses the relationship between autopsychological competence and self-knowledge of adolescents in order to determine the scientific basis for the development of self-knowledge through group developmental psychological work. The author focuses on the need to use autopsychological competence as a target reference point (result) of the development of self-knowledge of adolescents in the framework of the implementation of new educational tasks of the national project "Education" and the Federal state educational standard of basic education.&#x0D; The article clarifies the concept of autopsychological competence, makes sense of its structural and content characteristics, and determines the place of self-knowledge in the development of autopsychological competence of adolescent children.&#x0D; Based on the analysis of modern domestic research, the author determined that self-knowledge is the basis for the formation of autopsychological competence, which in turn is the result of self-knowledge and reflects the degree of its development. It is noted that autopsychological competence is a necessary tool and mechanism for the formation of subjectivity, the formation of which is due to the accumulation of autopsychological experience of internal activity.&#x0D; The article defines the scientific basis for building a program for the development of autopsychological competence of adolescents as a target for the development of their self-knowledge.&#x0D; In conclusion, the author presents the conclusions that the use of the construct "autopsychological competence" in the development of programs for the development of self-knowledge of adolescents allows structuring and algorithmizing this work, translating it into an instrumentally understandable applied sphere of developmental work with adolescents, observing the competence approach in education and upbringing of schoolchildren, set by the state as a new task in new educational conditions.

Preliminary Assessment of the Stock Status of Atlantic Bonito (Sarda sarda) in the Northeastern Part of the Atlantic Ocean

Based on the Russian fishery-biological data, an attempt was made to assess the stock status of Atlantic bonito Sarda sarda in the northeastern part of the Atlantic Ocean using the length-based spawning potential ratio (LBSPR) method. Values of the parameters of the Bertalanffy equation are calculated for Atlantic bonito: the theoretical maximum length of an individual is 75.6 cm and growth coefficient is 0.41. The values of the length where 50 and 95% of the fish are mature are 44.7 and 57.0 cm, respectively. The resulting estimate of the spawning potential ratio (0.28) is lower than the biological target reference point (0.40) and formally indicates an overfishing status of the stock.

Linking the performance of a data-limited empirical catch rule to life-history traits

AbstractWorldwide, the majorities of fish stocks are data-limited and lack fully quantitative stock assessments. Within ICES, such data-limited stocks are currently managed by setting total allowable catch without the use of target reference points. To ensure that such advice is precautionary, we used management strategy evaluation to evaluate an empirical rule that bases catch advice on recent catches, information from a biomass survey index, catch length frequencies, and MSY reference point proxies. Twenty-nine fish stocks were simulated covering a wide range of life histories. The performance of the rule varied substantially between stocks, and the risk of breaching limit reference points was inversely correlated to the von Bertalanffy growth parameter k. Stocks with k&amp;gt;0.32 year−1 had a high probability of stock collapse. A time series cluster analysis revealed four types of dynamics, i.e. groups with similar terminal spawning stock biomass (collapsed, BMSY, 2BMSY, 3BMSY). It was shown that a single generic catch rule cannot be applied across all life histories, and management should instead be linked to life-history traits, and in particular, the nature of the time series of stock metrics. The lessons learnt can help future work to shape scientific research into data-limited fisheries management and to ensure that fisheries are MSY compliant and precautionary.

Population dynamics and management of two cichlid species in the Shatt Al-Arab River, Iraq

Cichlids are invasive fish to Iraqi waters and became well established and prevailing in different waters. Despite that, there is no stock assessment study conducted for these fish. So, growth, mortality, recruitment and yield-per-recruit of two cichlid’s species; Coptodon zillii and Oreochromis aureus from the Shatt Al-Arab River, Iraq were evaluated from November 2015 to October 2016 using the FiSAT software. A total of 1285 C. zillii (2.9-24.0 cm TL) and 1353 O. aureus (4.5-25.0 cm TL) were examined. Length-weight relationships were derived, indicating allometric growth for both species. The growth parameters (L?, K, Rn, to and ?) obtained for C. zillii were 25.5 cm, 0.320, 0.212, -0.793 and 2.318, respectively, while for O. aureus were 27.8, 0.490, 0.214, -0.271 and 2.578, respectively. The annual rate of total mortality (Z), fishing (F) and natural (M) for C. zillii was found to be 1.51, 0.84 and 0.68 respectively, and for O. aureus 2.49, 1.08 and 1.41, respectively. The present exploitation rates (Epresent) for C. zillii and O. aureus were computed to be 0.454 and 0.57, respectively. Lengths at first capture (LC) were 12.97 cm for C. zillii and 13.25 cm for O. aureus. The peaks of recruitment of C. zillii and O. aureus were from February to May and May to July, respectively. The Epresent for C. zillii and O. aureus were below the biological target reference points (F0.1 and Fmax), indicating that these species were not overexploited. For management purposes, more yields could be obtained by an increase in the fishing activities on cichlids.

Effectiveness of harvest strategies in achieving multiple management objectives in a multispecies fishery

Fisheries management is characterised by multiple objectives, some of which may be complementary, while others may require trade‐offs between outcomes. Balancing these objectives is made more complex in the case of multispecies and multigear fisheries. In this paper, we develop a bioeconomic model that captures the key elements of such a fishery to test a range of potential harvest strategies to provide insights into how economic target reference points could lead to both desirable and undesirable management outcomes (e.g. discards). The model is developed as a long‐run optimisation model to identify target reference points to achieve multispecies maximum economic yield, and a dynamic recursive optimisation model, which includes more realistic representation of fishers’ behaviour, such as discards and trading of under‐caught species quotas. The potential economic, social and ecological impacts are evaluated using data envelopment analysis (DEA). The results suggest that the use of proxy target reference points can result in short‐term economic benefits at the cost of slower stock recovery and higher discarding. Limiting the number of species subject to quota controls may also prove beneficial in multispecies fisheries, while ensuring quota markets are efficient is likely to produce benefits irrespective of the harvest strategy adopted.

Деятельностный подход в педагогическом образовании: становление и реализация

The article analyzes changes in modern Russian education and related changes in pedagogical activity. Defining personal, metasubject and subject-based educational outcomes of students as the goals of education sets high requirements for the professionalism of the teacher, for his psychological and pedagogical competence. The professional standard for teachers, adopted in 2013, has captured new realities of pedagogical activity, providing definitions of the teaching, educational, and developmental functions of a teacher and a list of requirements for work actions and skills necessary for their implementations. The professional standard is defined as a target reference point for teacher education. The implementation of the professional standard requirements is possible with a serious restructuring of the system of teacher training practices. Traditional teacher education has always been characterized by a weak orientation to school, academism and verbalism, and the dominance of subject-based and methodological training at the expense of psychological and pedagogical, activity-based components of professional education. The article analyzes the cases of employing the activity approach in Russian teacher education, such as the one at the Krasnoyarsk state University and at the Tolstoy Tula State Pedagogical University. Also, the article describes a productive experience of implementing the activity approach in a large-scale experiment on the modernization of teacher training in 2014—2017 by the Moscow State University of Psychology and Education. It outlines the main components of the activity approach implementation in this experiment: orientation on the professional standard for teachers, modular structure of educational programs, practical orientation of the educational process.

BIOLOGICAL REFERENCE POINTS OF PAINTED SPINY LOBSTER Panulirus versicolor (Latreille, 1804) IN KARIMUNJAWA WATERS, INDONESIA

A biological reference point is a term used to explain of stock status using a biological approach as a basic of fisheries management. Biological reference points of painted spiny lobster Panulirus versicolor are limited in Karimunjawa waters. This study aims to investigate the stock status of P. versicolor and management options to ensure the sustainability of the resources. The research was conducted in Karimunjawa islands of the Java Sea by collecting lobster from local fishers from March to November 2016. A total of 495 lobster were measured, weighed, and their maturity status assessed to allow the size at maturity and selectivity of the fishery to be estimated. The size at maturity L50 (62.2 mm CL) and L95 (82.0 mm CL) were larger than SL50 (48.2 mm CL) and SL95 (75.0 mm CL), respectively. Natural mortality (M) which was 0.579 year-1 is lower than fishing mortality (F). The current spawning potential ratio (SPR) of P. versicolor is 19% at the current F of 0.82, which is below SPR limit of 20% and target reference point of 40%. Hence, to increase SPR level to 40%, the fishing mortality should be reduced by about 40% to 60%. Closed season, legal size, and defining no take zone are options to consider by fishery manager with appropriate surveillance control. Single or combining those measures can reduce its fishing mortality and take back the stocks to the level of target reference point.

Дорожная карта совершенствования деятельности проектов ДРВ на основе многопараметрических оценок

Рассматривается методология развития проектов распределенных вычислений с участием добровольцев на основе применения результатов многопараметрических и индексных оценок. Такие оценки проектов позволяют выбрать стратегию совершенствования работы проекта добровольных распределенных вычислений упорядочить процесс построения соответствующей дорожной карты. Вводится понятие «целевой ориентир», с помощью которого команда проекта, учитывая его специфику и имеющиеся ресурсные возможности, по всем параметрам формирует вектор целевых значений, которые собирается достичь в течение заданного времени. Предложены четыре варианта выбора «целевых ориентиров», задающих направления дорожной карты развития проекта добровольных распределенных вычислений. Описываются результаты опроса сообщества добровольцев по многопараметрической оценке проектов за 2016-2018 годы. На примере проекта Gerasim @home показана реализация пути его совершенствования для выбранного варианта целевых ориентиров. Обсуждаются результаты изменений деятельности проекта.

Güney-doğu Karadeniz’in Fatsa kıyılarında tirsi balığının, Alosa immaculata Bennett, 1835 populasyon parametreleri

The aim of this study is to estimate population parameters of pontic shad, Alosa immaculata Bennett, 1835 in the Fatsa coast of the south-eastern Black Sea. A total of 314 pontic shad specimens were collected from study area using artisanal fishing gears from March 2013 to February 2014. In the study, parameters of the von Bertalanffy growth equation were found as L∞=43.05 cm; k=0.430 per year and t0=-0.451 year. The growth performance index (Φ') was estimated as 2.90. The total mortality (Z), natural mortality (M), fishing mortality rates (F) were calculated as 1.33 year-1, 0.75 year-1 and 0.58 year-1, respectively. The annual instantaneous fishing mortality rate was greater than both the target (Fopt=0.375 year-1) and limit (Flimit=0.50 year-1) biological reference points. Similarly, the present level of exploitation rate (E=0.43) was higher than the exploitation ratio for maximum yield per recruit (Emax=0.375) suggesting that overexploitation occurred. These results showed that this species has been over-exploited in the Fatsa coast of the south-eastern Black Sea. Measures should be taken to reduce the current exploitation rate for sustainable fishing of pontic shad in the Fatsa coast of the south-eastern Black Sea.

Assessing the status of Australia's fish stocks relative to target objectives

Communicating the performance of commercial fish stocks is a fundamental role of fisheries management. This is often undertaken by reporting stock status relative to limit reference points (LRP). Reporting against LRP is effective in drawing attention to stocks that are overfished but does not identify fisheries where performance could be improved by shifting stocks closer to target reference points (TRP), that is, benefit can be foregone despite stocks being fished sustainably. This study examined the performance of Australian fish stocks against a TRP of 40–60% of unfished biomass, the level at which economic performance is generally optimised. Stocks examined were drawn from the 2016 Status of Australian Fish Stocks report, which is designed to report on stock status relative to LRP at a national level. Only stocks with an estimate of biomass or status relative to explicitly defined reference points were considered. Of 123 stocks evaluated, 41 (33%) were at target biomass levels, 28% were above and 39% below. This result, in combination with the major output of the 2016 SAFS report, shows that although most Australian stocks are not overfished, many are outside levels that would deliver greatest benefits. While maintaining all stocks at target levels may be impractical given the dynamic nature of fisheries, failing to maximise the number of stocks at target levels reflects lost ecological, economic and social potential. Assessing stocks relative to TRP in addition to LRP would highlight opportunities for improving fisheries while still addressing the fundamental requirement of preventing stock depletion.

ECONOMIC EQUILIBRIUM AND MONETARY POLICY

The problem of economic equilibrium as a theoretical basis of monetary policy has been considered. It has been noted, that it is necessary to take into account the state of imbalance in the economy and the factors of market failure. The conclusion has been made, that it is important to focus on hybrid forms of monetary policy, which means the use of different combinations of target reference points. The need is implied from this for a more flexible approach to the formation of modern policy of the Bank of Russia, which would not absolutize the regime of inflation targeting.