Target For Design Research Articles

Investigating energy performance of build-to-rent buildings in england

The domestic sector made up 16% of UK’s total greenhouse gas emissions in 2021. The build-to-rent market is experiencing a rapid expansion, but the energy performance and distinctiveness of this building sector are still generally undiscovered. Therefore, 423 build-to-rent flats from three build-to-rent developments in England were evaluated with top-down approach. Energy use intensities of flats were compared against domestic energy benchmarks and design targets. Possible determinants of energy consumption in build-to-rent flats, including EPC rating, number of bedrooms, air permeability, glazing area and glazing orientation were investigated through correlation analyses. Research discovers discrepancy between actual energy performance of the studied flats and design targets supporting UK’s 2050 net zero target. In this case study, number of bedrooms is identified as the most noticeable factor influencing energy consumption. Results of this study provide an introductory insight of the build-to-rent sector and serve as a starting point to encourage further exploration. Practical application This paper specifically focuses on build-to-rent buildings within the domestic sector. Energy use situations of build-to-rent flats in the UK were investigated with actual measured data provided by a build-to-rent developer. Results demonstrate the discrepancy between energy use in the build-to-rent flats being studied and existing domestic benchmarks. This paper provides insights to researchers, building developers and policymakers regarding the energy performance of this upsurging build-to-rent building sector and its associated influencing factors. It also contributes ideas on the importance of data sharing and development of energy benchmarking of the build-to-rent sector.

Cryo-EM Structures of the Plasmodium falciparum Apicoplast DNA Polymerase

The apicoplast DNA polymerase (apPol) from Plasmodium falciparum is essential for the parasite’s survival, making it a prime target for antimalarial therapies. Here, we present cryo-electron microscopy structures of the apPol in complex with DNA and incoming nucleotide, offering insights into its molecular mechanisms. Our structural analysis reveals that apPol contains critical residues for high-fidelity DNA synthesis, but lacks certain structural elements to confer processive DNA synthesis during replication, suggesting the presence of additional accessory factors. The enzyme exhibits large-scale conformational changes transitioning upon DNA and nucleotide binding, particularly within the fingers and thumb subdomains. These movements reveal potential allosteric sites that could serve as targets for drug design. Our findings provide a foundation for advancing the understanding of apPol’s unique functional mechanisms and potentially offering new avenues for the development of novel inhibitors and therapeutic interventions against malaria.

Enhancement of heat dissipation efficiency in the CSNS target through the innovative design of a serial cooling water channel

This paper presents a coupling of the Monte Carlo method with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to analyze the flow channel design of an irradiated target through numerical simulations. A novel series flow channel configuration is proposed, which effectively facilitates the removal of heat generated by high-power irradiation from the target without necessitating an increase in the cooling water flow rate. The research assesses the performance of both parallel and serial cooling channels within the target, revealing that, when subjected to equivalent cooling water flow rates, the maximum temperature observed in the target employing the serial channel configuration is lower. This reduction in temperature is ascribed to the accelerated flow of cooling water within the serial channel, which subsequently elevates both the Reynolds number and the Nusselt number, leading to enhanced heat transfer efficiency. Furthermore, the maximum temperature is observed to occur further downstream, thereby circumventing areas of peak heat generation. This phenomenon arises because the cooling water traverses the target plates with the highest internal heat generation at a lower temperature when the flow channels are arranged in series, optimizing the cooling effect on these targets. However, it is crucial to note that the pressure loss associated with the serial structure is two orders of magnitude greater than that of the parallel structure, necessitating increased pump power and imposing stricter requirements on the target container and cooling water pipeline. These findings can serve as a reference for the design of the cooling channels in the target station system, particularly in light of the anticipated increase in beam power during the second phase of the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS Ⅱ).

Codes between Poles: Linking Transcriptomic Insights into the Neurobiology of Bipolar Disorder.

Bipolar disorder (BPD) is a serious psychiatric condition that is characterized by the frequent shifting of mood patterns, ranging from manic to depressive episodes. Although there are already treatment strategies that aim at regulating the manifestations of this disorder, its etiology remains unclear and continues to be a question of interest within the scientific community. The development of RNA sequencing techniques has provided newer and better approaches to studying disorders at the transcriptomic level. Hence, using RNA-seq data, we employed intramodular connectivity analysis and network pharmacology assessment of disease-associated variants to elucidate the biological pathways underlying the complex nature of BPD. This study was intended to characterize the expression profiles obtained from three regions in the brain, which are the nucleus accumbens (nAcc), the anterior cingulate cortex (AnCg), and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), provide insights into the specific roles of these regions in the onset of the disorder, and present potential targets for drug design and development. The nAcc was found to be highly associated with genes responsible for the deregulated transcription of neurotransmitters, while the DLPFC was greatly correlated with genes involved in the impairment of components crucial in neurotransmission. The AnCg did show association with some of the expressions, but the relationship was not as strong as the other two regions. Furthermore, disease-associated variants or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified among the significant genes in BPD, which suggests the genetic interrelatedness of such a disorder and other mental illnesses. DRD2, GFRA2, and DCBLD1 were the genes with disease-associated variants expressed in the nAcc; ST8SIA2 and ADAMTS16 were the genes with disease-associated variants expressed in the AnCg; and FOXO3, ITGA9, CUBN, PLCB4, and RORB were the genes with disease-associated variants expressed in the DLPFC. Aside from unraveling the molecular and cellular mechanisms behind the expression of BPD, this investigation was envisioned to propose a new research pipeline in studying the transcriptome of psychiatric disorders to support and improve existing studies.

Layered target design method for global spectrum optimization of radioisotope production

Targets are irradiated in high-flux reactors to produce transplutonium isotopes. Neutron environment of the target is crucial for the production efficiency of transplutonium isotopes. To improve the production efficiency of transplutonium isotopes, it is necessary to research the optimization design of target. Taking the production of Californium-252 as an example, this study analyzed the impact of self-shielding effect in targets on the yield of transplutonium isotope based on the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) and High-Flux Fast Reactor (HFFR). The self-shielding effect leads to the hardening of the neutron spectrum inside the target and significantly reduces the conversion rate of nuclides. After conducting a refined energy spectrum analysis, we proposed a layered target design method based on the Genetic Algorithm (GA). To reduce computational costs, we propose a fixed source-burnup coupling approximate calculation method, which can avoid tedious burnup calculation and provide optimization direction. Using this method, we designed an optimal layered target scheme. Compared with non-layered target, the production efficiency of Cf-252 was increased by approximately 4.1 times. This study provides technical support for energy spectrum analysis and target design in producing transplutonium isotopes.

Seismic risk assessment of partially self-centering braced frames designed with multiple-objective-based method

Partially self-centering building structures are promising seismic resilient systems by balancing the reduction of residual deformations, nonstructural loss, and initial construction costs. This research seeks to establish a multiple-objective-design (MOD) approach for partially self-centering buckling restrained braced frames (PSBRBFs) and explore the risks associated with collapse, demolition, and nonstructural damage in PSBRBFs designed using the MOD approach. The peak displacement is set as an objective for achieving the desired collapse-prevention performance while the residual displacement is set as another objective to ensure the expected post-earthquake repairability. To this end, the step-by-step procedures of the MOD method are introduced based on the prediction models of peak and residual displacements of PSBRBFs. 6 building cases are designed with the MOD method. The dynamic results demonstrate that analyzed PSBRBFs can simultaneously achieve the targeted peak and residual displacements, validating the effectiveness of the MOD method. Seismic fragility assessments are conducted utilizing incremental dynamic analyses (IDAs) to investigate the influence of different performance objectives (i.e., different target peak and residual displacements) on the collapse, demolition, and nonstructural damage probabilities of PSBRBFs. And seismic risks of the designed PSBRBFs are investigated with the consideration of earthquake hazard risks. Results indicate that the demolition risks of the designed PSBRBFs are all larger than the corresponding collapse risks. Based on the analysis results, high PID and low RID design targets were recommended for practical applications to achieve excellent performance against demolition and comparable performance in avoiding collapse and nonstructural damage.

Simulated and measured performance of the ISIS TS-1 Project target

A new design of spallation target has been installed and operated at the first target station of the ISIS Neutron and Muon Source (ISIS TS-1), as part of the recently completed “TS-1 Project”. Detailed Finite Element Analysis (FEA) simulations were used to guide the design process and predict target performance. Since the TS-1 Project target began operation in November 2022, operating data has been collected and used to validate the target simulation approach. Measured temperatures of 9 out of 10 target plates showed good agreement with FEA simulations of both steady-state and transient behaviour. However, the front target plate temperature was elevated compared to predictions. Because the installed target was now too radioactive to permit hands-on inspection, FEA simulations became an indispensable tool to understand the possible causes and safety implications of this anomalous behaviour. The anomalous elevated temperature appears to be highly localised; a combination of simulations and experiments indicates the mostly likely cause is poor thermal contact between the thermocouple and the bulk of the target plate. In all other respects the target is operating as predicted, and is running reliably at up to 120 kW.

Research on column overdesign factor of reinforced concrete frame structures in the 2022 Ms 6.8 Luding earthquake

The strong column-weak beam failure mode of reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures is one of the most important targets of structural seismic design and is primarily realized by a reasonable column overdesign factor (COF). However, most RC frame structures in previous earthquakes were often subjected to strong beam-weak column failure modes. To address this issue, the RC frame with a strong column-weak beam failure mode and a typical strong beam-weak column RC frame in the 2022 Ms 6.8 Luding earthquake were intensively studied in this study. The differences between the two failure modes of the RC frame structure were comparatively analyzed at both the overall structure and member levels. A numerical simulation was conducted to obtain the structural response under actual ground motion. Finally, a probabilistic analysis method was adopted to process the COF data of the RC frame joints. The results indicate that the structural safety redundancy of the RC frame with the undesired failure mode cannot be fully utilized, whereas the RC frame with the strong column-weak beam failure mode allows more structural members to participate in the energy dissipation through a complex redistribution mechanism of internal forces. Damage to the infill wall further mitigates the degree of damage to the main structure and reduces the risk of soft-story failure. The COF of the actual RC frame structure shows a non-uniform distribution, and it is recommended that the COF be higher than 1.5 for the seismic design of the structure following the Chinese code.

LBE corrosion behavior of helium pre-irradiated martensitic steel

In the design of the spallation target of CiADS, T91 steel was selected for the most critical component, the beam window. A Si-modified martensitic steel (SIMP) has been currently developed, which has better corrosion resistance and is planning to replace T91 as a material of beam window in the future. In order to assess the effect of irradiation damage on the microstructure evolution and corrosion behavior of the SIMP, the pre-irradiated samples with irradiation doses from 5 × 1015 to 3 × 1017 He/cm2 exposed in static lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) with saturated oxygen at 350 °C for 4000 h were investigated. Results show that pre-irradiation neither change the double-layer structure of the oxide layer nor significantly affect the corrosion rate. This may be due to the slow diffusion of elements at low temperatures, and the low irradiation dose not reaching the threshold for triggering accelerated corrosion.

Targeting Design of Human Anti-idiotypic Genetically Engineered Antibody for Simulating the Structure and Insecticidal Function of Bt Cry1C Toxin.

The β-type anti-Id (Ab2β) is considered to have potential for simulating the structure and function of the antigen. In this study, a β-type anti-Id (3A7 anti-I-GEAb) of the Cry1C toxin was captured from a GEAb library. Subsequently, a higher activity of mutant (3A7 mutant 8) was obtained from the mutagenesis library based on 3A7 anti-I-GEAb. The LD50 values of 3A7 anti-I-GEAb and 3A7 mutant 8 reach up to 38.9% and 46.8% of Cry1C toxin for P. xylostella and reach up to 32.9% and 37.4% of Cry1C toxin for H. armigera. Additionally, an IC-ELISA was established based on 3A7 mutant 8 (as the coated "antigen"), with an LOD value of 0.35 ng/mL, exhibiting good accuracy and stability for detecting Cry1C toxin in spiked samples. The present β-type anti-I-GEAb not only exhibits insecticidal activity similar to Cry1C toxin, offering potential for environmentally friendly pest management, but it can also replace the Cry1C toxin structure to establish a highly sensitive and specific IC-ELISA for monitoring Cry1C toxin.

The 3D-QSAR Study, Molecular Docking, and ADMET Analysis of Darunavir Derivatives of HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors

Background: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is one of most prevalent infectious diseases in the world , and HIV-1 protease (PR) is a vital target of drug design. Nowadays, three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationships (3D-QSAR) are applied to help design new protease inhibitions (PIs). Objective: The primary objective of this study is to apply the 3D-QSAR study to a series of 42 derivatives of Darunavir (DRV) and to design new molecules possessing high antivirus activity. Methods: Partial Least Squares (PLS) were used to cross-validate the dataset of compounds, and the optimal number of principal components (ONC), cross-validate coefficient (q²), standard error of estimate (SEE), non-cross-validated correlation coefficient (R²) and fisher test value (F) were calculated to assess model robustness. In this study, the CoMSIA-DAH model (q²=0.754, r²= 0.988, rpred2=0.57) possessed the highest predicted activity. Newly designed molecules were analyzed by docking studies with compound 25 taken as a template. Results: Within eight newly designed drugs, compound N02 possessed the highest antivirus activity (IC50=0.00461 nM) predicted by the CoMSIA-DAH model. The Surflex-Dock module of SYBYL-X 2.0 was used to affirm the predicted anti-PR activity of the newly designed compounds and the results of docking complex structure could be visualized. All newly designed molecules were in agreement with CSore above four and the docking study revealed that Asp29, Asp30, Ile50, Asp124, Asp128, Asp129 and Ile149 were critical residues in the process of inhibiting PR. Conclusion: One of the main aspects of this study is the successful design of a series of molecules with excellent investigatory values, which elucidates explicit quantitative structure-activity relationships of DRV derivatives and will provide significant suggestions for future pharmaceutical research.

Salmonella pathogenesis-based In-silico design and immunoinformatic analysis of multi-epitope vaccine constructs in broiler veterinary medicine

Salmonellosis, a zoonotic gastrointestinal disease, presents a significant global health burden with a high incidence rate. Transmission primarily occurs through the consumption of contaminated poultry products, although water and contact with asymptomatic animals are also vectors. The disease’s pervasiveness has prompted international health organizations to advocate for robust prevention and control strategies. This study focuses on the in-silico design of a multi-epitope vaccine targeting Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium’s fimH protein, a fimbriae component crucial for bacterial adhesion and pathogenicity. The vaccine construct was developed by identifying and synthesizing non-allergenic, antigenic, and non-toxic epitopes for both Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes and Helper T Lymphocytes. Adjuvants were incorporated to enhance immunogenicity, and the vaccine’s structure was modeled using advanced bioinformatics tools. The proposed vaccine demonstrated promising antigenicity and immunogenicity profiles, with a favorable physical-chemical property analysis. The vaccine’s structures, designed by computational analysis, suggests high likelihood to native protein configurations. Antigenicity and allergenicity assessments validate the vaccine’s immunogenic potential and hypoallergenic nature. Physicochemical evaluations indicate favorable stability and solubility profiles, essential for vaccine efficacy. This comprehensive approach to vaccine design expressed in Chlorella vulgaris holds promises for effective salmonellosis control. The multi-epitope vaccine, designed through meticulous in-silico methods, emerges as a promising candidate for controlling salmonellosis. Its strategic construction based on the fimH protein epitopes offers a targeted approach to elicit a robust immune response, potentially curbing the spread of this disease in poultry.

Extent of Use of Virtual Field Trips in Instruction of History and Government Among Secondary Schools in Murang’a County, Kenya

The use of field trips for instruction has been limited by the cost of trips, logistical planning, time taken in traveling, and learners’ safety concerns. This has led to the adoption of Virtual Field Trips (VFTs) that offer opportunities for learners to virtually visit historical sites for learning. However, the utilization of VFTs in teaching and learning History and Government in secondary schools has not been sufficiently researched and documented in Kenya thus the essence of the study. The study was guided by Technological, Pedagogical, and Content Knowledge Theory (TPACK) and adopted a Quasi-Experimental Design targeting thirty-five public sub-county secondary schools. Schools and teachers were purposively sampled while learners were randomly selected. A sample size of 372 respondents took part in the study. Learners’ questionnaires, interview schedules for teachers, and classroom observation schedules were used to collect data. The study found that majority of teachers and learners were not aware of the use of VFTs for teaching and learning. Further, even after training, teachers were not able to effectively use VFTs in instruction. Against these findings, this study recommended that the Ministry of Education and Teachers Service Commission should team up and organize training for teachers to equip them with ICT skills for preparation and use of VFTs for teaching and learning. Also, teacher training institutions should endeavor to equip teacher trainees with ICT skills to exploit VFTs in their specific teaching-learning areas.

Effect of utilization of VFTs on teaching and learning History and Government in Murang’a County in Kenya

The adoption of Virtual Field Trips (VFTs) as a teaching method has provided opportunities for learners to virtually visit historical sites for learning. However, the effects of utilization of VFTs in instruction on students' performance in History and Government had not been sufficiently researched and documented in Kenya. Therefore, the essence the study was to establish how use of VFTs in teaching and learning affects learners' academic performance in History and Government in Murang’a County in Kenya. The study was guided by Technological, Pedagogical, and Content Knowledge Theory and adopted a Quasi-Experimental Design targeting 35 public sub-county secondary schools with a target population of 3,329 respondents. Schools and teachers were purposively sampled while learners were randomly selected. A sample size of 372 respondents made up of teachers and form one learners of History and Government took part in the study. Research instruments used were learners’ questionnaires, interview schedules for teachers, History and Government Assessment Tests, and classroom observation schedules. Piloting was done on all research instruments and reliability accepted r=0.657. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze data for descriptive and inferential statistics. The study found that use of VFTs significantly affected learners' academic performance at t (365) = 15.50, p=0.00. The study recommended teacher training institutions to equip teacher trainees with skills to exploit VFTs in teaching. A VFT teaching guideline was developed to assist teachers in preparation and use of VFTs for instructional purposes to improve teaching and learning for better academic performance.

Ultra-fast and accurate force spectrum prediction and inverse design of light-driven microstructure by deep learning

Light can mechanically manipulate micro-/nano-particles. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in designing particles that experience controlled optical forces by tailoring light scattering. However, the huge parameter space makes traditional computational approaches impractical. Here, using data calculated from the state-of-the-art Mie scattering-Maxwell stress tensor method, deep neural networks (DNNs) are trained to study the optical forces acting on microstructures composed of a 5 × 5 square grid where each site is either empty or occupied by a dielectric sphere. Different structure configurations can tailor light scattering and forces. This paper aims to obtain a configuration that experiences different predefined forces when illuminated by light of different frequencies. The design targets are imprinted in a pseudo-optical force spectrum using a generative network. Then, by integrating all the proposed DNNs, inverse design is performed, where from a given pseudo-optical force spectrum, a microstructure satisfying the design targets is obtained. Compared to traditional approaches, the DNNs approach is several orders of magnitude faster while maintaining a high accuracy. Furthermore, for designing microstructures, this circumvents the need for iterative optimization. This approach paves the way for efficiently developing light-driven machines such as nano-drones or nano-vehicles, where tailored multiple-frequency responses are required.

A Longitudinal Analysis of Memory Immune Responses in Convalescent Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Survivors in Uganda.

Evaluating the adaptive immune responses to natural infection with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus (CCHFV) in human survivors is critical to the development of medical countermeasures. However, the correlates of protection are unknown. As the most prevalent tick-borne human hemorrhagic fever virus with case fatality rates of 5%-30% and worldwide distribution, there is an urgent need to fill these knowledge gaps. Here, we describe adaptive immune responses in a cohort of Ugandan CCHF survivors via serial sampling over 6 years. We demonstrate persistent antibodies after infection and cross-neutralization against various clades of authentic CCHFV, as well as potent effector function. Moreover, we show for the first time persistent, polyfunctional antigen-specific memory T-cell responses to multiple CCHFV proteins up to 9 years after infection. Together, this data provides immunological benchmarks for evaluating CCHFV medical countermeasures and information that can be leveraged toward vaccine immunogen design and viral target identification for monoclonal antibody therapies.

Switching figure-of-merit, optimal design, and power loss limit of (ultra-) wide bandgap power devices: A perspective

Power semiconductor devices are utilized as solid-state switches in power electronics systems, and their overarching design target is to minimize the conduction and switching losses. However, the unipolar figure-of-merit (FOM) commonly used for power device optimization does not directly capture the switching loss. In this Perspective paper, we explore three interdependent open questions for unipolar power devices based on a variety of wide bandgap (WBG) and ultra-wide bandgap (UWBG) materials: (1) What is the appropriate switching FOM for device benchmarking and optimization? (2) What is the optimal drift layer design for the total loss minimization? (3) How does the device power loss compare between WBG and UWBG materials? This paper starts from an overview of switching FOMs proposed in the literature. We then dive into the drift region optimization in 1D vertical devices based on a hard-switching FOM. The punch-through design is found to be optimal for minimizing the hard-switching FOM, with reduced doping concentration and thickness compared to the conventional designs optimized for static FOM. Moreover, we analyze the minimal power loss density for target voltage and frequency, which provides an essential reference for developing device- and package-level thermal management. Overall, this paper underscores the importance of considering switching performance early in power device optimization and emphasizes the inevitable higher density of power loss in WBG and UWBG devices despite their superior performance. Knowledge gaps and research opportunities in the relevant field are also discussed.

Discovery of the selective and nanomolar inhibitor of DPP-4 more potent than sitagliptin by structure-guided rational design

Various therapeutic targets and approaches are commonly employed in the management of Type 2 Diabetes. These encompass diverse groups of drugs that target different mechanisms involved in glucose regulation. Inhibition of the DPP-4 enzyme has been proven an excellent target for antidiabetic drug design. Our previous work on discovering multitarget antidiabetic drugs led to the identification of a gallic acid-thiazolidinedione hybrid as a potent DPP4 inhibitor (IC50 = 36 nM). In current research, our efforts resulted in a new dihydropyrimidine-based scaffold with enhanced DPP4 inhibition potential. After virtual evaluation, the designed molecules with excellent interaction patterns and binding energy values were synthesized in the wet laboratory. The inhibition potential of synthesized compounds was assessed against the DPP-4 enzyme. Compound 46 with single digit IC50 value 2 nM exhibited 4-fold and 18-fold higher activity than Sitagliptin and our previously reported hybrid respectively. Moreover, compounds 46, 47 and 50 have shown manyfold selectivity against DPP8 and DPP9. Further pretreatment with compounds 43, 45–47 and 50 (at doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg) in OGTT conducted on rats resulted in a significant decrease in the serum glucose levels compared to the control group. In the long-term STZ-induced diabetic rats, tested compound 50 performed similarly to the reference drug. Molecular dynamics simulations and in-silico molecular docking studies were employed to elucidate the time-dependent interactions of inhibitors within the active sites of DPP4. The compounds examined in this work might serve as a possible lead in the development of effective diabetic mellitus treatments.

Discovery of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase as a Potential Fungicide Target and Screening of its Natural Inhibitors against Fusarium verticillioides.

Fusarium verticillioides is the primary pathogen causing ear rot and stalk rot in corn (Zea mays). It not only affects yields but also produces mycotoxins endangering both human and animal health. Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) is essential for the oxidation of aldehydes in living organisms, making it a potential target for human drug design. However, there are limited reports on its function in plant pathogenic fungus. In this study, we analyzed the expression levels and gene knockout mutants, revealing that ALDH genes FvALDH-43 and FvALDH-96 in F. verticillioides played significant roles in pathogenicity and resistance to low-temperature stress by affecting antioxidant capacity. Virtual screening for natural product inhibitors and molecular docking were performed targeting FvALDH-43 and FvALDH-96. Following the biological activity analysis, three natural flavonoid compounds featuring a 2-hydroxyphenol chromene were identified. Among these, Taxifolin exhibited the highest biological activity and low toxicity. Both in vitro and in vivo biological evaluations confirmed that Taxifolin targeted ALDH and inhibited its activity. These findings indicate that aldehyde dehydrogenase may serve as a promising target for the design of novel fungicides.

Structural Insight Into the Function of DnaB Helicase in Bacterial DNA Replication.

In bacteria, chromosome replication is achieved by the coordinations of more than a dozen replisome enzymes. Replication initiation protein DnaA melts DNA duplex at replication origin (oriC) and forms a replication bubble, followed by loading of helicase DnaB with the help of loader protein DnaC. Then the DnaB helicase unwinds the dsDNA and supports the priming of DnaG and the polymerizing of DNA polymerase. The DnaB helicase functions as a platform coupling unwinding, priming, and polymerizing events. The multiple roles of DnaB helicase are underlined by its distinctive architecture and dynamics conformations. In this review, we will discuss the assembling of DnaB hexamer and the conformational changes upon binding of various partners, DnaB in states of closed dilated (CD), closed constricted (CC), closed helical (CH), and open helical (OH) are discussed. These multiple interfaces among DnaB and partners are potential targets for inhibitors design and novel peptide antibiotics development.