Target Community Research Articles

NGOs and the Effectiveness of Interventions

Abstract Programs implemented by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) are often more effective than comparable efforts by other actors, yet relatively little is known about how implementer identity drives final outcomes. By combining a stratified field experiment in India with a triple-difference estimation strategy, we show that a local development NGO’s prior engagement with target communities increases the effectiveness of a technology promotion program implemented in these areas by at least 30%. This “NGO reputation effect” has implications for the generalizability and scalability of evidence from experimental research conducted with local implementation partners.

Factors Influencing Vaccine Receipt During a 2018 Pediatric Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine Campaign in Navi Mumbai, India.

In 2018, the Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation implemented phase 1 of a public sector typhoid conjugate vaccine campaign in Navi Mumbai, India, targeting all children aged 9 months to 14 years within its administrative boundaries. To assess associations with receipt of vaccine in phase 1, we used generalized estimating equations to calculate estimates of vaccination by child-, household-, and community-level demographics (child education and age; household head education, income, and occupation; community informal settlement percent). Campaign vaccine receipt was most associated with children enrolled in school (odds ratio [OR] = 3.84, 95% CI: 2.18-6.77), the lowest household income tertile when divided into three equal parts (OR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.43-1.84), and lower community-level socioeconomic status (OR = 1.06, 95% CI: 1.04-1.08 per 10% informal settlement proportion). The campaign was successful in reaching the most underserved populations of its target communities.

Co-designing place-based co-located health and wellbeing infrastructure and services with high school students, educators, and health service providers

This research involved working with high school students, teachers, Guidance Officers/School Counsellors, and other stakeholders, to co-design a new Community Hub to be co-located at a high school in a high-priority community. This article describes the co-design processes undertaken to engage children and young people and adult stakeholders in the ideation and design phase of infrastructure and service development to support health and wellbeing needs of a high priority community (low service uptake/high health needs). The key insights developed from these engagement processes pointed a way forward for the next stages of infrastructure and service delivery development and led to the development of several visual depictions of the complexities of stakeholder interests. This article argues that meaningful engagement of potential future users of place-based integrated health and wellbeing services enables responsive infrastructure designs that meet future needs of both target communities and service providers.

Pendampingan Teknis Teknologi Tepat Guna Budidaya Udang Vaname Skala Kecil di Desa Pengambengan, Jembrana, Bali

Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) is one of Indonesia's fishery commodities with high economic value in the domestic and foreign markets. They are applying appropriate technology through small-scale shrimp farming aimed to transfer technology in partner villages from traditional to intensive systems. This program was an effort to improve the welfare of the fishery community in Desa Pengambengan, Jembrana, Bali. This program was carried out in May‒July 2022, and it involved the Mina Jaya Fish Cultivator Group as the target community. The activity program was carried out through several stages, including audience activity, counseling, technical assistance, and monitoring and evaluation. The activity succeeded in increasing the knowledge and skills of the target community regarding vaname shrimp cultivation in detail. Technical assistance for cultivation activities has increased community understanding of small-scale intensive shrimp cultivation, minimizing errors and increasing program success. Monitoring and evaluation are carried out to determine the sustainability of activities in the target community. This community service activity has succeeded in increasing the productivity of Pacific white shrimp cultivation and technology transfer from the traditional system to a small-scale intensive system.

Infographics as a tool for presentation of an organisation in the media space

Infographics are used to display information in a visual form with a graphic component, and have become widespread due to the convergence of the media space, which has transformed the processes of collecting, processing, broadcasting, and, most importantly, presenting information. The purpose of the article is to consider infographics as a media format for self-presentation of an organisation, as a tool for managing its image. The conducted analysis allows us to show a classification of the infographics according to the following criteria: display method, data type, purpose, presentation format, presence of interactivity, and time perspective. The functionality of the infographics is quite wide: these are functions, such as cognitive, analytical, factual, instructive, argumentative, ascertaining, attractive, expressive, aesthetic, identification, decorative, etc. However, some functions are still not sufficiently disclosed. The article examines the function of presenting the infographics in the media space and, based on a rapid survey, shows its importance in terms of informing the audience about the content of the organisation’s activities, revealing the viral potential of the infographics and its impact on the positive perception of the audience. This all points to the possibility of using the infographics as a media format for self-presentation of an organisation in various target communities, as an effective tool for managing image perception.

Bridging the knowledge gap: educational needs of Iranian women for virtual breast cancer prevention: a qualitative study

BackgroundBreast cancer prevention is a globally significant and cost-effective public health priority, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Empowering women through improved health literacy is a key strategy for reducing the disease burden. However, effective educational programs must be tailored to the specific cultural context and needs of the target community. This study explored the educational needs of Iranian women for a virtual breast cancer prevention program.MethodsA descriptive qualitative design was used from January to July 2022. Purposive sampling with maximum variation was utilized to recruit a sample of 28 participants. Data collection was conducted through semi-structured interviews. Following the method outlined by Graneheim and Lundman, qualitative content analysis was employed to analyze the interview data. MAXQDA 2020 software was used for data analysis. Components of trustworthiness, including credibility, dependability, confirmability, and transferability, were considered.ResultsOur findings identified three primary categories: “developing women’s scientific, practical, and attitudinal capabilities”; “features of program content”; and “principles of electronic content design”. These results offer valuable insights into the educational needs of Iranian women for virtual breast cancer prevention programs.ConclusionsTo design an effective virtual program, it is crucial to address all three domains: cognitive, emotional, and psychomotor. Program content should be organized and presented using methods that sensitize women to the importance of breast cancer prevention and motivate them to participate. Furthermore, the program’s design should be grounded in evidence-based practices and principles of electronic content design, ensuring cultural sensitivity to the needs of Iranian women.

Why Target Communities Remain Subjects Rather than Partners of Development Agencies in Integrated Conservation and Development Projects in Latin America

AbstractDespite repeated calls for locally anchored Integrated Conservation and Development Projects (ICDPs), the decision-making authority of targeted Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities (IPLCs) remains limited. This paper is grounded on an Institutional Logics perspective to examine the role of major development agencies—the World Bank (WB), the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), and the German Development Bank (KfW)—in perpetuating this challenge. Interviews with project managers in the Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) region reveal complex internal hierarchies, risk-focus, high performance pressure, a “better than nothing” rationale, and a hands-off approach to community participation. We argue that these tendencies are rooted in organisational structure and individual mentalities that constitute a project management logic, which in turn raises concerns about the ability and willingness of development agencies to foster local project ownership of ICDPs. The paper calls for the international donor community to reflect on and transform such management logic, and to allocate more substantial decision-making power and resources to local representatives.

Adherence to referral advice and its associated factors among community drug distributors and caregiver during SMC implementation in nine states

BackgroundMalaria is a global public health problem that disproportionately affects under-five children in poor resource countries. Nigeria accounted for the highest burden of malaria in Western Africa. Thus, seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) programmes have been recommended and have been implemented across 9 states (Bauchi, Borno, FCT, Kebbi, Kogi, Nasarawa, Plateau, Oyo and Sokoto) in Nigeria. The study aims to measure the adherence to referral protocol and its associated factors among community drug distributors (CDs) and caregivers during SMC implementation in nine states.MethodsThe data of caregiver-child pairs that were identified with fever during the cycle one SMC implementation was extracted from the End-of-cycle (EoC) surveys carried out following cycles one SMC implementation in the study states. The surveys were completed within two weeks of the completion of SMC cycle one. Mixed-effects multivariable logistic regression models were fitted to explore the factors associated with adherence to referrals among caregivers-child pairs.ResultsThe socio-demographic characteristics of caregiver considered in the model were not found to be significantly associated with children down with fever taking to hospital for treatment, however the caregiver whose child was referred by CDs had significantly higher odds of seeking healthcare compared to those that were not referred (OR: 1.892, 95% CI 1.081–3.310, p = 0.025). There are higher odds of children seeking treatment among those that were referred by CDs.ConclusionThe study's findings shed light on the adherence to referral advice and the factors influencing caregiver behaviour during SMC implementation. Referral of sick child during SMC campaign appears to ensure health-seeking for malaria case management among caregivers-child peer in target communities.

Cultural adaptations of the WHO iSupport for dementia: A scoping review.

The World Health Organisation (WHO) has developed iSupport for Dementia, a self-paced online training programme for caregivers of people with dementia which is adaptable to different cultural contexts. This scoping review aims to understand the iSupport adaptation process in different countries and provide recommendations for future adaptations. A systematic search was done in electronic databases such as Pubmed, MEDLINE, APA PsycINFO, and EMBASE to obtain relevant publications up to 18 February 2024. Only full-text publications describing iSupport cultural adaptation process were included. The publications obtained were reviewed using the Cultural Adaptation Process framework. Thirteen publications from ten studies were eligible for inclusion. Based on the Cultural Adaptation Process framework, the steps undertaken in the studies were grouped into: (i) setting the stage, (ii) initial adaptation, and (iii) adaptation iterations. The three significant players in this process are the intervention developer (researchers), the cultural adaptation specialist (researchers, caregivers, and dementia care professionals), and the target community (caregivers). In the publications reviewed, cultural adaptation was mostly undertaken using a co-design process between researchers, caregivers, and dementia care professionals deciding on necessary modifications. iSupport for Dementia is a versatile programme to support caregivers and is readily available for adaptation to different cultural settings. It is essential to engage caregivers early in co-designing its cultural adaptations to ensure their needs can be met by this online tool.

Peran Pemerintah Kota Surabaya dalam Kebijakan Pemberdayaan Anak Disabilitas di Kota Surabaya

Disability empowerment is one form of government effort in the welfare of people who have physical and mental limitations. The Surabaya City Government has currently made efforts to empower disabilities by providing formal and non-formal guidance activities. This is implemented by the development of Kampung Anak Negeri and Rumah Anak Prestasi under the auspices of the Surabaya City Social Service. This research uses descriptive qualitative methods with data collection techniques through observation, literature study, and in-depth interviews. The results obtained based on Gede Diva's theory are in line with the results of the research conducted, namely (1) Facilitator, as evidenced by providing several facilities such as providing assistance such as subsidies for goods, services or capital, providing training tailored to the needs of the target community of the program. (2) Regulator, as evidenced by the government to RAP and KANRI making regulations or rules and regulations related to the implementation of the disability empowerment program. (3) Catalyst, the government conducts technical guidance in carrying out empowerment before going to the field.

SHOPI (Sosialisasi Pencegahan Hipertensi): Building Community Resilience Against Hypertension in Banyuwangi, Indonesia

This community service was aimed at increasing knowledge to preventhypertension by utilizing the role of mother cadres of PKK, which stands for Pemberdayaandan Kesejahteraan Keluarga, a hamlet/village-level association focusing on family welfareand empowerment. These cadres are representatives of neighborhood associations (RT/Rukun Tetangga) in the village area. This community empowerment was held throughcounseling lectures. This activity was carried out in 2022; the data, which were theparticipants’ responses, were collected using pretest and post-test questionnaires. Thesampling was carried out using accidental sampling with a cross-sectional design. Thisactivity targeted 30 PKK mothers as representatives from each neighborhood in KarangrejoVillage, Banyuwangi Regency. This empowerment increased the knowledge of the targetcommunity regarding the prevention of hypertension by 22.7 points. The average score ofthe participants’ pretest was 52.26, and that of the post-test was 74.96. This is in line withstudies that found that community service activities carried out using the roles of cadresand the elderly showed optimal results in increasing the target communities’ knowledge inthe operation of tensimeters and measuring blood sugar, uric acid, and cholesterol as wellas increasing knowledge of cadres and the elderly in hypertension management, and dietarymanagement of hypertension. The SHOPI Project (Education on Hypertension Prevention)effectively enhances public awareness regarding hypertension prevention, with a focus onwomen from the PKK community in Karangrejo Village, Banyuwangi Regency.

The power of arts‐based film interventions to encourage Black blood donors

AbstractBackgroundBlood services must consider innovative ways to encourage more Black people to donate to enhance the efficacy of treatments. We evaluate how two innovative arts‐based approaches (co‐designed and locally produced films and a large‐scale Marvel Studios'/NHSBT collaboration) can achieve this by generalizing to a wider audience from their target audiences.Study Design and MethodsFour co‐designed short community films were produced in the United Kingdom: Comedy, Reciprocity, Donor‐Recipient, and Sliding Doors. In Study 1 (N = 44: Black people), these films were evaluated in the target community in which they were produced. In Study 2 (N = 1237: Black = 638, White = 599), the community and Marvel Black Panther/NHSBT films were evaluated in a nontarget general population sample. Evaluations were in terms of campaign behavioral efficacy (e.g., willingness to donate, encourage others to donate) and affect. These analyses were segmented by donor status, age, and gender.ResultsStudy 1 shows that the community groups rated the films very positively, with over 90% stating that they would be convinced to donate blood. Study 2 shows the results from the community films generalized to the general population, with the Black Panther film also rated positively in the general population. Three community films and the Black Panther film were rated equally positively. There were notable differences across generations and by donor status.DiscussionThe results highlight the power of arts‐based approaches (both locally co‐produced community films and franchise collaborations) in encouraging donors within their target audiences and, importantly, on the broader population.

Integration of Local Cultural Knowledge in the Community Products Design and Development

integration of local cultural knowledge in community products through the framework of cultural capital and wisdom across eight categories. A qualitative method involved in-depth interviews with 30 individuals, including 15 entrepreneurs and 15 cultural experts selected from five target communities. The findings reveal the context of local cultural knowledge available in the communities, and the integration of local cultural knowledge being integrated into the community product development processes. It is also found that despite the presence of diverse local cultures, these cultural resources are underutilized in product design and development due to a lack of knowledge and awareness regarding the significance of product identity.

Abstract A107: Be Part of the Cure Clinical Trials Campaign: Koreans, Hispanic/Latino/a/e/x, and Black/African Americans living in Los Angeles County

Abstract Background. There is negative perception and lack of participation in clinical trials among Koreans, Hispanic/Latino/a/e/x, and Black/African Americans living in Los Angeles County, which may be attributed to cultural beliefs, language barriers, historical mistrust of medical research, and lack of awareness about the benefits of participation. Without representation from diverse groups, there may be missed opportunities to develop personalized treatment approaches tailored to specific genetic, cultural, and lifestyle factors. Methods. Cedars Sinai Cancer Community Outreach and Engagment (COE) developed a multi-level approach to increase representation of minority populations in clinical trials. With active Community Advisory Board involvement in the development and implementation, a culturally sensitive clinical trials awareness campaign, “Be Part of the Cure”, was developed to offer in-language cancer information, education on clinical trials, and navigation through the cancer care continuum. To support patients and facilitate access to trials, COE has developed bi-directional engagement between CCSC physicians, nurses and Clinical Trials Office representatives, FQHCs, and community and faith-based organizations to ensure a seamless navigation process to care. Additionally, our multicultural and multilingual COE staff have trained Community Health Workers and navigators to expand our outreach efforts and effectively engage our target communities. Results. In total, COE has facilitated 7 health education workshops and attended 3 community outreach events with 501 people educated (37% or 184 Black/African American; 25% or 123 Asians; 17% or 87 Hispanic/Latinx; and 21% or 107 White). Pre/post-tests administered to 73 Koreans during health education workshops showed significant increase in positive perception on clinical trials from 57% to 95%. Korean (n=9) cancer patients have expressed interest in clinical trials, and 1 have been enrolled in Neoadjuvant HER2-Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy with Pembrolizumab clinical trial. Among Hispanic/Latinx/a/o community, 1 clinical trials health awareness workshop was convened with clinicians who presented to promotores, patients, caregivers, survivors and community members. There were 25 people who completed the pre/post test. There was an increase in positive perception on clinical trials from 52% to 100%, willingness to participate from 60% to 96%, and likelihood of encouraging others to participate from 60% to 96%. In the Black/African American community, 1 clinical trials health awareness workshop was also convened. Among attendees, 21 people completed Pre/Post Test and positive perception on clincal trials increased from 47% to 85%, willingness to participate from 43% to 81%, and likehood on encouraging others to participate from 52% to 81%. Conclusion. Efforts to increase diversity and inclusion in clinical trials should focus on culturally sensitive recruitment strategies, language accessibility, community engagement, and building trust between researchers and communities. Citation Format: Ghecemy Lopez, Dong Hee Kim, Zul Surani, Lourdes Barajas. Be Part of the Cure Clinical Trials Campaign: Koreans, Hispanic/Latino/a/e/x, and Black/African Americans living in Los Angeles County [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 17th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2024 Sep 21-24; Los Angeles, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2024;33(9 Suppl):Abstract nr A107.

Pelatihan dan Pengembangan E-commerce UMKM Produksi Keripik Desa Gunting Dalam Masa Pandemi Covid-19

Gunting Village has good potential in the UMKM sector that is developed, one example is the UMKM production of chips. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a decrease in market demand for chip products. This is caused by the decline in people's purchasing power, limited access to marketing, and the lack of innovative types of marketing that are carried out. E-commerce is considered capable of being an alternative marketing method. The purpose of this service program is to provide assistance and training to chips UMKM owners in Gunting Village regarding online product marketing in the midst of a pandemic. The method used is the Action Research method which involves the target community group, namely the owners of UMKM chips in Gunting Village. Through the results of the Focus Group Discussion and identification of problems carried out, the agreed solution was socialization, training and mentoring activities. The service team offers efforts to expand people's knowledge about how to modify their marketing in e-commerce. It is hoped that these UMKM actors will be able to expand the range of the products they market with e-commerce features during this pandemic. Activities carried out by the service team include socialization, training and assistance regarding how important and multifunctional the market place is, and social media. The result of this activity is that the UMKM community in Gunting Village has started marketing UMKM products with e-commerce, and the virtual promotion they are doing has also been formed.

Decision-making method for low-carbon transformation technology in existing residential areas based on knowledge graph and scenario analysis methods

ABSTRACT Cities are the main contributors to carbon dioxide emissions, and communities are crucial for implementing urban low-carbon emissions. As a result of the controversies surrounding existing transformation technologies and the varying conditions faced by different targets for transformation, an effective method is required for application in specific target communities to achieve good carbon reduction effects. We propose a method that utilizes the knowledge graph and scenario analysis to systematically screen and evaluate community low-carbon technologies. First, a comprehensive knowledge map spanning multiple fields was constructed, and the correlations were analyzed using CiteSpace. Additionally, we categorized the transformation technologies into nine scenarios to assess their effectiveness and feasibility across different community contexts. Finally, the near-zero carbon emission community pilot area of Shenzhen City was selected as a case study, and the method was applied as a demonstration. The total carbon emissions of the pilot community were reduced by 43% after applying the proposed method. This method is helpful for technical screening at the low-carbon transformation stage and also provides a useful reference for the low-carbon construction stage of communities.

Measurement of the social investment impact of the bahtera segara program using the social return on investment method (SROI)

PT Pertamina Patra Niaga Integrated Terminal Semarang conducted this study to analyze the impact of the BAHTERA SEGARA (Bahagia Sejahtera Nelayan Pesisir Semarang Utara) Program, aiming to enhance the program's quality in the future. This research employs the SROI method to measure the impact of all activities carried out by PT Pertamina Patra Niaga Integrated Terminal Semarang within the framework of the BAHTERA SEGARA (Bahagia Sejahtera Nelayan Pesisir Pesisir Semarang Utara) Program. Based on the study results of the BAHTERA SEGARA Program (Bahagia Sejahtera Nelayan Pesisir Semarang Utara), this program has proven to be effective and has a significant positive impact. The program has succeeded in improving the economic, social, and environmental welfare of the target community groups and communities that replicate it independently. Increasing SROI scores from 2020 to 2023 indicate that the program is increasingly effective in delivering benefits, particularly through the replication of food crop cultivation and increased fish processing productivity. The program also contributes to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and supports climate change adaptation efforts. The program's successful replication demonstrates the effectiveness of BAHTERA SEGARA as a collective learning tool, as well as its potential for replication in other areas with similar conditions.

Social-Cultural Factors Influence on Management of Shared Sanitation, in Nakuru Town West Slums

Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target 6.2 calls for 'adequate and equitable sanitation for all.' However, rapid urbanization in developing countries has led to the growth of slums, where access to private toilets is impractical. Evident studies showed that shared toilets are more often poorly managed with adverse harmful health risks such as diarrheal diseases, environmental pollution, and economic deprivations. The study's specific objective was to establish social-cultural factors influencing the management of shared sanitation in Nakuru Town's west slums, Nakuru County, Kenya. The study adopted a convergent parallel mixed-method design involving 288 household heads selected through a cluster and random sampling technique. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire and interview guides. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics was computed. The study findings indicated that the majority, 74.7%, of shared sanitation was poorly managed. The study established statistically significant associations of secondary education (p=0.024), marital status (p=0.025), user satisfaction (p=0.001), household sharing (p=0.000), social norms (p=0.001), cultural beliefs (p=0.002), Rituals on use and cleaning toilet (p=0.038), Privacy and modesty concerns (p=0.002) and management of shared sanitation. In conclusion, a large proportion of households in slums used poorly managed shared sanitation due to the influence of multiple factors like users' satisfaction, Household sharing, marital status, social norms, and cultural beliefs, thus polluting the public health of the place. The study recommended that the Government and all other agencies implementing sanitation promotion interventions should understand the social-cultural practices of the target communities and articulate this knowledge to tailor sanitation initiatives effectively. Future studies should focus on implementing and assessing the effectiveness of behavioral interventions.

Improving parenting and healthy nutrition for stunted toddler mothers through community service programs

Stunting is a significant public health problem, especially among toddlers, caused by chronic malnutrition and suboptimal parenting. This community service program aims to overcome these problems by providing relevant education and interventions to mothers of toddlers who experience stunting. This program aims to improve the knowledge and skills of mothers under five in terms of parenting and healthy nutrition, as well as encourage behavioral changes that support optimal child growth and development. This program is carried out through a series of educational activities, including training on balanced nutrition, how to serve nutritious food, and parenting techniques that support children's health. In addition, this activity also involves direct counseling and the provision of educational materials that are easy to understand by mothers of toddlers. The evaluation was carried out to measure the improvement of parenting knowledge, skills, and practices and their impact on the nutritional status of children. Early results showed a significant increase in maternal knowledge about the importance of balanced nutrition and healthy parenting. Practical skills in the presentation of nutritious food have also improved. Further evaluation showed that there was an improvement in the nutritional status of toddlers and a decrease in the prevalence of stunting in the target community. This community service program has succeeded in improving parenting and healthy nutrition knowledge for mothers of stunted toddlers. This intervention is expected to be a model for similar programs in other regions and make a positive contribution to reducing stunting rates more broadly

DEVELOPING A LOCALIZED OPTIMAL FLOOD BARRIER IN THE PHILIPPINES

In the Philippines, flood is a usual experience due to its geographical location near the equator. This calls for governmental units to establish flood control protocols that utilize equipment to effectively mitigate the impact of the floods. However, the existing protocols lack proper equipment integrated in their flood protocols that effectively handle flood occurrences. This research aims to improvise the current practices of the Philippine local government units in combating flood by proposing the optimal flood barrier design to be deployed for flood control and damage mitigation and investigate the optimal flood barrier for deployment. The methodology involves revisiting operational manuals of the target community of the Philippine governmental units and exploring existing flood barrier designs in literature and the market, whether in or out of the Philippines. Barriers designed in the literature and market were investigated, where there is a physical experiment conducted for the optimal design using physics concepts and past tests performed by studies. Results demonstrated the amount of force that can be resisted by the barriers, the amount of flood water until it floats, and the maximum velocity until barriers move. This is the first study to investigate the designs of flood barriers that are suitable for deployment and selects the optimal barrier for flood control for the Philippine setting while integrating it to the Philippine flood protocols. This research will be valuable to studies in regards with flood emergency disaster management planning.