Target Carcinogenic Risk Research Articles

Health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in minerals-fortified milk and young child formula in Brazil

Exposure to potentially toxic elements above certain limits can cause adverse effects on human health, with young children being the most vulnerable. Then, the aim of this study was to determine, by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), the concentration of potentially toxic elements (Al, As, Cd, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sn, Ti, and U) in minerals-fortified milk (MFM) and young child formula (YCF) commercialized in Brazil and recommended for children aged 1–3 years. High concentrations (mg kg−1) were found in MFM and YCF, respectively, for Ti (21.1–23.7 and 8.62–25.7), Al (0.59–4.69 and 0.23–4.92), and Ni (0.66–2.89 and 1.09–1.59). Total As concentrations varied from 0.02 to 0.07 mg kg−1, Pb, Sn, Cd, and U were present at low concentrations and Hg was not detected in any sample. The target hazard quotient (THQ) and the target carcinogenic risk (TCR) were also determined, and almost all the THQ values were found below 1, except for Ni, indicating potential risk to children in two of the brands analyzed. The concentrations determined for total As were worrying because, if it was inorganic form, all analyzed samples would represent health and cancer risk, indicating the urgent need for updated protocols for As speciation and food monitoring in the Brazilian market. Thus, controlling the processing and increasing the monitoring of these products is essential to avoid adverse effects on children’s health in the short and long term.

Pollution of four heavy metal elements in dried chili peppers in Guizhou Province and its health risk assessment

This study aimed to evaluate arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and lead (Pb) levels in dried chili peppers from nine districts in Guizhou Province. These heavy metals, widely dispersed and capable of transferring to crops, pose potential health risks to humans. The assessment included modeling daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), total target hazard index (TTHQ), and target carcinogenic risk (TCR) to assess health risks across different population groups. Results showed chromium (0.9540 ± 0.301 mg/kg) and lead (0.8949 ± 0.266 mg/kg) had the highest concentrations, followed by arsenic (0.3287 ± 0.093 mg/kg) and cadmium (0.0627 ± 0.017 mg/kg). Children exhibited higher EDI values than adults, indicating greater health risks from dried chili pepper consumption at equivalent levels. THQ and TTHQ values were below 1 across all regions, indicating no significant health risks associated with dried chili pepper consumption. Similarly, TCR values were below 10–4 for all nine regions, indicating an acceptable level of carcinogenic risk. Overall, consuming dried chili peppers in Guizhou Province poses an acceptable health risk, but caution is advised, especially for children, to limit heavy metal exposure.

Heavy metals in wastewater and fish collected from waste stabilization pond and human health risks in southwestern Ethiopia

IntroductionThis study aimed to measure the concentration of toxic heavy metals in wastewater samples and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) species inhabiting wastewater (waste stabilization ponds) and evaluate their safety as a food source in southwestern Ethiopia. For this purpose, toxic metals like lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), and mercury (Hg) in wastewater samples and fish tissues (muscle, gill, and liver) were independently examined.MethodsA laboratory-based cross-sectional study was performed to ascertain the levels of Pb, Cd, As, and Hg in the fish tissues of O. niloticus and wastewater samples. Heavy metal levels were analyzed by microplasma atomic emission spectrometry (Agilent 4210 MP-AES) and hydrogen-generated atomic absorption spectrometry (HGAAS, novAA 400P, Germany).ResultsHeavy metal concentrations were measured in the following decreasing order (µg L−1): Cd > Pb > As > Hg in facultative and maturation ponds, with Cd (27.66 µg L−1) having the highest concentration and Hg (0.349 µg L−1) having the lowest concentration. Among the heavy metals detected in the wastewater samples, Hg showed a statistically significant difference between the sampling points (p = 0.023). The maximum metal concentration was measured for Pb (0.35 mg kg−1) and Cd (0.24 mg kg−1) in the muscle tissue of O. niloticus. The value of arsenic (0.02 mg kg−1) detected in fish edible muscles exceeded the FAO/WHO maximum permissible limit (MPL = 0.01) for human consumption. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks of consuming fish due to trace metals were relatively low and posed fewer potential threats to human health. According to this finding, children were more susceptible to heavy metal exposure than adults.ConclusionDue to the high quantities of these harmful heavy metals, wastewater from oxidation ponds should not be used for fishing to avoid bioaccumulation. The target carcinogenic risk (TR) and target hazard quotient (THQ) indicated that all heavy metals were below the safe threshold. This research will provide a baseline for monitoring trace metals in various edible aquatic creatures and for future research in artificial habitats and regulatory considerations.

Bioaccumulation of trace metals in edible terrestrial snails, Theba pisana and Otala spp., in a dumpsite area in Morocco and assessment of human health risks for consumers.

This study assessed the bioaccumulation patterns of five trace metals (Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, and Zn) in two edible snail species, Theba pisana and Otala spp., collected from a dumpsite in Safi City, Morocco. The results indicated that bioaccumulation might be species-specific, as metal concentration profiles varied between the two snail species. Additionally, higher metal levels in the dumpsite snails confirmed their potential as bioindicators of trace metal pollution in terrestrial environments. However, the distribution of trace elements within the edible parts of the snails showed marked unevenness, with the viscera accumulating more metals than the foot. The study also evaluated the potential human health risks associated with consuming these snails. Trace metal levels in the edible parts exceeded most international safety thresholds. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of trace metals through snail consumption were below the provisional tolerable daily intakes (PTDIs) for both children and adults, suggesting that daily consumption is generally safe. Nonetheless, the hazard index (HI) indicated that children might face health risks from long-term consumption of contaminated snails (HI > 1), while adults are less likely to experience such complications (HI < 1). The total target carcinogenic risk (TTCR) was below 1E-04 for both children and adults, indicating negligible to acceptable carcinogenic risks for all consumer groups.

Unveiling the Rising Threat of Cadmium Pollution and Alarming Health Risks Associated with the Consumption of 15 Commercially Important Fish Species in the Middle Stretch of River Ganga, at Patna, India.

Among environmental contaminants, the rising level of cadmium in freshwater ecosystems is one of the most significant global concerns. The study addresses the current pollution status of cadmium in the middle stretch of River Ganga and explores the potential hazard associated with the consumption of 15 commercially important fish species by the inhabitants. Together 72 water and sediment samples were analyzed from the four representative sampling sites of River Ganga after the surveillance of major anthropogenic stressors. The concentration of cadmium ranges from 0.003 to 0.011mg/l and 0.2 to 3.48mg/kg in water and sediment respectively in 2022. The average concentration of cadmium was recorded to be the highest in Channa punctatus (1.35mg/kg), followed by Rita rita = Johnius coitor (1.15mg/kg), and the lowest in Labeo bata (0.2mg/kg). The finding highlights greater exposure duration and feeding preferences of fish species have played a significant role in the bioaccumulation of the metal in the riverine system. Notably, the domestic effluents, agricultural runoffs, and pollutants brought along by the tributaries of River Ganga are identified as the main anthropogenic stressors for the moderate to considerably polluted status of the River Ganga. The target hazard quotient (THQ) and target carcinogenic risk (TCR) have revealed a higher susceptibility to cadmium contamination in children followed by females, and males. In addition, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) has noted intake of Rita rita, Channa punctata, Puntius sophore, and Johnius coitor could be more detrimental to children's health than adults.

Elevated Uptake and Translocation Patterns of Heavy Metals in Different Food Plants Parts and Their Impacts on Human Health.

Irrigation with contaminated wastewater is a common practice in cultivation of crops and vegetables in many developing countries due to the scarcity of available fresh water. The present study has investigated the transfer and mobilization trends of heavy metals in different crops and vegetables plants grown in contaminated soil and waterbody. The translocation patterns of metals from polluted sources into different organs of plants bodies such as roots and edible parts and associated health risks have been evaluated simultaneously. Total of 180 different environmental samples including food plants, agricultural soil, and irrigation water were collected and analyzed. Heavy metal concentrations (Fe, Ni, Mn, Pb, Cu, Cd, As) in water, soil, and different parts of crops and vegetable plants were compared with the permissible levels reported by FAO/WHO, EU, and USEPA. Different metals contents within the food plants were found to be in the order of Fe > Mn > Ni > Cu > Pb > Cd > As. Pollution load index (PLI) data indicate that soil is highly polluted with Cd as well as moderately contaminated by As and Cu. Bioconcentration factor (BCF) analysis showed excessive accumulation of some heavy metals in crops and vegetables. Target hazard quotient (THQ) and target carcinogenic risk (TCR) analysis data showed higher carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks for both adult and children from the consumption of metal-contaminated food items. The results of metal pollution index (MPI), estimated daily intake (EDI), and hazard index (HI) analyses demonstrated the patterns of metals pollution in different food plants.

Heavy Metals in Common Fishes Consumed in Dhaka, a Megacity of Asia: A Probabilistic Carcinogenic and Non-Carcinogenic Health Hazard.

Heavy metal contamination of fish is a serious public health concern worldwide, including in Bangladesh. In this study, six commonly consumed fish species namely Hilsha (Tenualosa ilisha), Kachki (Corica soborna), Punti (Puntitus ticto), Taki (Channa punctatus), Meni (Nandus nandus), and Tengra (Mystus tengara) were analyzed for arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), and nickel (Ni), by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The fish samples were collected from wholesale markets in Dhaka city, the main business hub of Bangladesh where the fishes converged from countrywide and are redistributed to the whole city. The metal concentration varied among the studied fish species. Hilsha, the national fish of Bangladesh, contained the highest As among the other fishes of this study, whereas Zn, Cd, Cu, Mn, and Ni were the highest in Kachki, and Pb and Cr were the highest in Tengra. The probable source of metal accumulation in the fish species may be the river or marine water that can be contaminated by industrial waste, pesticide, and/or fertilizer use in agriculture and/or commercial fish feeds. All analyzed fish species showed serious heavy metal pollution, having high average pollution load index (APLI) values (> 1). The estimated daily intake (EDI) values for the metals were lower than the maximum tolerable daily intake (MTDI). The hazard index (HI) for all the fish species was above 1 for adults, showing non-carcinogenic health risks. The targetcarcinogenic risk (TCR) values were below the acceptable limit (10-4) for most of the metals, indicating safe for consumption with respect to the risk of cancer.

Evaluation of biotoxins and toxic metal risks in mussels from the Sea of Marmara following marine mucilage

The mucilage phenomenon observed in the Sea of Marmara in 2021, has raised public concern about seafood safety. Mediterranean mussels serve as a vehicle in food chain, enabling the transfer of pollutants. Farmed and wild mussels were collected from 4 different stations throughout the fishing season. Biotoxins causing amnesic, paralytic, or diarrhetic shellfish poisonings (ASP, PSP, or DSP) were examined during monthly samplings. Potential health risks posed by cadmium, lead and arsenic were assessed. Health risks were evaluated considering 150 g/week mussel consumption, accounting for the different age groups of consumers (50, 60, 70 kg). Estimated Weekly Intake calculations of metals were determined to be lower than Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake at all age groups throughout the sampling period in all stations. Target Hazard QuotientCd of mussels captured from Istanbul Strait was always determined <1, while it was equal to 1 for 50 kg individuals in Gelibolu samples. All THQAs were >1. Target carcinogenic Risk was evaluated for Pb and iAs, which were found to be negligible and acceptable, respectively. No biotoxins responsible for ASP, PSP, or DSP were detected. Hg levels were under detectable limits. Excluding Cd, the results did not reveal any risks associated with mussel consumption during mucilage.

Human health risk assessment of heavy metals accumulation in different genders and tissues of whiting fish (Merlangius merlangus euxinus Nordmann, 1840) from Rize, Turkey

The contamination of fish resulting from marine pollution is a major concern, as it poses potential adverse effects on human health. Therefore, heavy metal concentrations (Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb) in different genders and tissues (muscle, liver, gonads and gills) of whiting fish collected from fish markets in Rize province were determined by Inductively–coupled plasma optic emission spectrometry (ICP–OES). The concentration ranges of heavy metals in all tissue samples, based on the overall average, were as follows (mg/kg wet weight): Cr: 0.081–0.25, Fe: 2.3–40, Ni: 0.070–0.095, Cu: 0.33–1.01, Zn: 3.0–20, and Pb: 0.015–0.043. The results indicated that the liver and gills exhibited a higher metal accumulation capacity compared to other tissues, whereas the muscle consistently displayed the lowest metal concentrations. The metal concentrations in the muscle were found to be below the maximum permissible levels set by international organizations for seafood. Additionally, calculated estimated daily intake (EDI), metal pollution index (MPI), target hazard quotient (THQ), total exposure hazard index (HI), and target carcinogenic risk (TR) indicate no potential risk to humans from whiting fish consumption.

Potentially toxic elements in pikeperch (Sander lucioperca L.) from the Gruza Reservoir: Health risk assessment related to fish consumption by the general population and fishermen

The aim was to evaluate concentrations of 14 potentially toxic elements in three tissues (muscle, liver, and gills) of pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) and to assess health risk (the potential non-cancerogenic - Total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) and cancerogenic - Target carcinogenic risk factor (TR) health risk associated with the consumption of pikeperch from the Gruza Reservoir by the general population and fishermen. A value of Fulton?s condition factor (CF) of less than one in our study indicated the poor general health of pikeperch. According to metal pollution index (MPI), the liver was exposed to the highest pressure of metal pollution. Levels of elements were lower than the national levels and international threshold levels, and suggested a very likely absence of risk of contamination of fish with elements in the Gruza Reservoir. Higher TTHQ was observed for fishermen (0.25) compared to the general population (0.20). Higher value of TR for As compared to TR for Pb was detected, both for the general population and for fishermen. In general, there was no risk to human health from pikeperch consumption, but fishermen were at slightly higher health risk to develop cancer if they consume pikeperch meat compared to the general population.

The common nase (Chondrostoma nasus) as an indicator of aquatic pollution and human health risk assessment associated with its consumption.

Individuals of common nase were sampled from three waterbodies (Kačer river, Zaovine, and Medjuvršje reservoirs) with different characteristics, types, and levels of anthropogenic pressure. The aims of this study were to determine the concentrations of 26 elements in gills, liver, and muscle using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES); determine the concentrations of 17 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in muscle tissue using gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GC-MS); compare these findings with fish condition (CF); and conduct human health risk and benefit assessments due to consumption of fish meat using target hazard quotient, target carcinogenic risk factor, Se:Hg molar ratio, Na:K and Ca:Mg ratios, and contribution of elements to human diet. Results indicated that in addition to the fact that the type of ecosystem (lentic vs. lotic) plays an important role in the fate and kinetics of pollutants, the degree of anthropogenic pressure is one of the most important factors of environmental pollution - Zaovine and Medjuvršje reservoirs (both lentic ecosystems) had the lowest and the highest levels of pollution, respectively. CF did not reflect the differences in accumulation of all analyzed elements in nase tissues. None of the 17 analyzed OCPs were detected due to the absence of recent use. Fish muscle was the least affected by metal pollution at all studied localities and could be safely used for consumption. We recorded several benefits for human health when using the nase meat in human diet.

Human health risk assessment of trace elements in commonly consumed herbs in Ibadan, Nigeria

Elemental contamination of medicinal herbs is a major barrier to its general use. This study assessed the concentrations and health risks of Manganese, Iron, Copper, Zinc, Chromium, Cadmium, Cobalt, Nickel, Lead and Selenium via consumption of commonly sold medicinal herbs in Ibadan, Nigeria. Exactly 180 medicinal herb samples, purchased from 10 markets across Ibadan, were digested using aqua-regia. Quantification via Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP–OES) was done and validated via recovery (99.6–101%) and linearity (R2 > 0.999) procedures. The health risk associated with the consumption of medicinal herbs was estimated as Chronic Daily Intake (CDI), Hazard Quotient (HQ), Hazard Index (HI) and Target Carcinogenic Risk (TCR). The concentrations (mg kg-1) of Iron, Manganese, Copper, Zinc, Chromium, Selenium and Cobalt ranged from 65.4 to 369, 32.7–184, 17.0–96.0, 36.1–203, 5.41–30.5, 0.028–0.159 and 0.675–3.81 respectively. The average concentrations of Iron, Copper, Zinc and Chromium exceeded the WHO permissible limits. Although some elemental HQ values <1, all medicinal herbs had HI values > 1. Likewise, TCR values exceeded the 1 × 10–4 USEPA limit for cancer suggesting that consumption of these medicinal herbs is not safe for both adults and children.

Heavy metal contamination in rice, pulses, and vegetables from CKDu-endemic areas in Cuttack district, India: a health risk assessment

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology (CKDu) is an emerging public health concern in India. The present study was carried out to investigate the concentrations of potentially toxic heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Ni, Cr, Hg, and As) in locally grown food crops (rice, pulses, and vegetables) in CKDu prevalent areas of Cuttack district, India.Methods: Exposure risks from food crops were analysed, including estimated daily intake, hazard quotient, hazard index, and carcinogenic risk.Result: The overall heavy metal concentrations in the crop samples were in the following order: Pb&amp;gt;Ni&amp;gt;Cd&amp;gt;Cr&amp;gt;As&amp;gt;Hg. The mean concentration of heavy metals in different crops were as follows, ranked from highest to lowest: spinach, rice, okra, mustard, potato, carrot, tomato, green gram, black gram. A statistical multivariate analysis revealed that the primary sources of Cd, Pb, Ni, Cr, Hg, and As in crop samples were both natural and human activities. For lead, target hazard quotient (THQ) values in rice were greater than 1, indicating significant noncarcinogenic health risks to both adults and children.Discussion: While the majority of the crop samples had Pb levels below the permissible level (10−5), the target carcinogenic risk of Cd was higher than the USEPA threshold value (10−4), showing a cancer risk to adults and children. This study concluded that long-term intake of locally grown food crops may produce a significant health risk to the local inhabitants, and that of regular heavy metal monitoring is strongly recommended in this region.

Assessment of health risks due to toxic metals in demersal fish captured from Saros and Edremit Bays, Northern Aegean Sea.

Bays are vulnerable ecosystems generally located near densely populated areas where toxic metals tend to accumulate and stay longer, affecting marine life. This study aimed to investigate the age-based health risks arising from Hg, Cd, Pb, and As in demersal fish captured from two major bays in the Aegean Sea. For this purpose, red mullet, whiting, piper gurnard, and tub gurnard, frequently consumed species, were caught from Saros and Edremit Bays. Toxic metal concentrations were determined from the muscle tissue of fish. Health risk assessments were conducted by the estimation of weekly intake (EWI), provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI), target hazard quotient (THQ), total THQ (TTHQ), and target carcinogenic risk (TR). Red mullet from Edremit Bay was the species with the highest toxic metal levels, which were 1.597mg/kg, 0.041mg/kg, 0.070mg/kg, and 19.351mg/kg for Hg, Cd, Pb, and As, respectively. Whiting from Edremit Bay had higher mean concentrations of Hg and As than those from Saros Bay. The levels of Hg, Pb, and As (0.328, 0.043, and 0.574mg/kg) in the tub gurnard were higher in comparison with the piper gurnard (0.252, 0.020, and 0.382mg/kg) caught in the same station in Saros. TTHQs of red mullet and whiting from the same bay were found to be > 1, indicating potential health risks for all nine age categories studied. On the other hand, TTHQs of all species from Saros Bay were determined to be > 1 for the first four age categories, which might trigger health risks for children and adolescents. According to the TR index for Pb, no risk was determined for the fish from both bays. However, TR calculations for inorganic As indicated high cancer risk in most of the age categories for red mullet and whiting from Edremit Bay. To sum up, the results revealed that the fish captured from Edremit Bay posed serious health risks in terms of Hg and As concentrations for all nine age categories. Surveillance and monitoring of toxic metal levels in demersal fish and population-based health risk evaluation are vital in heavily populated bays.

Assessment of human health hazard associated with heavy metal accumulation in popular freshwater, coastal and marine fishes from south-west region, Bangladesh

An analysis was conducted on both freshwater, coastal and marine fish species to evaluate the concentrations of heavy metals, with the aim of assessing their levels and examining the potential health risks for humans linked to the consumption of contaminated fish. This study estimate concentrations of Cr, Fe, Cu, As, Cd and Pb in 60 individuals belonging to 20 species (10 species for freshwater and another 10 for coastal and marine fishes) by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Metal concentrations of Cr, Fe, and Pb in freshwater fishes and Cr, Fe, As, and Pb in marine fishes were exceeded the maximum allowable concentration (MAC). The Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), Average Pollution Load Index (APLI), Target Hazard Quotient (THQ), Hazard Index (HI) and Target Cancer Risk (TCR) of heavy metals were determined for the assessment of human health risk. Ranking order of the values of EDI for freshwater fishes, coastal and marine fishes were Cd > Fe > Pb > Cr > Cu > As and Cd > Fe > Pb > Cr > As > Cu. Highest APLI value of 8.14 (Puntius ticto) that is seriously polluted and 3.003 observed in Otolichthoides pama in freshwater and marine fishes, respectively. THQPb and THQAs for all the fish species were exceed the safe limit (THQ>1) suggesting potential health risk to consumers. The hazard index for both the fish samples were exceeded the USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) permitted risk level (HI > 1). The target carcinogenic risk value for Cr and As were crossed the USEPA standard limit (TCR> 1E-04), which denotes that continuous consumption of studied fishes may cause health risk to the consumers. On the other hand, sensitivity analysis of freshwater, coastal and marine fishes indicates that all the metal concentrations were responsible factor for health risk.

Risk Assessment of Selected Heavy Metals Contamination In Rice Grains in the Rajshahi City of Bangladesh

The concentrations of four heavy metals in rice grains and the health risk assessments of the metals were studied. Sixteen rice samples were gathered from Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Average lead, chromium, manganese, and cadmium concentrations measured in rice samples were 6.87, 0.43, 44.58, and 1.13 mg/kg, respectively. The concentration level found in most rice samples is greater than the acceptable limit as set by WHO. The risk assessment was done by using the intended hazard ratio and target carcinogenic risk where the values for the lead, manganese, and cadmium quotient were greater than 1. The target cancer-causing risk values for a maximum number of samples are lower than 10-4, which is considered safe. However, target carcinogenic risk values for cadmium are higher than 10-4, which is considered a carcinogenic risk. The results of the current investigations suggest that appropriate measures should be taken to determine the cause and origin of this heavy metal contamination. Journal of Engineering Science 14(1), 2023, 29-41

Human health risk assessment of heavy metals detected in dried fish species consumed in Benin City, Edo State, Southern Nigeria

Heavy metal content and its associated hazard risk to human health were assessed in dried fish species commonly consumed in Benin city metropolis. In this study, three commercially available dried fish species Elops lacerta (ten pounder), Clarias gariepinus (catfish) and Cynoglossus senegalensis (sole fish) were purchased from selected markets in Edo State, Southern Nigeria. Result indicates that the heavy metal content was higher in Elops lacerta fish than the other fish species. On average, levels of Cd (0.23±0.03 mg/kg), Cu (10.50±2.87 mg/kg), Pb (0.14±0.03 mg/kg) and Zn (24.97±2.41 mg/kg) in all three fish species were below the maximum acceptable limits except for Fe (44.44 ±3.18 mg/kg). The metal pollution index (MPI) in fish species was below 100. Estimated daily intake (EDI) for the metals was lower than the tolerable daily intake (TDI). Target hazard quotient (THQ) of all metals was below 1, but the total THQ values for associated metals were above 1 for children, suggesting a non-carcinogenic health risk to children. Target carcinogenic risk (TR) was within the acceptable limits of 10 –4 to 10 –6 indicating low carcinogenic risk to the consumer. We recommend that the dried fish species in the studied areas should be closely monitored to protect consumer health, especially in children.

Health Risk Assessment Via the Consumption of Clam (Corbicula largillierti) Accumulated Heavy Metals (Pb) and Coliform Bacteria at Kapuas River, West Borneo

As population activity is increasing and the Kapuas river is still a means of transportation, causing Corbicula largillierti to accumulate heavy metals (Pb) and Coliform bacteria in their bodies. This makes it dangerous to be consumed by humans. Thus, this research has two main aims. First, to find out the concentration of Pb and Coliform inside Corbicula largillierti that lives at Kapuas river, Pontianak and the river’s water. Second, to analyze the health risk of consuming the clams. Furthermore, the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) is used to analyze the Pb sample and the Most Probable Number (MPN) method is used to analyze the Coliform. The result of this research shows that concentration Pb and Coliform from the Kapuas river have exceeded the limits designated for aquatic biota based on the Decree of the State Minister for the Environment No. 51 of 2004. In addition, the health risk is measured using Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Target Carcinogenic Risk (TR) with scores for each are &gt;10 times the RfD, &gt;1 and 10−3. This result shows that based on the clam Corbicula largillierti consumption for 70 years life span of 60 kg body weight, had a high and negative effect on health risk problems and had a cancer risk for consumers. However, the health risk problem might increase much worse due to the long and continual period of consumption exceeding estimated daily intake.

Heavy metal contamination in retailed food in Bangladesh: a dietary public health risk assessment

Introduction Contamination with heavy and toxic metals along the food value chain is a public health concern in Bangladesh. Methods In this study, 608 fish and chicken samples from traditional and modern retail outlets in urban, peri-urban, and rural areas were collected and analyzed for chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) contamination, using atomic absorption spectrometry method. The daily intake, target hazard quotient and the target carcinogenic risk (for lead only) as a result of fish and chicken consumption was calculated based on mean results, and by Monte Carlo simulation in @Risk with 100,000 iterations (quantitative risk assessment). Results Cr and Cd were detected in 80–86% of both chicken meat and fish samples, while Pb positivity found in chicken meat and fish was 54.9 and 23.3%, respectively. The mean concentration (±SD) of Cr, Cd, and Pb in chicken meat were 0.66 ± 0.93, 0.02 ± 0.03, and 0.09 ± 0.10 mg/kg, respectively; and in fish were 0.49 ± 0.62, 0.02 ± 0.03, and 0.06 ± 0.09 mg/kg, respectively. The estimated daily intakes of Cr, Cd, and Pb from chicken and fish were lower than the maximum tolerable daily intake in all studied areas. In addition, the target carcinogenic risk for Pb in chicken was lower than the negligible range, which indicated the risk of cancer due to exposure to Pb through chicken meat and fish consumption was very low. Discussion The present study concludes that consumption of chicken meat and fish in Bangladesh, currently at very low levels, is unlikely to constitute a major health risk for humans in respect to these metals. However, continuous market surveillance for heavy metals in food stuff is recommended, especially since consumers may increase their meat intake.

Assessment of trace elements in canned fish and health risk appraisal

Trace elements are dangerous to human health and there is a rising concern about the quality of processed foods in some parts of the world, especially in Iraq.&#x0D; The chemical composition (total sold, moisture, and ash) and concentrations of trace elements in canned fish (Skipjack tuna, Sardines, Tuna fish, Sardines, and Mackerel) from the Kalar market, Iraq were determined by using an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer.&#x0D; The ranges obtained for the elements in mg/kg were as follows: Se (0.025–0.77), As (0.02–1.07), B (0.05–0.7), Ag (0.04–0.83), Ba (0.05–0.975), Mg (29.8–37.5), Mn (0.97–2.09), Cu (0.91–3.09), and Zn (5.12–11.7). The studied canned fishes pose no risk with respect to the estimated daily intake of Se, As, B, Ag, Ba, Mg, Mn, Cu, and Zn. The total target hazard quotients for the studied metals from individual fish species (except Fme, Fma, and Fsh) were more than one, which was responsible for noncarcinogenic risks. The target carcinogenic risk value for arsenic was also higher than the standard (10-4) set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency.&#x0D; It revealed that the consumption of canned fish causes a chronic cancer risk to humans.