Tar Dyes Research Articles

A CRITICAL REVIEW OF DYE EFFLUENT

The worldwide increase in fashion , there is mushrooming of textile industry. A number of harmful chemicals including synthetic dyes are used in processing of textile. All synthetic dyes are coal tar dyes. The effluent from textile industry whether partially treated or untreated are discharged in various water bodies or agricultural field causing a major threat to human.

Assessment of Dye-Absorbed Eggshell Membrane Composites as Solid Polymer Electrolyte of Fuel Cells.

Recently, polymer electrolytes have been developed for high-performance and eco-friendly fuel cells. Among the candidates, eggshell membrane (ESM) has been promising because of its abundance to assemble various energy devices with low cost and its absorption ability of organic materials. In this work, we investigated fuel cells that included ESM-absorbing xanthene-, triphenylmethane-, and azo-type tar dye, which contained abundant hydrophilic groups, as polymer electrolytes. We found out two points: (1) that the fuel cells that included ESM-absorbing xanthene-type dye generated the highest I-V performance, and (2) the basic molecular structures of the tar dyes determined the correlation of the maximum power and proton conductivities.

Coexistence of Riehl’s Melanosis, Lupus Erythematosus and Thyroiditis in a Patient

IntroductionRiehl’s melanosis (RM) is an acquired hyperpigmentation disorder, presenting diffused and reticulate brownish-gray pigmentation, preferentially on the face and neck. RM overlaps with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis has never been reported.CaseWe report a case of RM patient accompanied with SLE and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis of primary hypothyroidism. Progressing, diffuse, symmetric, and reticular hyperpigmentation was seen on the face, neck, and upper limbs, manifesting as typical melanosis. Skin microscopy showed diffuse black-pepper-like changes and telangiectasias. The diagnosis of SLE and primary hypothyroidism were confirmed by follow-up investigations. The hyperpigmentation turned notably lighter after 14 months of treatment with prednisone, hydroxychloroquine, and L-thyroxine.DiscussionThe exact pathogenesis of RM is unclear and exposure to coal tar dyes, ultraviolet, and fragrance fixatives in cosmetics are believed to be contributing factors, while some cases involve no triggers. It is not impossible that RM is a rare skin manifestation of SLE that has never been reported. The skin hyperpigmentation in this patient was not triggered by thyroid disease.ConclusionRM could be a skin manifestation of autoimmunity. Coexistence of RM, lupus erythematosus and thyroiditis in the same patient is rare and has never been reported.

Saturated adsorption of lidocaine and coal tar dyes onto porous polytetrafluoroethylene.

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) has excellent physical properties and has been used in a wide range of applications in various fields. Adsorption research on PTFE is essential as primary research for the further application of PTFE. We attempted to adsorb coal tar dyes and model drugs such as lidocaine onto PTFE as a guideline to search for medicines that adsorb onto PTFE. Saturation curves were obtained after analyzing the adsorption of coal tar dyes on PTFE using the Hanes–Woolf plot. In addition, we collected multiple cases of ATR-FTIR spectral changes and/or retention depending on TPM derivatives and other adsorbates. Lidocaine matched some coal tar dye for the apparent spectral changes between the adsorbed molecules and its crystalline powder. The apparent spectral changes are blue-shifted, suggesting a hydrophobic interaction between the dyes/lidocaine and porous PTFE. This work provides a promising strategy for further application of PTFE.

Fe3O4@PDA@PANI core–shell nanocomposites as a new adsorbent for simultaneous preconcentration of Tartrazine and Sunset Yellow by ultrasonic-assisted dispersive micro solid-phase extraction

In this research, novel magnetic Fe3O4@PDA@PANI core–shell nanoparticles were designed and fabricated as an efficient adsorbent in the service of ultrasound-assisted dispersive micro-solid phase extraction for simultaneous preconcentration of Sunset Yellow (SY) and Tartrazine (Tar) before UV–Vis spectrophotometric detection. This adsorbent was fully characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. To overcome the spectral overlapping of SY and Tar dyes, the derivative spectrophotometric method was successfully used for the simultaneous detection of dyes in their binary solutions. The operating parameters affecting preconcentration efficiency and spectrophotometric determination were optimized. Under optimal conditions, the limit of detections (LOD) was obtained 0.2 and 0.5 ng mL−1 for SY and Tar, respectively. The adsorption capacity and reusability of core–shell nanoparticles were significant. The satisfactory results of analysis of a few real samples indicate that the method is very favored in the analysis of various complex matrices.

Identification of Illegal Coal Tar Dyes Constituents in Mucous Cosmetics by HPLC Method

Illegal coal tar dyes are reported to possess strong toxicity and carcinogenecity when added in mucous cosmetics. According to CNS, current methods in analyzing organic coloring materials (dyes) are mainly filter paper chromatography and thin-layer chromatography. In this study, we adopted a refined HPLC procedure reaching optimal conditions for the separation and identification of the coloring constituents allegedly added in mucous cosmetics. Ultimately, the analytical efficiency and precision are greatly improved. The optimal conditions for the HPLC method were found with a column of Cosmosil 5C18-AR-II; with the first mobile phase using 0.07 M ammonium acetate solution in 0.01 M tetrabutylammonium bromide (CH3COONH4) : CH3CN : CH3OH = 55:35:10 for analyzing 16 hydrophilic coal tar dyes, while the second mobile phase uses CH3OH : H2O = 95:5 for analyzing 6 hydrophobic dyes and a photodiode array detector within UV-VIS wavelength. By applying this HPLC method, a total of 22 banned coal tar dye constituents can be satisfactorily separated. It is also found that the detection limit can be improved to 0.05 μg/mL.

Determination of illegal coal tar dye in "Hwamei"

One hundred and ninety three samples of syrupy fruits (44) and preserved fruits (149) were analyzed for coal tar dyes. Samples were assessed according to official methods and high performance liquid chromatography during a period from October 1993 to May 1994. The results confirmed that three "Hwamei" samples (1.6%) contained additives of orange R (C.I. acid orange 14, C.I. 16100) which violate the current approved standards. It also was identified as ponceau 2G. For identifying coal tar dyes, TLC was found to be a more sensitive method compared to PC, and HPLC was used to further confirm the results of TLC.

SAFETY ASSESSMENT OF MILK AND INDIGENOUS MILK PRODUCTS FROM DIFFERENT AREAS OF FAISALABAD

The current study was designed to analyze the presence or absence of common adulterants in milk and milk products from six different regions of Faisalabad, Pakistan. Purposely, 54 samples from six different regions of Faisalabad were collected. Results revealed that milk of Faisalabad’s regions was adulterated with water, starch, urea, glucose, cane sugar, soap, synthetic milk and neutralizers. The results for starch, formalin, vegetable fat, artificial color, nitrates, sodium chloride, coal tar dyes, hydrogen peroxide, annatto, detergent, sulphate adulteration was found to be non-significant. The results for soap, synthetic milk, urea, sugar cane, neutralizers and glucose were significant. It was noted that R2 milk samples had more bacterial load (3.92x108 CFU/mL) followed by R1 (3.38x108 CFU/mL). Among milk products, cream samples collected from R6 had the maximum bacterial count (1.74x108 CFU/mL). The milk samples were also analyzed for the presence of added urea by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR).

Analysis of Acidic Tar Dyes in High-Protein Foods: Achievement of Improved Recoveries and Shortened Operation Time by Loading Sample Extract onto Polyamide Columns at pH 8.5

The recoveries of xanthene dyes in the analysis of acidic tar-dyes in high-protein foods were improved by loading them onto polyamide columns at pH 8.5, instead of using the conventional pH 3-4 solution. The experimental scale was reduced to approximately half that of the conventional method. Furthermore, instead of eliminating the organic solvent in the extract by evaporation, the extract was diluted with water prior to PA column cleanup in order to reduce the ratio of organic solvent so that acidic tar-dyes would be better retained on the column. The above two procedures shortened the operation time and allowed for a simpler protocol. With this method, the recoveries of erythrosine, phloxine, and rose bengal from salted cod roe were 82, 88, and 74%, respectively. The recovery percentages were greatly improved compared to those achieved by conventional column loading at pH 3.5 (26, 44, and 18%, respectively). The recoveries of azo-dyes (Amaranth, New Coccine, Allura Red AC, Tartrazine, Sunset Yellow FCF) were also improved from 41-66 to 79-99%.

Analyses of Acidic Tar Dyes in High-Protein Foods and Examination of Extraction and Clean-Up Methods for Various Foods.

Extraction and clean-up methods were examined for the analysis of acidic tar dyes in various high-protein foods. 1% Aqueous ammonia followed by ethanol, 1% aqueous ammonia-ethanol (1 : 1) mixture, and 1% aqueous ammonia-tetrahydrofuran (1 : 1) mixture were used in sequence for boiled fish paste (kamaboko), pounded fish cake (hanpen), and sausage. The sausage extract was centrifuged at low temperature to solidify and remove the contained fat. Salted cod roe with red pepper was extracted twice with 1% aqueous ammonia-ethanol (1 : 1) mixture, followed by extraction with 1% aqueous ammonia-tetrahydrofuran (1 : 1) mixture. A divinylbenzene-N-vinylpyrrolidone copolymer column was used for the clean-up of xanthen dyes. In the case of clogging-prone samples, the same type of large-particle-size column was used. A polyamide column was used for clean-up of the other dyes. When each dye was added at 5 μg/g in the foods, recoveries from kamaboko, hanpen, and sausage ranged from 76 to 102%, and the average recovery from the two types of salted cold roe with red pepper ranged from 45 to 98%.

Paul Ehrlich and the Early History of Granulocytes

Paul Ehrlich's techniques, published between 1879 and 1880, for staining blood films using coal tar dyes, and his method of differential blood cell counting, ended years of speculation regarding the classification of white cells. Acidic and basic dyes had allowed him to recognize eosinophil and basophil granules, respectively, work that was a direct continuation of his discovery of the tissue mast cell described in his doctoral thesis. Ehrlich went on to develop neutral dyes that identified epsilon granules in neutrophils ("cells with polymorphous nuclei"). He also speculated, for the most part correctly, on the formation, function, and fate of blood neutrophils and eosinophils. Before Ehrlich, a number of important observations had been made on white cells and their role in health and disease. Among the most notable were William Hewson's studies of blood and lymph; the early descriptions of leukemia by Alfred Donné, John Hughes Bennett, Rudolf Virchow, and others; as well as seminal observations on inflammation by William Addison, Friedrich von Recklinghausen, and Julius Cohnheim. Eosinophils were almost certainly recognized previously by others. In 1846, Thomas Wharton Jones (1808-1891) described "granule blood-cells" in several species including humans. The term "granule cell" had also been used by Julius Vogel (1814-1880), who had previously observed similar cells in inflammatory exudates. Vogel, in turn, was aware of the work of Gottlieb Gluge (1812-1898), who had observed "compound inflammatory globules" in pus and serum that resembled eosinophils. Almost 20 years before Ehrlich developed his staining methods, Max Johann Schultze (1825-1874) performed functional experiments on fine and coarse granular cells using a warm stage microscopic technique and showed they had amoeboid movement and phagocytic abilities. Despite these earlier observations, it was Ehrlich's use of stains that heralded the modern era of studies of leukocyte biology and pathology.

高タンパク食品中の酸性タール色素分析―精製カラムに負荷する溶液のpHの影響についての検討―

The effect of pH of the clean-up process in the analysis of 11 permitted tar dyes in high protein food was investigated by using a handmade polyamide column (PA column) and Oasis HLB. Boiled fish paste spiked with the 11 dyes was extracted with appropriate solvents and the pH of the extract was adjusted to 3.0-7.0 in increments of 0.5, followed by clean-up with the PA column. At pH 3.0-5.5, precipitate formed in the extract clogged the column, and the recoveries of R3, R104 and R105 were 26-68%. At pH 6.0-7.0, clogging was not observed and the recoveries of the 3 dyes were somewhat higher, at 38-79%. The recoveries of other dyes were more than 80% at pH 3.0-7.0. With Oasis HLB, column loading was conducted at pH 11.0, and the recoveries of the 3 dyes improved to 70-83%. In conclusion, all 11 dyes could be cleaned-up with the PA column and Oasis HLB and the recoveries exceeded 70%.

The early history of the eosinophil.

In 1879 Paul Ehrlich published his technique for staining blood films and his method for differential blood cell counting using coal tar dyes and mentions the eosinophil for the first time. Eosin is a bright red synthetic dye produced by the action of bromine on fluorescein and stains basic proteins due to its acidic nature. It was discovered in 1874 by Heinrich Caro, Director of the German chemical company Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik. Ehrlich introduced the term 'eosinophil' to describe cells with granules (which he called alpha-granules) having an affinity for eosin and other acid dyes. He also observed black-staining, indulinophilic, beta-granules in bone marrow-derived eosinophils, which were probably immature crystalloid granules in eosinophil myelocytes. Ehrlich described the features of the alpha-granule and the cell's distribution in various species and tissues. He speculated correctly that the alpha-granule contents were secretory products and described several causes of eosinophilia including asthma, various skin diseases, helminths and reactions to medications. However, the cell was almost certainly observed by others before Ehrlich. In 1846 Thomas Wharton Jones (1808-1891) described 'granule blood cells' in the lamprey, frog, fowl, horse, elephant and man. He 'borrowed' the term granule cell from Julius Vogel (1814-1880) who had observed similar cells in inflammatory exudates. Vogel in turn was aware of the work of the Gottlieb (Théophile) Gluge (1812-1898) who used the term 'compound inflammatory globules' to describe cells in pus and serum. Almost 20years before Ehrlich developed his staining methods, Max Johann Sigismund Schultze (1825-1874) performed functional experiments on coarse granular cells using a warm stage microscopic technique and showed they had amoeboid movement and phagocytic abilities. Although these early investigators recognised distinct granular cells Ehrlich's use of stains was a landmark contribution, which heralded modern studies on eosinophils and other blood leucocytes.

Improved analytical method for tar dyes in foods and application to market basket samples

Improved analytical method for tar dyes in foods and application to market basket samples

Identification of Oil-Soluble Coal Tar Dyes in Cosmetics Using Reversed-Phase TLC/Scanning Densitometry

A simple and rapid analytical method of oil-soluble coal tar dyes in cosmetics was established using reversed-phase TLC/scanning densitometry. Eleven kinds of oil-soluble coal tar dyes were able to be separated completely on reversed-phase TLC plates by the complementary use of 2 solvent systems. The solvent systems were A; n-hexane/2-butanone solution (5 : 1, v/v), solvent system B; acetonitrile/methanol solution (5 : 1, v/v). Then we measured visible absorption spectra of spots developed on the reversed-phase TLC plates by scanning densitometer to identify these coal tar dyes. The proposed method was successfully applied to the identification of oil-soluble coal tar dyes in commercial cosmetics.

HPLC for tar dyes in pickles following solid phase extraction.

Dyes in pickels were extracted from an ethanol solution by using a quaternary amine cartridge. The influence of the pH and the concentrations of ethanol and sodium chloride were examined. Tartrazine, Sunset Yellow, Acid Red, New Coccine and sorbic acid were separated from pickles by elution with an aqueous ammonia system. The dyes and sorbic acid were directly eluted from the cartridge with 3% hydrochloric acid methanol solution and the eluate was analyzed by HPLC and TLC after neutralizing of the eluate. Recoveries of the dyes and sorbic acid ranged between 91.5 andd 96.0% with relative standard deviation of 2.8∼4.5%. Also, the detections were approximetely 1.0, 2.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 0.2 μg cm-3 for Tartrazine, Sunset Yellow, Acid Red, New Coccine, and sorbic acid, respectively.

DNA damage induced by red food dyes orally administered to pregnant and male mice.

We determined the genotoxicity of synthetic red tar dyes currently used as food color additives in many countries, including JAPAN: For the preliminary assessment, we treated groups of 4 pregnant mice (gestational day 11) once orally at the limit dose (2000 mg/kg) of amaranth (food red No. 2), allura red (food red No. 40), or acid red (food red No. 106), and we sampled brain, lung, liver, kidney, glandular stomach, colon, urinary bladder, and embryo 3, 6, and 24 h after treatment. We used the comet (alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis) assay to measure DNA damage. The assay was positive in the colon 3 h after the administration of amaranth and allura red and weakly positive in the lung 6 h after the administration of amaranth. Acid red did not induce DNA damage in any sample at any sampling time. None of the dyes damaged DNA in other organs or the embryo. We then tested male mice with amaranth, allura red, and a related color additive, new coccine (food red No. 18). The 3 dyes induced DNA damage in the colon starting at 10 mg/kg. Twenty ml/kg of soaking liquid from commercial red ginger pickles, which contained 6.5 mg/10 ml of new coccine, induced DNA damage in colon, glandular stomach, and bladder. The potencies were compared to those of other rodent carcinogens. The rodent hepatocarcinogen p-dimethylaminoazobenzene induced colon DNA damage at 1 mg/kg, whereas it damaged liver DNA only at 500 mg/kg. Although 1 mg/kg of N-nitrosodimethylamine induced DNA damage in liver and bladder, it did not induce colon DNA damage. N-nitrosodiethylamine at 14 mg/kg did not induce DNA damage in any organs examined. Because the 3 azo additives we examined induced colon DNA damage at a very low dose, more extensive assessment of azo additives is warranted.

Industrial Research and Innovation in Business

Theoretical perspectives from coal tar dyes to IG Farbenindustrie the research laboratory and the US corporate economy international and comparative studies the not-so-peculiar British case the case of Japanese industrial research.

Applicability of Aluminum-Backed Reversed-Phase TCL Plate to the Analysis of Coal Tar Dyes in Foods

Applicability of Aluminum-Backed Reversed-Phase TCL Plate to the Analysis of Coal Tar Dyes in Foods

Identification of Small Amounts of Coal Tar Dyes in Foods by Reversed-Phase TLC/Scanning Densitometry with Sample Concentration Techniques

We have investigated the applicability of TLC/scanning densitometry (TLC/SCAN) to the analysis of small amounts of coal tar dyes in foods. The use of a combination of reversed-phase C18 TLC and sample concentration techniques on the TLC plate enabled us to measure the visible absorption spectra of small amounts of coal tar dyes in foods with good accuracy. The sample concentration techniques improved the detection limits 10-20-fold. The TLC/SCAN was successfully applied to the identification of coal tar dyes in 48 food samples which were suspected to be in violation of the Japanese Food Sanitation Law. The present method is convenient for the rapid identification of small amounts of coal tar dyes in foods.