Tapioca Starch Films Research Articles

Development of Biodegradable Tapioca Starch Films Incorporating Green Synthesized Zinc oxide Nanoparticles for Enhanced Preservation and Packaging of Sweet lime Segments: A Study of Their Physical and Antimicrobial Properties

Development of Biodegradable Tapioca Starch Films Incorporating Green Synthesized Zinc oxide Nanoparticles for Enhanced Preservation and Packaging of Sweet lime Segments: A Study of Their Physical and Antimicrobial Properties

Optimizing Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction of Waste Fig Seed and Incorporation into Tapioca Starch Films: Investigating Physical, Barrier, and Antioxidant Properties

Optimizing Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction of Waste Fig Seed and Incorporation into Tapioca Starch Films: Investigating Physical, Barrier, and Antioxidant Properties

The effect of citric acid concentrations on the mechanical, thermal, and structural properties of starch edible films

SummaryThis study investigated the effects of citric acid on the properties of edible tapioca starch films plasticised with glycerol. These films were formed using 5% tapioca (w/w of water); 1%, 3%, 5%, 7% and 9% citric acid (w/w of starch); and 2.2% glycerol (w/w of water). Native starch films formed using 5% tapioca and 2.2% glycerol were used as the control. The properties tested included the degree of crosslinking, thermal stability, crystallinity and mechanical properties. These were evaluated using Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR‐FTIR), X‐Ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and tensile profile analysis (TPA). The FTIR results provided information about the nature of the crosslinking in the films, while TGA showed that increasing the citric acid concentration reduced the physical decomposition temperature of the materials. Films containing 9% citric acid had the highest degree of esterification and crosslinking, while those containing 7% citric acid had the lowest heat‐related weight loss that correlated with the degree of crosslinking. The weight loss among all six samples was the greatest in the temperature range 260 °C–350 °C where a total of 60% weight loss occurred. The XRD results showed that films containing 3% citric acid had the lowest crystallinity while the native starch films had the highest crystallinity. The TPA analyses showed that films containing 5% citric acid had the greatest influence on improving the tensile strength and elastic modulus, while also having the best impact on lowering the elongation. Tensile strength values recorded for films containing 0%, 1%, 3%, 5%, 7% and 9% citric acid were 5.327, 7.813, 8.688, 12.855, 14.549 and 11.614 MPa. Similarly, when citric acid concentration increased from 3% to 5%, the elastic modulus significantly increased from 831.058 to 2255.691 MPa. This study demonstrated that the physicochemical properties of tapioca starch‐based films could be modified by the incorporation of citric acid.

The Effects of Nano Zinc Oxide Shape on Optical Characteristics of Tapioca Starch Films and In Vitro Escherichia coli Microbial Growth Kinetics

The Effects of Nano Zinc Oxide Shape on Optical Characteristics of Tapioca Starch Films and In Vitro Escherichia coli Microbial Growth Kinetics

Effect of shear and heat milling of starch on the properties of tapioca starch/cellulose nanofiber composites

Thermoplastic starch was prepared from tapioca starch (TS) and thermo-mechanical modified TS (ModifiedTS) using glycerol as a plasticizer and cellulose nanofiber (CNF) as a reinforcement. The ModifiedTS was produced using shear-and-heat milling machining (SHMM), which effectively reduced starch crystallinity and transformed the granule shape without a chemical reaction. The modified starch with low crystallinity and numerous active hydrogen bonds clearly showed Vh crystal structure after blending with glycerol. The mechanical properties changed significantly upon addition of 10 wt% CNF into plasticized ModifiedTS, which enhanced the yield strength and decreased the elongation at break. A dynamic mechanical analysis revealed a higher glass transition temperature (Tg) of the ModifiedTS films. Tg for the starch film increased from 9.3 °C of the TS film to 29.8 °C of the ModifiedTS film. These results suggest that SHMM provides the ability to widely adjust the mechanical properties of glycerol plasticized starch materials by enhancing interfacial interactions with CNF.

Effect of different starch contents on physical, morphological, mechanical, barrier, and biodegradation properties of tapioca starch and poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) blend film

AbstractStudy on degradation behaviors of biodegradable poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBAT) blended with different compositions of thermoplastic starch (TPS) under soil burial and natural weathering environments is vital in order to predict the product service‐life and planning for in situ biodegradation after product disposal. In this article, different compositions of TPS (0%, 20%, 40%, 50%, and 60%) were compounded with PBAT using single screw extruder. The samples were characterized for their tensile properties, fractured surface morphology, water barrier and surface hydrophorbicity properties in order to investigate the effect of starch fractions in PBAT blends. The degradation behavior under natural weathering and soil burial conditions was also determined during the 9 months duration by observing the change of physical appearance, weight loss, surface morphology, chemical structural, and tensile properties. The findings showed that the addition of TPS (20%, 40%, 50%, and 60%) had led to a reduction in tensile strength (41.47%, 60.53%, 63.43%, and 68.53%), and reduction in elongation at break (42.92%, 92.1%, 92.23%, and 93.22%, respectively) and water barrier properties. The findings also showed that there were distinct degradation behavior under both conditions. Upon exposure to natural weathering, photodegradation and Norrish type I & II occurred whereas under the soil burial condition, hydrolytic, and enzymatic degradation take places. Sample with the highest starch contents underwent the highest weight loss and reduction in tensile properties under both environments. The findings in this study are useful in order to investigate the feasibility of PBAT/Tapioca starch blends for biodegradable plastic film for various industrial applications especially in packaging and agricultural mulch.

Characteristics of Edible Film Made from Bitter Cassava Starch with Glycerol

The purpose of this study was to see how different glycerol concentrations affected the physical, mechanical, and barrier properties of an edible tapioca starch film. This study explored glycerol concentration using a completely randomized experimental design with four treatment levels, particularly regarding 10, 15, 20, and 25% (w/w). The tensile strength, elongation, solubility, and water vapor transmission rate of the films were all measured. Tensile strength has been 7.71 to 15.94 MPa, elongation was 13.33 to 20.00%, solubility was 15.81 to 24.81%, and water vapour transmission rate was 39.72 to 70.65 g/m2.h. Glycerol increased tensile strength whereas the decreasing elongation, solubility, and water vapour transmission rate.

Fabrication and characterization of oxidized esterified tapioca starch films encapsulating oregano essential oil with mesoporous nanosilica

Oregano essential oil (OEO) has great antioxidant and antifungal potential as a natural bioinhibitor, which is limited by its volatility and instability. In this study, OEO was loaded onto mesoporous nanosilica (MNS) to prolong the efficacy of biological inhibitors and then oxidized esterified tapioca starch (OETS) was used as a film-forming matrix to develop bio-nanocomposites for packaging by the casting method. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to analyze the loading effect of nanoparticles. Then, the microstructure, physical, barrier, antioxidant and antifungal properties of the active films containing OEO–MNS were evaluated and compared with those of the OETS-based film. The results showed that the presence of OEO–MNS endowed the film with antioxidant, antifungal, and ultraviolet-blocking properties, as well as improved tensile strength (TS) and water resistance. Specifically, the best performance was obtained for the OETS-based film containing 0.9% OEO–MNS with a uniform nanoparticle distribution. Meanwhile, the TS of the active films reached up to 6.97 MPa, which was about 236% higher than that of the pure OETS-based films. In addition, the film incorporating 1.5% OEO–MNS had the highest antioxidant capacity and excellent antifungal activity. The prepared multifunctional nanocomposite films containing essential oil have promising applications in the field of active packaging.

Mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties of starch films incorporated with chitosan nanoparticles

Abstract The mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties of tapioca starch films produced using a solvent casting method with varying concentrations of chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs; 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35% w/w of solid starch) were investigated. The addition of 15% w/w CNP (size range: 20–50 nm) to the starch films (starch/CNP films) enhanced the tensile strength from 1.12 to 10.03 MPa (7.96-fold increment) and elongation at break from 67.00 to 90.77% (0.35-fold increment). However, the thermal stability of the starch films reduced slightly whereby the maximum degradation temperature decreased from 316.32 to 289.11°C (0.09-fold decrement) with the addition of CNP. The opacity of 15% w/w starch/CNP films increased from 8.07 to 14.67 due to the presence of CNP within the starch matrix that hinders the light transmission pass through the film. Furthermore, reductions in the water vapor permeability from 1.1 × 10−11 to 0.63 × 10−11 g/Pa h m (4-fold increment) and oxygen permeability from 7.38 × 10−3 to 3.59 × 10−3 cm3/m day Pa (0.51-fold increment) of the films were observed. Starch/CNP films fabricated in this work exhibit enhanced the mechanical and barrier properties, thus proving the promising potential to be employed as food packaging materials.

The effects of nano-zinc oxide morphology on functional and antibacterial properties of tapioca starch bionanocomposite.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of nano‐zinc oxide (ZnO‐N) morphology on the functional and antimicrobial properties of tapioca starch films. For this reason, nanosphere (ZnO‐ns), nanorod (ZnO‐nr), and nanoparticle of ZnO (ZnO‐np) at 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0% were added to the starch film. Then, physicochemical, mechanical, and barrier properties were evaluated. Also, UV–visible and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra and antibacterial activity of prepared nanocomposite films against Escherichia coli were examined. The results revealed that the ZnO‐ns had the most effects on mechanical, physicochemical, and barrier properties. The highest values of the tensile strength (14.15 MPa) and Young's modulus (32.74 MPa) and the lowest values of elongation at break (10.40%) were obtained in the films containing 2% of ZnO nanosphere. In terms of UV transmission, ZnO‐nr showed the most significant impact morphology. FTIR spectra indicated that interactions for all morphologies were physical interaction, and there are no chemical reactions between starch structure and nanoparticles. The antibacterial effect of the ZnO‐ns was higher than that of other morphologies. In summary, ZnO‐ns was the best morphology for using ZnO‐N in starch‐based nanocomposite films.

Do fillers improve the physicochemical properties of antimicrobial tapioca starch edible films?

AbstractEdible films containing natural antimicrobials, like natamycin and nisin, constitute an emerging technology that provides an additional stress factor for food preservation. However, it has been observed that edible films based only on tapioca starch present several failures, such as poor mechanical properties and low hydrophobicity. Pumpkin and oat bran are ingredients that provide multiple health benefits. In this work, it was intended to improve mechanical properties and hydrophobicity of tapioca starch edible films, containing natamycin and nisin, by the addition of pumpkin peel, pumpkin mesocarp or oat bran fillers. In turn, the effect of fillers on the films was evaluated through the evaluation of their color, water vapor permeability, morphological characteristics, and microbiological behavior. Results showed that pumpkin fillers improved mechanical properties, reducing the strain at break and increasing the stress at break of tapioca starch edible films. Particularly, pumpkin peel filler increased 36 times the firmness of tapioca starch films, reaching a value of 87.64 MPa. Also, this filler increased 300% the hydrophobicity of the films with a contact angle of 48.29°. The incorporation of all studied fillers allowed the normal diffusion of natamycin. However, the different fillers retained the nisin in different degrees and, particularly, oat bran filler was the one with the highest affinity for it. After evaluating all the studied properties, it can be concluded that the composite film filled with pumpkin peel, is an improved version to the one without it, for food packaging.

Revealing the Water Resistance, Thermal and Biodegradation Properties of Citrus aurantifolia Crosslinked Tapioca Starch/Nanocellulose Bionanocomposites

Moisture absorption, thermal and biodegradation properties of nanocellulose (NC) reinforced bionanocomposite tapioca starch (TS) films crosslinked with Citrus aurantifolia or lime juice (LJ) were investigated for food packaging applications. The films were synthesized by solvent casting using different amounts of nanocellulose and crosslinkers: lime juice and a commercial citric acid (CA). Nanocellulose as reinforcing filler was obtained from oil palm empty fruit bunches through acid hydrolysis. Crystallinity of all TS bionanocomposites was determined using X-ray diffractometry. TS bionanocomposites interaction with water was studied by means of moisture absorption, moisture content and swelling. Flory-Huggin model was used to measure the crosslinked density of crosslinked TS bionanocomposites which indicated successful crosslinking using LJ and CA for TS. The crystallinity of TS film increased from 43.5% for neat TS to 51.6% for TS film with inclusion of NC. LJ-crosslinked TS film with 1 wt% of NC (based on starch content) had the lowest moisture absorption and swelling ratio. TS bionanocomposites with LJ had better thermal and biodegradation properties compared to commercial CA-crosslinked TS biocomposites, which can be a potential food packaging material among the tested bionanocomposites.

Difluoroboron-Curcumin Doped Starch Film and Digital Image Colorimetry for Semi-Quantitative Analysis of Arsenic.

This work presents a novel, simple, rapid, and cost effective method for semi-quantitative analysis of arsenic(III) in water sample. The method was based on the digital image colorimetry (DIC) of difluoroboron-curcumin doped starch film (BF2-cur-film) and arsenic ion in water. A red BF2-cur-film (9.4 μm) was fabricated by entrapped difluoroboron-curcumin (BF2-curcumin, particle size of 60 - 113 nm) in tapioca starch film. When the standard solution of arsenic (1 mL) was added into small plastic tube containing BF2-cur-film on its inner lid, blue solution (λmax at 610 nm) was observed instead of orange color in blank solution (λmax at 495 nm). When BF2-cur-film was used in conjunction with DIC, a wide linear range of 0 - 10 mg L-1 with good linearity (R2 > 0.99) was obtained from green channel with low detection limit of 0.04 mg L-1. Moreover, good precision (0.9 - 1.2%RSD, n = 4 days) and accuracy (0.03% relative error) were also achieved.

Lidocaine loaded gelatin/gelatinized tapioca starch films for buccal delivery and the irritancy evaluation using chick chorioallantoic membrane

The aim of this study was to confirm the feasibility of gelatin/gelatinized tapioca starch (α st) films for buccal delivery and to evaluate their irritancy. Lidocaine (LB) and lidocaine hydrochloride (LH) were used as model drugs and glycerin was used as the plasticizer. The scanning electron microscopy, atomic force electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis results confirmed the compatibility of gelatin/α st/glycerin (Gαgly) films. Drug releases of LB- or LH-Gαgly films were evaluated. The drug release profiles of medicated films presented good patterns in both short time and 8 h drug release studies. The permeation study was examined through chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) by using modified Franz diffusion cells. Moreover, the irritancy study for buccal films was also examined by a hen’s egg test on CAM model (HET-CAM). The results revealed that LB and LH could permeate through CAM, and these Gαgly films created no irritation on HET-CAM. This indicates that the LB- and LH-Gαgly films are possible to use as buccal films.

Tapioca starch films reinforced with microcrystalline cellulose for potential food packaging application

Abstract This work is directed towards developing biodegradable films from biopolymer that is sustainable and environmentally friendly particularly tapioca starch (TPS) films. However, the usage of TPS films for food packaging application has been limited due to the poor mechanical, barrier and thermal properties. Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) at different concentrations (0 to 10 wt.%) was incorporated as the filler into the films to form TPS/MCC composite films via solvent casting method in order to improve the limited properties of the films. The TPS/MCC films were characterized in terms of physical, mechanical, barrier, and thermal properties. It was found that 3 wt.% MCC was the ideal concentration of filler that resulted to the highest performance of the films in terms of mechanical and barrier properties. Thermal properties of the films were also improved with the addition of MCC into the films. In conclusion, TPS/MCC films produced in this study exhibit improved properties and have the potential to be used for food packaging application.

Unveiling the physicochemical properties of natural Citrus aurantifolia crosslinked tapioca starch/nanocellulose bionanocomposites

Bionanocomposites from low cost and non-scarce resource tapioca starch (TS)-based film were synthesized for food packaging applications. Two types of crosslinkers, namely Citrus aurantifolia, also known as lime juice (LJ), and a commercialized citric acid (CA), were used one at a time with glycerol via solvent casting for comparison purposes. Varying amounts of nanocellulose (NC) extracted from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) were added as the reinforcing filler via acid hydrolysis. Structural, tensile, physical properties and water vapor permeability characterizations were carried out. Crosslinking between TS and LJ through esterification were validated through the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, degree of substitution and degree of di-esterification results. Ten parts per hundred parts of starch (phs) of LJ enhanced the flexibility of TS bionanocomposite as its break elongation of 106% was the highest, while NC (1 phs) increased its tensile strength with the highest value of 13.5 MPa. Crosslinkers did not considerably affect the optical property of TS bionanocomposites but the addition of NC reduced its transparency. TS bionanocomposite films with both LJ and NC have lower water vapor permeability (WVP). The WVP of LJ-crosslinked TS film with 1 phs NC reduced about 55%, compared to neat TS film. This outcome showed that LJ is usable in starch crosslinking as the results obtained were comparable to those of the commercialized citric acid. The developed LJ-crosslinked TS bionanocomposites with enhanced tensile properties and water resistance could be used as food packaging, especially for dry food.

Curcumin nanoparticle doped starch thin film as a green colorimetric sensor for detection of boron

A tapioca starch film doped with curcumin nanoparticles was successfully fabricated and applied as a novel green colorimetric sensor for detection of boron in wastewater. Curcumin nanoparticles (curn, 30-90 nm) extracted from turmeric powder were used as a green probe, while tapioca starch was used as a natural support substrate. A yellow thin film (51 μm thick) fabricated on a used plastic spoon turned red-brown after immersion in boron solution (pH 9) for 15 min with excellent selectivity. The film costs only 0.0007 USD, while the cost of the sensor (curn-film on new plastic spoon) was 0.004 USD. After use the film could be completely washed from the plastic, it being biodegradable, while the used plastic spoon could be re-used to fabricate a new sensor at least 10 times. The good 1.52%RSD precision was obtained across three lots fabricated. When the curn-film was used in conjunction with digital image colorimetry (DIC), a simple and rapid quantification of boron was achieved. The green color layer in reflected light image of the red-brown product (IG) provided the highest sensitivity (64 ± 1 a.u. L mg-1) and the lowest detection limit of 0.052 ± 0.001 mg L-1. The intra-day testing (9 films) had 2.41 to 4.34%RSD, while the inter-day testing had 2.29 to 5.66%RSD (15 films, 5 days). Accuracy in terms of relative error for control samples (0.40 mg L-1) was+3.63%. Wastewater samples from Para-rubber wood processing plant were quantified by curn-film and DIC, giving 4248 ± 391 mg L-1 boron concentration with no significant difference to ICP determination at 95% confidence level. The sensors after storage in a desiccator for a year gave readings changed by only+3.5% and-2.1% relative to freshly prepared sensors.

ASSESSING MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF ZINC OXIDE-STARCH BIOFILM

Tapioca starch is able to form flexible transparent film eventhough the film was made without the use of additional chemicals. However, films made from tapioca starch still have various disadvantages in terms of functional properties. It is therefore an effort have to be done by adding chemical additif such as nanopartikel. The main objective of this study was to improve the functional properties of tapioca starch packaging by using ZnO nanoparticle as repair agents and glycerol as plasticizers. Some properties of the biofilm were analyzed including thickness, tensile strength, elongation, and water vapor permeability as well as antibacterial properties. The addition of nanoparticles was carried out in the amount of 0%, 1%, and 2% by weight of starch (w/w). While glycerol was used at 20% by weight of starch (v/w). The result of biofilm thickness can be determined the best treatment that was at 2% of ZnO where as the film had thickness value approaching JIS (Japanesse Industrial Standart) with 0,1087 mm. The highest tensile strength was reached at value of 2%, while the highest elongation was at 0% concentration Water vapor permeability (WVP) allowed the best results at 2% concentration of ZnO with a value of 1.0146 × 10−9gs−1m−1Pa−1. The results of this study indicated that tapioca starch film containing ZnO nanoparticle could be used as food packaging material with antibacterial properties. The inhibition index of the film was 7,67 mm from the film with 2% ZnO to bacteri of E. coligreater than film witl 1% ZnOat about 5,40 mm. Meanwhile, for Salmonella sp., after 24 h incubation, the film either 1% and 2% ZnO nanoparticle exhibited 6, 97 mm of clear zone of diameter.

Mechanical and thermal properties of tapioca starch films plasticized with glycerol and sorbitol

Recently, the use of natural polymer such as starch to produce packaging film has received much attention as a substitute for conventional petroleum-based packaging film since starch is biodegradable and sustainable. However, the poor characteristic of starch such as high brittleness will limit the application of the film. This problem can be solved by adding plasticizers. In this work, the effects of different types of plasticizers (glycerol, sorbitol and 1:1 mixture of glycerol-sorbitol) on mechanical and thermal properties of tapioca starch films prepared by solvent casting method were investigated. The films were characterized in term of mechanical (tensile strength (TS), elongation at break (EAB), Young Modulus (YM) and thermal properties (thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA)). Film plasticized with sorbitol exhibited higher TS and YM but lower EAB value which contributed to higher thermal stability than glycerol-plasticized film. This was due to the strong interactions between the polymer chains resulting from the high molecular weight of sorbitol. Hence, films became more rigid and thus promoted to a greater thermal resistance.

High hydrostatic pressure processing for the preparation of buckwheat and tapioca starch films

Buckwheat starch (BS) and tapioca starch (TPS) films were prepared to compare the effect of different gelatinization methods on the physical, optical, and thermal properties of the films. High hydrostatic pressure processing (HPP) at 600 MPa (20 °C, 20 min) and thermal processing (TP, 90 °C, 20 min) for gelatinization of the starches were used to prepare the films. Consequently, the films prepared using HPP had higher tensile strength and elongation at break than those prepared using TP regardless of the starch type. In particular, the BS films prepared using HPP exhibited lower water vapor permeability (2.10 × 10−9 g/m s Pa) and water solubility (11.67%) values than those prepared using TP (3.10 × 10−9 g/m s Pa, 19.85%). Overall, the application of HPP improved the physical properties and water resistance of both films. Thus, HPP can be used as a method for the preparation of starch films.