Tanzanian Government Research Articles

The landscape and level of alcohol policy enforcement in Tanzania.

Harmful use of alcohol causes more deaths in Sub-Saharan Africa than in any other region. In Tanzania, where alcohol use disorders rates are twice the overall African average, harmful alcohol consumption is a public health concern. Given the lack of a contemporary overview of the alcohol policy landscape, we conducted a mixed-methods review of key alcohol-related policies, implementers, and initiatives in Tanzania. We conducted a desk-based review of policy-related documents, and in-depth interviews with eight key informants guided by the 10-composite-indicator framework of a tool for measuring alcohol policy implementation developed by World Health Organization. Representatives were from health-service delivery, community-based organizations, governmental organizations, research, and policymakers whose work is related to alcohol in Tanzania. Data was collected in June and October 2022, and finalized in March 2023. Findings were analyzed using Microsoft Word v2021. Themes were identified, collected, combined, and tabulated. Differences were then resolved by first and second authors. Our findings revealed no single comprehensive national alcohol policy. Pending finalization of a draft policy, various documents and actors govern alcohol production, distribution, licensing, and consumption. Little intersectoral linkage between entities contributes to poor enforcement of these regulations. Regulation is stronger in urban areas, and restrictions more effective on industrial alcohol. However, the majority of consumed alcohol in Tanzania is informally-produced, especially in rural settings. Socio-cultural context plays a key role in alcohol production and consumption, contributing to early-age exposure to alcohol. Alcohol is a growing source of revenue for the Tanzanian government and, therefore, imposing further restrictions is a low priority. There are important policy gaps in various sectors pertaining to alcohol regulation. Our results strongly suggest the need for a comprehensive approach to developing an overarching alcohol policy, with involvement of key stakeholders, stronger enforcement, and increased awareness, resources, and collaborations.

Health and financial vulnerability among motorcycle-taxi drivers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A case study from Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the vulnerability among population groups in Tanzania. The study analyzed vulnerability status during the pandemic using motorcycle-taxi drivers for the case study since they are one of the vulnerable groups to the COVID-19 crisis and commonly excluded from or underserved by social protection. The field survey was conducted in the Dar es Salaam region across five districts (Kinondoni, Ilala, Temeke, Kigamboni, and Ubungo). Seven (7) enumerators administered the structured questionnaires to interview 462 respondents. The researcher analyzed data using descriptive statistics, frequency tables, and charts to analyze the financial vulnerability status of motorcycle taxi drivers. The study employs the logistic regression model (logistic transformation of the odds) for health vulnerability. The results suggest that the likelihood of motorcycle taxi drivers getting sick from COVID-19 increases with the number of passengers in contact, age, and if they rarely wear a mask. The Tanzanian government can use the study results to understand better the vulnerability issues related to motorcycle taxis in Tanzania and formulate practices and policies to minimize their vulnerability and maximize their benefits. This will include raising awareness of Covid-19 and precautions measures.

Empowering self-reliance: Assessing the impact of lifting ban for pregnant girls to return to school in Tanzania

The main objective of this study was to examine how the Tanzanian government’s program allowing girls who became pregnant while in school to return after giving birth relates to efforts in promoting self-reliance among these girls. Using a quantitative research approach with a cross-sectional design, the study found that 87.5% of teenage mother students and 62.5% of teachers had positive perceptions of the program. Factors influencing teenage pregnancies included poverty (37.5%), peer pressure (10%), bad friends (10%), and rape (12.5%). Additionally, 32.5% of the pregnancies were attributed to businessmen, 27.5% to bodaboda (motorcycle taxi) drivers, 25% to street men, and 15% to fellow students. The study also revealed challenges for teenage mothers, such as difficulty balancing studying and childcare (62.5%) and stigmatization from students, teachers, family, and community members (57.5%). Teachers reported issues like low concentration in class (62.5%), late arrivals (75%), lack of respect (62.5%), and absenteeism (68.5%). Furthermore, 65% of teenage mother students reported no support from the fathers of their children, highlighting a lack of support from these individuals. It is recommended that all stakeholders provide both psychological and material support to help these teenage mothers become self-reliant. The government, in collaboration with the community, should also ensure that all perpetrators of pregnancies are held accountable for supporting these teenage mothers.

Coffee Production Levels among Smallholder Farmers with and without Hanns. R. Neumann Stiftung Interventions in Rungwe and Mbeya Districts

This study examined and compared coffee production levels among smallholder farmers, those involved, and those not involved with Hanns R. Neumann Stiftung (HRNS) interventions since 2006. The study sample was selected using systematic and random sampling techniques, whereby 104 out of 413 respondents were selected from two wards and five villages within the HRNS intervention zone, as well as five villages without HRNS interventions; farmers in both groups being members of Umalila Agricultural Marketing Cooperatives (AMCOS) and Kyobo, Tutafika, and Ikuti AMCOS. The production levels were then compared for two samples in Mbeya and Rungwe Districts, respectively. Questionnaires, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews were used to collect primary data, which were complemented by secondary data from documentary reviews. Descriptive statistics, including frequencies, percentages, and means, were employed to analyse socio-economic characteristics and coffee production parameters. The study findings revealed that smallholder coffee farmers’ yields increased significantly with HRNS interventions, reaching 248.66 kg/ha, compared to 115.18 kg/ha for coffee farmers outside the HRNS intervention. The findings indicate that HRNS interventions have a positive impact on smallholder coffee farmers who are beneficiaries of the HRNS program. Thus, the findings highlight the critical significance of government assistance in sustaining such programs. The study recommends for sustained Tanzanian government support for HRNS-like interventions, such as the continual provision of quality seedlings, fertilizers, and extension services to enhance coffee production. This study contributes to the theoretical understanding of agricultural interventions by comparing smallholder farmers’ coffee production with and without HRNS interventions. It demonstrates the usefulness of HRNS in increasing yields, emphasizing the significance of focused interventions in coffee production.

Autonomy of Regulatory Authority to Effectively Provide Regulatory Services in Tanzania: A Case Study of LATRA

The establishment of regulatory authorities is geared towards regulating or stabilizing the market economy through fostering fair competition and setting guidelines that safeguard consumers and nurture the private sector. The study was generally geared to assess the autonomy of regulatory authorities to effectively provide regulatory services in Tanzania, taking the case study of the Land Transport Regulatory Authority (LATRA). This study was guided by four specific objectives, namely: to determine the ability of LATRA to effectively provide regulatory services in Tanzania; to assess institutional frameworks that influence LATRA to effectively provide regulatory services in Tanzania; to assess legal frameworks that influence LATRA to effectively provide regulatory services in Tanzania; and to explore challenges facing LATRA to effectively provide regulatory services in Tanzania. Transportation, SERVIQUAL, and agency theories were used to support this study. LATRA was used as the case study, targeting a population of 123, among which were LATRA employees as regulatory authorities, the Tanzania Bus Owners Association (TABOA) as service providers, and commuters on public transport as service users. The researcher employed simple random sampling and purposive sampling procedures to get a sample size of 55 respondents from the targeted population. The study used an interview schedule guide and a questionnaire to obtain data from the field. The data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The study found that LATRA has been providing various regulatory services, such as the issuance and cancellation of public transport permits and licenses, reviewing and setting rates and charges, and also imposing sanctions on entities that contravene regulation policies and laws. The current institutional framework affects the smooth functioning of LATRA and its ability to effectively provide its regulatory services. This is due to LATRA’s administrative incapacity, poor management support, and financial independence, which affect its autonomy to effectively provide regulatory services. The smooth functioning of LATRA is hindered by political interference, limited administrative competencies, limited transparency, the use of the Tanzania Police Force (TPF) to deal with regulatory issues, the invisible hand of the Tanzanian government in LATRA’s daily operation, as well as LATRA’s institutional and legal frameworks, which reduce the practical aspect of LATRA's autonomy in discharging regulatory functions. The study further recommended that the LATRA policy, institutional framework, and legal framework should be overhauled or repaired in order to remove or reduce political interference in LATRA operations, which affects the autonomy of LATRA.

Health, energy security or people's jobs? Understanding cooking transition narratives and energy justice implications in Tanzania

The achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 7 ‘affordable and clean energy for all’ is incomplete with 1.8 billion people worldwide still dependent on biomass for cooking, with detrimental effects on health, well-being and environment. The situation is especially acute in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study explores cooking transition narratives in the Tanzanian context. The recent policy initiative towards clean cooking from the Tanzanian government provides the opportunity to investigate the main actors and perspectives that set the scene for clean cooking, and justice implications. Drawing on interviews with relevant stakeholders and analysis of key strategic documents we find that the current narratives highlight technical, financial and environmental dimensions, but has little emphasis on the end-users. This provides limited understanding of the practices that underpin cooking, and people's ability to transition to clean cooking technologies. In the future, there is a need to consult the end-users to ensure a successful, just and sustainable transition.

Causes of School Dropout among Public Secondary School Students in Ifakara Town Council, Tanzania

This study aimed at exploring causes of students' dropout in public secondary schools in Ifakara Town Council, Morogoro. The study employed a mixed approach. The study involved 128 participants including 1 DEO, 7 heads of school, and 120 dropout students. Data was collected through questionnaires and interviews. Quantitative data were analysed using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 while qualitative data were analysed through content analysis. The findings of the study revealed that low economic status of the respondents’ family was the leading cause of school dropout in the study area; the parents failed to meet school expenses and support their children education. Also, students missed school to do home responsibilities like taking care of their young siblings while the parents were working. Parents’ low level of education made them to have low income and not to value the education of their children. Children from single parent families had challenges with their school requirements being met which led to some dropping out of school. Major recommendation was that, Tanzanian government, NGOs and other educational stakeholders should provide more assistance for poor students who cannot afford to pay for educational materials by creating special program from government in co-operation with the Ministry responsible for education.

Education For Community Transformation

The Tanzanian Government has made several efforts to guarantee the accessible and equitable education to all children irrespective of their race, creed or sex. However, there are some predominant socio-cultural practices which are impediments to young women’s education. Using a case of Monduli district -Tanzania, this study explored the influence of socio-cultural practices toward schooling of Maasai Young Women. A cross- sectional research design was adopted to obtain a sample of 120 respondents. Data were collected using Questionnaires, Key Informants’ Interview (KII) and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) methods and analysed by using IBM-SPSS. 20.0 and content analysis. Overall, the study found that, Nomadic Lifestyle, Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) and Early Marriages are tremendously affecting schooling of young Maasai women. While the two earlier mentioned practices were found to waste a lot of girls’ learning hours; the latter has been causing a substantial number of school girls to drop out. Subsequently the girls became vulnerable to illiteracy of which jeopardizes their chances to participate in community development projects as well as in decision-making process. The illiterate people are not always invited to participate because they do not understand the nitty gritty of their participation. In order to eliminate these harmful practices, it is recommended the government and other stakeholders to create or strengthening community awareness campaigns and capacity-building programs.

Nurse Practitioners (NPs) as Game Changers in Tanzania Health Delivery System: Lessons Learnt from Fujita Bantane Hospital in Japan.

Shortage of physicians/doctors in the primary health care system has been evidenced in various countries. Among other things, these countries deployed nurse practitioners (NPs) in the health care delivery system to address this shortage. Countries in America, Europe, and Asia use NPs to address physicians/doctors shortage in the primary health care delivery systems. Various studies have shown that NPs have been deployed in primary health care facilities to curb these shortages.While in Tanzania shortage of physicians/doctors and other health professionals is evidenced in every sector of the health care system, nurses play a crucial role to cover this shortage by providing care and support for individuals and communities. Nurses work in various settings from being a nurse, counselor, laboratory technologist, social worker, educationist, and physician, to name a few. Nurses play a key role in preventing, diagnosing, and attending to common health problems. The question is, "When will the Tanzanian health delivery system recognize the pivotal role of these nurses and upgrade them to NPs?" This study suggests that deployment of NPs in Tanzania's health care systems could be a "game changer." As a fellow on Critical Care Nursing Course at Fujita Health University Bantane Hospital in Japan, witnessed deployment of NPs in health care delivery and the reaped benefits are enormous; increased access to health care services, reduction in health care costs, reduced hospital stays, and customer satisfaction through client empowerment and comfort. This is an observational study of tasks performed by NPs in Fujita Health University Bantane Hospital and their relevance as a positive innovation to curb physician shortages for effective health care delivery. The duration of the study at Bantane Hospital was 2 months from January 15 to March 16, 2024. One-to-one interviews with NPs on duty were conducted. Also, collected and reviewed information from Tanzanian government Web sites, published government documents, and academic literature. Results show that NPs perform a lot of procedures that physicians/doctors were supposed to do. In the wards, theater, laboratories, and clinics, they play a pivotal role to curb shortage of physicians/doctors in health settings. NPs are an effective addition to medical facilities. They perform various procedures in the absence of the doctors. The findings from this study have important implications for improving health care delivery in Tanzania. NPs could be "game changers" in the health care landscape in Tanzania. Investment on nurses' education, proper training, and policy changes in nurse practice regulations are key for this to succeed.

Projected rising temperatures and vapour pressure deficit threaten Arabica coffee production Tanzania's burgeoning coffee region: Empirical insight from Mbinga district, Tanzania

Tanzania is emerging as a key coffee producer, but climate change poses a serious threat to coffee production in the country. While extensive literature addresses climatic variables’ trends and variability in coffee-growing regions globally, elevation, a crucial factor in coffee cultivation, is often overlooked. This paper aims to fill this knowledge gap by examining the future trends and variability of climatic variables identified in previous studies being crucial for Arabica coffee (rainfall, temperature, and vapor pressure Deficit (VPD)) during different phenological stages of Arabica coffee growth across three elevation zones (lowland, midland, and highland). We study the Mbinga district, now a major Arabica-producing area and the forefront of hopes for expanding production in Tanzania. We used a Multi-Model Ensemble (MME) of two Global Circulation Models (GCMs) to estimate the future trends and variability of rainfall, temperature, and VPD under SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios from 2023 to 2064. We analyzed these data using non-parametric trend analysis (Mann-Kendal and Sen's slope test estimation) and standardized anomalies. Our results suggest that both temperatures (minimum and maximum) and VPD during critical flowering and growing seasons are projected to increase significantly over the next 42 years across all elevation zones under both emission scenarios. The mean annual temperatures across elevation zones in Mbinga are projected to surpass the optimal temperature envelope (23 °C) for producing quality Arabica, challenging the notion that the highlands might serve as a refuge for future production. The mean annual VPD in the lowlands are projected to surpass the optimal envelope (0.82 kPa) for Arabica productivity from 2023 to 2064 under both emission scenarios, while midlands are projected to surpass the optimal VPD envelope from mid-2040s onwards. In constrast, the highlands are projected to stay within the optimal VPD envelope for Arabica productivity from 2023 to 2064 under both emission scenarios. Nevertheless, as highlands are projected to get more warmer in the future because of rising temperatures, this hope might not be feasible in the post-2064. To secure Mbinga's future in global coffee value chains, the Tanzanian government and stakeholders must support adaptation measures, enhancing smallholders’ resilience against climate-induced disruptions.

Individual and community level factors associated with sexually transmitted infections among men in Tanzania: insights from the Tanzania demographic and health survey of 2022

BackgroundSexually transmitted infections continue to be a significant public health issue on a global scale. Due to their effects on reproductive and child health as well as their role in facilitating the spread of HIV infection, sexually transmitted infections impose a heavy burden of morbidity and mortality in many developing countries. In addition, stigma, infertility, cancer, and an increased risk of HIV are the primary impacts of STIs on sexual and reproductive health. While numerous studies have been conducted in Tanzania to address this specific topic in various settings, the majority of them weren’t representative. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to use data from the most recent Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey in order to evaluate the individual and community-level factors associated with sexually transmitted infections among Tanzanian men at the national level.MethodsThe most recent datasets from the Tanzania demographic and health survey were used for secondary data analysis. A total of 5763 men participated in this study. The recent Tanzania demographic and health survey provides data for multilevel mixed effect analysis on the variables that contribute to sexually transmitted infections among men in Tanzania. Finally, the percentage and odd ratio were provided, together with their 95% confidence intervals.ResultThis study includes a total weighted sample of 5763 men from the Tanzania demographic and health survey. Of the total study participants, 7.5% of men had sexually transmitted infections in the last twelve months. Being married [AOR: 0.531, 95% CI (0.9014, 3.429)] was a factor that reduced the risk of sexually transmitted infections among men. On the other hand, being between the age range of 20 and 24 years [AOR: 6.310, 95% CI (3.514, 11.329)] and having more than one union [AOR: 1.861, 95% CI (1.406, 2.463)] were the factors that increased the risk of sexually transmitted infections among men.ConclusionsMen’s sexually transmitted infections have been associated with individual-level factors. So, the Tanzanian governments and the concerned stakeholders should provide special attention for men whose age range is 20–24 years old. Promoting marriages and limiting the number of sexual partners should be the main strategies to lower the risk of sexually transmitted infections among men in Tanzania.

Land use and land cover changes and their driving forces in selected forest reserves in Central Tanzania

Miombo woodlands benefit humans in a variety of ways, including by providing food and ecosystem services. However, Tanzania's Miombo woodlands are declining due to ever-increasing unsustainable human activities. This study used landsat images for the years 1996, 2006, and 2021 to quantify the extent of land use and cover change in the Mgori and Minyughe forest reserves of the Singida region in Central Tanzania. We conducted interviews with 154 villagers living near the forest reserves to determine the drivers of land use and cover change. The findings showed that increased cultivation, illegal settlements, forest harvesting for timber, charcoal production, and livestock grazing are the primary drivers of land use and cover changes. Over the study period, cultivated land in the Mgori forest reserve increased by 33.56%, settlements by 32.67%, and bushland by 0.52%, while woodlands and grassland decreased by −0.60% and −0.22%, respectively. In the Minyughe forest reserve, cultivated land has grown by 23.81%, scattered cultivation by 16.79%, settlements by 6.58%, and water by 1.02%. During the same time period, significant loss occurred in woodland with a dynamic index of (−3.50%), bushland (−0.75%), grassland (−0.40%), and seasonally inundated grassland (−1.86%). User accuracy was highly reliable in cultivated land, bushland, woodland, and grassland cover. The overall Kappa coefficient values provided substantial accuracy for a specific land cover category. In order to combat deforestation and forest cover loss, the study recommends that the Tanzanian government strengthen conservation in both forest reserves.

Factors affecting the performance of the Village Land Councils in managing land use conflicts between farmers and pastoralists

The current study evaluated the variables influencing Village Land Councils' (VLC) ability to resolve land disputes before they are twisting out of their control. Pastoralists would often transhumance, taking their herds far from their villages in search of pastures and water, and sometimes they would let their animals to graze on agricultural fields. The Tanzanian government was prompted to divide village holdings into sections designated for farmers and livestock keepers to resolve the tensions between farmers and pastoralists to prevent ongoing conflicts. Key informant interviews and semi-structured interviews were used to gather data. NVivo software 14 was used to evaluate the qualitative data. The results indicate that the low literacy rates of their members, the absence of VLC capacity building, the absence of a chain of command in the conflict mediation and resolution process, biased choices, and corruption all contributed to the village land councils' limited ability to mitigate land conflicts. As a result, in defiance of the Village Land Act of 1999's instructions, communities arraign land disputes in public courts. It is found that village land councils, which were intended to hold reconciliation sessions and serve as village tribunals for reconciliation at the village level, have not succeeded in achieving the goals set forth, notwithstanding the limitations of the Village Land Act. The report suggests that the Village Land Act be reviewed, that VLC members' capability be increased, that secondary education be made a requirement for council participation, and that corruption be eliminated.

Taxpayer's Perception on the Adoption of E-Filling System in Tanzanian Cities

Electronic filing system (e-filling) is a recent phenomenon in Tanzania. The Tanzanian Government, through its revenue authority, TRA, in the year 2020 introduced a tax e-filling system for the effective collection of various types of taxes. Since the inception of the tax e-filling system in Tanzania, only a few studies have focused on retailers' perceptions of using such a system. This study adopted a descriptive survey design conducted in Tanzanian cities using a set of closed-ended questionnaires to a random sample of 423 taxpayers. The main finding of the study showed that perceived usefulness and user satisfaction significantly influence users' adoption intention of e-filling ([β = 0.396, p < 0.000; β = 0.343, p < 0.000, respectively]). Additionally, the study indicated a broad discrepancy between the advantages of tax e-filling to taxpayers, hence downplaying its usage/adaptability. The study recommended that awareness-raising campaigns and training be initiated to understand the tax e-filling system better. Policy-wise, the study contributes to the Income Tax Act, Cap. 332 R.E., 2019, the Tanzania Development Vision 2025, and the National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty I & II.

The human and financial costs of conservation for local communities living around the Greater Serengeti Ecosystem, Tanzania

Protected areas have long been recognized globally as an important strategy for conserving biodiversity. However, the establishment of protected areas has often adversely impacted local livelihoods, particularly where people and their livelihoods are exposed to wildlife threats. Understanding the magnitude and the types of human and livelihood losses to wildlife can help to reduce the losses in the future. Here we collected and analysed a large and comprehensive historical data sets on crop damage, livestock depredation, and human attacks over eight years from January 2015 to October 2022 from Serengeti District and Ngorongoro Conservation Area to understand human and livelihood losses to wildlife in the Greater Serengeti Ecosystem (GSE). The data were government records of loss and compensation. Additionally, we performed individual interviews on what communities lose to wildlife in the area. We found that wildlife causes serious annual losses of crops (value estimated at USD 489,000) and livestock (USD 17,600). On average 22 people from villages beside or within the protected areas were injured each year and eight people were killed, usually by elephants. Compensation paid by the government to local communities only covered <20% of their total financial losses, and was also very little for the injury or loss of human life. Given our estimates are only for two administrative areas i.e. Serengeti District and Ngorongoro Conservation Area, the figure will be much higher if we include all districts around the GSE. These findings contribute to the broader conservation science field and the global discourse on human-wildlife conflict and coexistence. Protected area authorities should: a. take greater responsibility for protecting local communities and their assets from wildlife attacks, and b. assist the local communities with implementing deterrence and in establishing problematic animal prevention units in hotspot areas. In particular, we recommend that the Tanzanian Government should review the current compensation regulations to reflect the actual loss.

Cost analysis for initiating an integrated package of essential non-communicable disease interventions (PEN-Plus) in Kondoa District Hospital, Tanzania: a time-driven activity-based costing (TDABC) study protocol

IntroductionNon-communicable diseases (NCDs) constitute approximately 74% of global mortality, with 77% of these deaths occurring in low-income and middle-income countries. Tanzania exemplifies this situation, as the percentage of total disability-adjusted...

Charcoal briquetting: Alternative energy sources and waste management solution for sustainable cities in Tanzania

&lt;p&gt;This paper presents a report as part of a comprehensive study on the utilization of some forms of solid waste (SW) to make charcoal briquettes (CB) as an alternative fuel source in communities that are reliant upon traditional charcoal (TC) and wood as the primary cooking fuels. The study coincides with the Tanzanian government’s efforts to diminish reliance on wood and charcoal as a primary fuel source, particularly for large-scale consumers. Nevertheless, the government restriction on TC usage comes with little or no presentation of alternative sources that are both eco-friendly and economically sustainable. Introducing the mechanism that meets both environmental and economic criteria, the study employs a cross-sectional approach to collect the required data and uses experimental methods to evaluate the performance of the produced CB. Such tests focused on cooking duration, burning rate (BR), specific fuel consumption (SFC), and the general efficiency expressed by the percentage of heat utilized (PHU). In most cases, CB performs by far or less well than TC. Such results make the study important as it develops clean cooking technologies to solve the existing fuel crisis and improve health and environmental conditions from SW pollution while reducing deforestation, subsequent desertification, and climate change for sustainable environmental conservation.&lt;/p&gt;

Charcoal briquetting: Alternative energy sources and waste management solution for sustainable cities in Tanzania

&lt;p&gt;This paper presents a report as part of the comprehensive study on the utilization of some forms of solid waste (SW) to make charcoal briquettes (CB) as an alternative fuel source in communities that are reliant upon traditional charcoal (TC) and wood as the primary cooking fuels. The study coincides with the Tanzanian government’s efforts to diminish reliance on wood and charcoal as a primary fuel source, particularly for large-scale consumers. Nevertheless, the government restriction on TC usage comes with little or no presentation of alternative sources that are both eco-friendly and economically sustainable. Introducing the mechanism that meets both environmental and economic criteria, the study employs a cross-sectional approach to collect the required data and uses experimental methods to evaluate the performance of the produced CB. Such tests focused on cooking duration, burning rate (BR), specific fuel consumption (SFC), and the general efficiency expressed by the percentage of heat utilized (PHU). In most cases, CB performs by far or less well than TC. Such results make the study important as it develops clean cooking technologies to solve the existing fuel crisis and improve health and environmental conditions from SW pollution while reducing deforestation, subsequent desertification, and climate change for sustainable environmental conservation.&lt;/p&gt;

The relative influence of leadership factors on employee retention in Tanzanian local government

The success of any organization depends on better retention of its employees. Studies on employee retention have reported on how best the organization can devise strategies for retaining its employees. Accordingly, individual and organizational factors have received significant attention over leadership style as a tool for inducing employee retention, particularly in remote areas. This study explores the existing leadership style and its influence on employee retention at Ikungi District Council Tanzania. Qualitative enquiry using a case study was carried out at Ikungi District. Documentary review and interviews were used to collect data. The data were analysed using content analysis and a thematic approach. The findings indicate that leadership style matter the most in employee retention as the decision to remain with the organization is highly determined by how well the subordinates interact with their supervisors

Supporting business functions influencing the formalization of charcoal business in Tanzania

Charcoal business, production, and sustainability are all under the control of government regulations. In Tanzania, the entire charcoal value chain employs approximately two million people. As a result, there are unreliable records for registered actors, and it is difficult to accurately quantify the annual amount of charcoal production and revenue collected by the Tanzanian government. Supporting functions are legally provided activities and services to support charcoal actors to formalize their business, including participation in the formulation of forest laws, market infrastructure development, training, access to information, and financial services. Supporting business functions available for charcoal actors such as producers, wholesalers, and retailers to facilitate the formalization of the charcoal business in Tanzania. This study was conducted to determine the supporting functions that are important to charcoal actors in Tanzania to formalize their activities. A total of 107 charcoal actors were administered a semi-structured questionnaire using the multiple sampling technique, which involved 31 wholesalers and 42 retailers trading in two of the largest markets, one in Dar es Salaam and the other in Zanzibar. Both markets depend on charcoal production in Handeni district, located in Tanga Region. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that formalizing the charcoal sector in Tanzania necessitates public-private partnerships (22.9%), financial services and legal environments (21.9%), and market infrastructures (15.6%). We concluded that the charcoal business needs the collaboration of the government with non-government organizations to share resources such as forest staff, vehicles, and incentives to motivate the participation of actors in the training of the legal procedure of charcoal business management, the formulation of registered charcoal groups or associations, and the establishment of charcoal selling centres. Moreover, the development of forest laws should be participatory to involve charcoal business stakeholders to have a reasonable cost of issuing licenses and other permits.