Tannin Extract Research Articles

Clitoria ternatea L. (Butterfly Pea) Flower Against Endometrial Pain: Integrating Preliminary In Vivo and In Vitro Experimentations Supported by Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Studies

Clitoria ternatea L. (CT) is a perennial herbaceous plant with deep blue flowers native to tropical Asia. This work explores the endometrial pain (EP) regulation of CT flower through a multifaceted approach. Phytochemical screening unveiled the presence of alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, glycosides, and tannins in CT flower methanolic extract (ME). In the in vitro membrane stabilizing experiment, the ME demonstrated 91.47% suppression of heat-induced hemolysis. Upon carrageenan-induced paw edema assay conducted on male Swiss albino mice at doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, 65.28% and 81.89% inhibition rates, respectively, of paw edema were reported. For the same doses, upon acetic acid-induced-writhing assay, 75.6% and 76.78% inhibition rates, respectively, were observed. For network pharmacology analyses, a protein–protein interaction network was constructed for 92 overlapping gene targets of CT and EP, followed by GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses. Network pharmacology-based investigation identified the anti-EP activity of CT to be mostly regulated by the proteins SRC homology, ESR1, and PI3KR1. Physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, and toxicity property predictions for the compounds with stable ligand–target interactions and a molecular dynamics simulation for the highest interacting complex further validated these findings. This work affirmed the anti-EP role of CT flower against EP, suggesting a probable molecular mechanism involved.

Tannin Extraction from Leaves of Some Plants

This research, Tannin compound was extracted from cassava leaves, cueva leaves, jackfruit leaves, mango leaves and poninac leaves from Dongdok Village, Xaythany District, and Vientiane Capital. Using a single-soak extraction method and shaking with a stirrer using solvents as an extractor, such as distilled water, methanol (30%, 50%, 70%, and 95.85%), ethanol (30%, 50%, 70%, and 96.75%), acetone (30%, 50%, 70%, and 99.99%). The ratio between samples to solute was 5:50 g/mL extracted at room temperature with the extraction time of 13 hours (immersing 12 hours and shaking for 1 hour). The total amount of tannins in the sample was analyzed by reaction the folin-ciocalteu reagent and measuring the absorption of light at a wavelength of 762 nm. The results of the analysis of tannin content showed that the best extracts of tannins in all the samples were: tannin extract in poninac leave was 41.44 g/kg (50% acetone as an extract), the Jack fruit leaf was 39.56 g/kg (50% ethanol), the cueva leaf was 37.52 g/kg (30% acetone), the cassava leaf was 25.94 g/kg (70% acetone) and the extract of tannin from mango leaf was 22.24 g/kg (30% ethanol). Comparing the amount of tannin in the samples of cassava leaves, cueva leaves, jackfruit leaves, poninac leaves and mango leaves, it was found that poninac leaves had the highest amount of tannin. Following by samples of cueva leaves, jackfruit leaves, cassava leaves and mango leaves, respectively.

Effect of the Total Saponins of Bupleurum chinense DC. Water Extracts Following Ultrafiltration Pretreatment on Macroporous Resin Adsorption

Macroporous resin is an efficient separation technology that plays a crucial role in the separation and purification of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). However, the application of macroporous resins in TCM pharmaceuticals is hindered by serious fouling caused by the complex materials used in TCM. This study examines the impact of ultrafiltration (UF) membrane technology on the macroporous resin adsorption behavior of TCM extracts. In this paper, Bupleurum chinense DC. (B. chinense) water extracts were included as an example to study the effect of UF pretreatment on the macroporous resin adsorption of total saponins. The study results indicated that the adsorption of total saponins constituents from the water extracts of B. chinense on the macroporous resin followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir model. The thermodynamic parameters of adsorption, including enthalpy changes and Gibbs free energies, were negative, while entropy changes were positive. These results demonstrated that the total saponin components form a monolayer adsorption layer by spontaneous thermal adsorption on the macroporous resin, and that the adsorption rate is not determined by the rate of intraparticle diffusion. Following treatment with a UF membrane with an average molecular weight cut-off of 50 kDa, the protein, starch, pectin, tannin, and other impurities in the water extracts of B. chinense were reduced, while the total saponin content was retained at 82.32%. The adsorption kinetic model of the saponin constituents on the macroporous resin remained unchanged and was consistent with both the second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir model; the adsorption rate of the second-order kinetic model increased by 1.3 times and in the Langmuir model at 25 °C, the adsorption performance improved by 1.16 times compared to the original extracts. This study revealed that UF technology as a pretreatment method can reduce the fouling of macroporous resin by TCM extracts and improve the adsorption performance of macroporous resin.

Structure and bioactivity of tannin extracts from Taxodium ‘Zhongshanshan’

Abstract Taxodium ‘Zhongshanshan’ is a distinctive tree known for its rapid growth and robust stress resilience. To enhance the utilization of forestry resources, tannin extracts were procured from the barks (BE) and leaves (LE) of Taxodium ‘Zhongshanshan’. The tannin structures were characterized by FT-IR and MALDI-TOF MS, and found to be condensed tannin with a degree of polymerization not exceeding 6. The tannin extracts exhibited a potent ability to scavenge free radicals at capacities of 60–80 % compared to Vitamin C (VC). They inhibited the bacterial strains Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), with a pronounced effect on the latter. Furthermore, tannin from Taxodium ‘Zhongshanshan’ appears benign and have no significant effect on cell activity.

Trade-offs between selection of crude protein and tannins in growing lambs.

Tannins are phenolic compounds that provide benefits to ruminants due to their protein-binding affinities and antioxidant properties. However, tannins may also have negative orosensorial and postingestive effects that decrease feed intake. This study explored how lambs trade-off the ingestion of crude protein (CP) with the ingestion of potentially beneficial and toxic condensed and hydrolyzable tannins, and the ensuing impacts on diet digestibility, animal performance, and blood parameters. Thirty-two lambs were housed in individual pens for 8 weeks and had access to two isoenergetic diets that varied in the concentration of CP (High-HP or Low-LP) and the presence of a mix of condensed and hydrolyzable tannins (4% DM). Animals were assigned to 4 treatment groups (N=8 lambs/group) and received a simultaneous offer of: HP and LP (Control); HP and LP+tannins (HP-LP+); HP+tannins and LP (HP+LP-); and both HP and LP with tannins (HP+LP+). All lambs preferred HP over LP and they avoided tannins in the diets (P < 0.001). Dry matter and CP intake were the lowest in HP+LP- (P < 0.0001), and DMD did not differ between Control and the other groups (P > 0.05), but it was greater for HP-LP+ (P < 0.0001). Crude protein digestibility was greater for groups without tannins in HP (P < 0.0001), but ADG did not differ among treatments (P > 0.05). No differences between Control and HP+LP+ were found in plasma antioxidant activity, total phenolic concentration, or haptoglobin concentration (P > 0.05). Intake of tannins was HP+LP+ > HP+LP- > HP-LP+ (P < 0.0001), and fecal excretion of nitrogen (N) was HP+LP+ > HP-LP+ = HP+LP- > Control (P < 0.05). In addition, intake of tannins with both diets reduced blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration relative to Control (P < 0.05), thus suggesting a shift in the partitioning of N excretion from urine to feces. In summary, lambs prioritized selection of HP over LP, regardless of the presence of a tannin extract in either or both diets. Nevertheless, lambs modulated their tannin consumption as a function of the specific diet where the tannin extract was added, with increasing levels of intake as tannins were present in just LP, then in just HP, and finally in both diets. Dietary tannins did not constrain ADG and resulted in a shift in the partitioning of N excretion from urine to feces. Such shifts have been found to result in reduced production of environmental pollutants such as ammonia, nitrous oxide, and nitrates.

Effectiveness Evaluation of the aqueous and alcoholic Mesembry-anthemum crystallinum L extract on the fungus Candida albicans

Scientific studies indicate the use of medicinal plants as antibiotics for some pathogenic fungi, as they do not cause side effects when used in the specified doses, either by extracting the active ingredients from each plant alone or by extracting them from more than one plant species. Thus, this study targeted the effect of inhibiting the active ingredients of Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. on the activity of the fungus Candida albicans using polar solvents, namely water, ethyl alcohol and methanol, and detecting its content of active compounds. The results showed that the Ghassoul plant contains saponins and resins, as well as alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids and tannins in the aqueous extract, while its content was phenols, proteins, amino acids and tannins in the ethylene and methanol alcoholic extracts. The results also showed that the ethyl alcohol extract has an effect on the activity of Candida albicans, as the highest average inhibition diameter was 17 mm, and thus it can be used as a new antifungal material, while the methanol and aqueous extracts of Ghassoul have the lowest average inhibition diameters on Candida albicans, which are 16 mm and 15 mm, respectively. Keywords: medicinal plants, Ghassoul plant, aqueous extract, alcoholic extract, Candida albicans.

Potential Benefits of Tannins on Ruminant Health, Production and Environmental Sustainability

Tannins are naturally occurring polyphenolic compounds increasingly recognized for their potential benefits to ruminants. Tannins can be extracted from plants' roots, bark, leaves, and seed husks. Management of plant communities to produce a diverse array of secondary compounds, particularly tannins, is a promising strategy for holistically enhancing agroecosystems on rangelands and benefiting free grazing ruminant animals. Deterioration of rangelands constrains plant diversity, reducing tanniferous forage plants and limiting tannin availability to free-grazing ruminants. Ruminants supplemented with tannin extracts in confined feeding operations have gained several reported benefits. Commercial industries are also expanding to extract and process tannin extracts. The beneficial effects of tannins depend on many factors, including plant species, plant part, tannin type (condensed tannins (CTs) or hydrolyzable tannins (HTs), and dose. Tannin binds with proteins, enhances the diversity and abundance of amino acids in the small intestine, and improves overall protein absorption and utilization. Compiled with other mechanisms, tannins can improve the quality, quantity, shelf life, and consumer preference of meat and milk products. Tannins also possess antimicrobial, anti-parasitic, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory properties. CTs also impact rumen microbial populations, decreasing methane production, improving ruminal microbiota diversity, and lowering ammonia nitrogen production. Therefore, the use of tannin from tannin extracts and tanniferous forage plants presents a promising avenue for enhancing confined and free-grazing ruminant animals' health, productivity, and environmental sustainability.

Environmental Impact Assessment of a Plant Cell-Based Bio-Manufacturing Process for Producing Plant Natural Product Ingredients

Purpose: This study employed a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology to evaluate the environmental impacts of a novel plant cell-based biomanufacturing process for producing plant natural product ingredients. The primary purpose was to assess the relative sustainability of the process and to provide insights into potential areas of improvement in the biomanufacturing process. Method: The LCA method used an MS Excel (Ver. 2407) -based approach with a cradle-to-gate system boundary covering raw material sourcing (A1), raw material transportation (A2), and product extract manufacturing (A3) stages. Energy use and material inventory data are presented for different unit operations, and environmental impact factors were obtained from the Ecoinvent database. The study included a Material Circularity Index (MCI) calculation to assess the circularity of the biomanufacturing process for the production of saponin emulsifiers that are normally extracted from the woody tissue of the Chilean soapbark tree (Quillaja saponaria). Comparative analyses were performed against a wild-harvest approach for plant tannin extraction from spruce (Picea abies) tree bark. Key Results: The environmental impact assessment focused on determining relative Global Warming Potential (GWP), Acidification Potential (AP), Freshwater Eutrophication (FE), Particulate Matter Formation (PMF), and Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP). Results indicated that the extract manufacturing stage (A3) contributed significantly to adverse environmental impacts, with varying levels of effects based on the energy source used. Comparative analysis with the wild harvest approach highlights the lower environmental impact of the alternative biomanufacturing process. The biomanufacturing process showed a 23% reduction in GWP, AP, and FE and a 25% reduction in PMF and ODP relative to the wild harvest approach. However, the MCI for the biomanufacturing process was estimated to be 0.186, indicating a low material circularity. Conclusions: The results revealed that the extract manufacturing stage, particularly energy consumption, significantly influences the relative environmental impacts of the alternative production processes. Different energy sources exhibit varying effects, with renewable energy sources showing lower environmental impacts. The Material Circularity Index indicated a low circularity for the biomanufacturing process, suggesting opportunities for improvement, such as incorporating recycled or reused materials. Compared with the tannin extraction process, the plant cell-based biomanufacturing process demonstrated lower environmental impacts, emphasising the importance of sustainable practices and the use of renewable energy sources in future plant natural product sourcing. Recommendations include implementing more sustainable practices, optimising raw material choices, and extending product life spans to enhance circularity and overall environmental benefits.

Phytochemical Screening and Evaluation of Insecticidal Effect of Hydro-Ethanolic Extracts of Leaves and Bark of Nauclea latifolia (Rubiaceae) on Workers of Macrotermes bellicosus (Rambur, Isoptera) in the Laboratory

Pesticides are increasingly criticized for their harmful effects on the environment and the health of farmers by environmental protection organizations and farmers themselves. Faced with this, new strategies including the use of plant-based extracts are proposed. The objective of this study is to evaluate the insecticidal effect of two plant extracts on Macrotermes bellicosus workers. Thus, through phytochemical screening and direct toxicity test, the secondary compounds and the insecticidal effect of hydro-ethanolic extracts of the bark and leaves of Nauclea latifolia were respectively evaluated. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of sterols, polyphenols, saponins, flavonoids and alkaloids in the hydro-ethanolic extracts of the bark and leaves of N. latifolia. On the other hand, it revealed an absence of tannins in both extracts. The direct toxicity test showed the efficacy of both extracts on M. bellicosus workers. The LD 50 of the hydro-ethanolic extract of the bark of N. latifolia (49.5 mg/L) was 2.6 times lower than that of the hydro-ethanolic extract of the leaves (129.55 mg/L). Total mortality with the hydro-ethanolic extract of the bark with doses of 50 and 100 μl was obtained 72 hours after treatment, while with the hydro-ethanolic extract of the leaves, it was obtained 96 hours after treatment. Efficacy is raised with the hydro-ethanolic extract of the bark. The consumption test revealed the presence of veneer in both treated and control samples. Filter papers were consumed for both extracts in both treated and control samples extracts of the bark and leaves of N. latifolia are effective against M. bellicosus workers. They can be recommended for the control of termite pests after evaluation of their acute toxicity to mammals.

The total tannins of Geum japonicum Thunb. var. chinense extracted by green and natural deep eutectic solvent: Extraction optimization, component identification and hypoglycemic activity

Geum japonicum Thunb. var. chinense (G. japonicum) is a cultivated medicinal plant and used as folk medicine, among which tannins are the main active ingredients. In this work, L-proline-lactic acid (Pro:La) as natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) was tailored for the total tannins extraction from G. japonicum with the optimal conditions as follows: water content of 29 %, solid-liquid ratio of 27:1 (mg/mL), extraction time of 48 min, and extraction temperature of 48°C. In high fat diet-induced obese mice, the total tannin extract of G. japonicum can significantly reduce the body weight and serum lipid levels, improve glucose tolerance impairment and insulin resistance, reduce islet hypertrophy and protect the liver. Targeted fractionation of the total tannin extract of G. japonicum led to the isolation of sixteen tannins. Notably, the isolated tannins, except for ellagic acid and 3,3′-di-O-methylellagic acid, possessed strong α-glucosidase inhibitory activities (IC50: 1.401–4.801 μg/mL) and dose-dependently inhibited glucose consumption of Caco-2 model system in vitro. These results indicate that the NADES (Pro:La) can effectively extract total tannins from G. japonicum and provide a reference for further applications in medicine and healthcare products.

PSX-20 The inclusion of a tannin-based product evaluated in a typical feedlot diet under tropical conditions increases the molar proportion of propionate in a dual-flow continuous-culture system

Abstract The objective of the present study was to evaluate increasing levels of a tannin-based product and a monensin (positive control; unique dose) using a dual-flow continuous-culture system. Diets were randomly assigned to ten fermenters in a replicated 5 x 5 Latin square with three, 10-d experimental periods consisting of 7 d for adaptation and 3 d for sample collection. Four different levels were tested independently, resulting in 5 treatments: tannin at levels of 0 (negative control), 0.07, 0.14, and 0.21 (% of DM of the total diet) and monensin as positive control at 28 mg/kg DM. The tannin-based product was a specific blend of tannin and saponins, composed of quebracho and chestnut tannin extracts, SilvaFeed-BX). Diets were prepared as concentrate mixes that were combined with sugarcane bagasse, corn grain, dry distillers grain, citrus pulp, peanut meal, and urea. Liquid and solid flow rates were adjusted to 10 and 5.0%/h, respectively. Samples were collected for digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and microbial growth. The basal diet consisted of a typical finishing diet for beef cattle (16:84 roughage:concentrate ratio). All results were assessed for residual normality and variance homogeneity. All variables were fitted through generalized mixed models (GLIMMIX procedure) and compared by using Tukey test (multiple comparison) and polynomial regressions (tannin concentrations, which were analyzed for linear and quadratic responses. Partial data were presented in the table below. Total VFA concentration, molar proportion of butyrate, and total Branched-chain VFA were not affected by treatments (P &amp;gt; 0.05). Molar proportion of acetate of the tannin-based product at 0.07 % of DM tended to be decreased compared with all other treatments. Molar proportion of propionate increased quadratically (P = 0.05) reaching the peak at the level of 0.07 % of DM, which were greater than monensin treatment. In conclusion, our results indicate that a smaller dose of a tannin-based product (0.07 g/kg of DM) might manipulate ruminal fermentation by increasing molar proportion of propionate in typical feedlot diet fed under tropical conditions. This is important from an energetic standpoint for the animal host, since propionate is the precursor of glucose synthesis in ruminants.

PSXII-24 Use of a commercial blend of tannins as feed additive for feed lot cattle on large pen trial improves carcass weight and carcass feed conversion

Abstract The utilization of commercial tannin extracts as feed additives holds promise for enhancing animal performance and health within commercial feedlot settings. This study aimed to assess the impact of a commercial tannin blend, SilvaFeed BX (Indunor, Buenos Aires, Argentina), sourced from quebracho and chestnut extracts along with saponins, on the performance of beef cattle. Nelore bullocks (n = 1,198) were allocated to 12 pens in a completely randomized block design, stratified by initial date, at a commercial feedlot facility in Goias State, Brazil. Each pen served as an experimental unit, with 10 pens housing 100 animals each and 2 pens containing 99 animals each. The experimental treatments included a Control diet with monensin alone [25 ppm/kg dry matter (DM)] or treated with BX (0.7 g/kg DM) on top of the control diet. Individual body weights (BW) were recorded at processing (initial BW; IBW) and shipment (final BW; FBW), while DM intake (DMI) was averaged per pen throughout the study duration. Carcass weight (CW) was individually measured at the packing plant, and carcass gain was calculated as the discrepancy between carcass weight and the estimated initial carcass weight, set at 50% of the IBW, aligning with customary practices for negotiating feeder cattle in Brazil. Statistical analyses were conducted using Proc Glimmix in SAS, treating pens and treatments as fixed effects and blocks as random effects, with IBW considered as a covariate. Residuals were assessed for normality, identifying three outliers. Mean comparisons were facilitated using LSMEANS. The results indicated that BX-treated cattle exhibited increased FBW (502.17 vs. 493.64 kg, P = 0.0992), carcass weight (275.76 vs. 268.78 kg, P = 0.0343), total carcass gain (107.52 vs. 100.54 kg, P = 0.0343), and improved carcass feed conversion (10.46 vs. 11.45 kg DM/kg; Table). Despite numerical differences, the limited number of replications were not enough to detect significant differences between treatments in average daily gain (P = 0.2419), DMI (P = 0.5508), feed conversion (P = 0.2641), or dressing (P = 0.3757). In conclusion, BX, a blend of tannins, exhibits potential for enhancing carcass weight and feed conversion efficiency in Nelore bullocks. Further investigations employing larger sample sizes are warranted to comprehensively elucidate its effects on other performance parameters.

130 Meta-analysis of the impact of Quebracho and Chestnut tannin extract supplementation on the growth performance in growing and finishing beef cattle

Abstract Integrating tannin extracts (TE) into the diet of growing and finishing beef cattle has shown promise in optimizing protein utilization while potentially mitigating methane emissions. Despite these potential benefits, there is a notable gap in a comprehensive analysis of the influence of TE on growth rate. This study addressed this gap by collecting data on the supplementation of a blend of condensed (from Schinopsis spp.) and hydrolyzable (from Castanea spp.) tannins, which has about 70% total tannins, and its impact on critical metrics, such as average daily gain (ADG, kg/d), dry matter intake (DMI, kg/d), and feed efficiency ratio (FER, g/kg). Our objective was to conduct meta-regression analyses to understand better the nuanced effects of condensed tannin supplementation on the overall performance of beef cattle during the critical stages of growth and finishing. The dataset was constructed by collecting published studies that reported in vivo experimental data on growing and finishing beef cattle supplemented with different levels of TE. It contained 132 observations from 35 publications. The meta-analysis was conducted by linear regression with a mixed-effects model fitted by the restricted maximum likelihood method using the nlme package of R software (ver. 4.3.1). Studies were assumed as random variables, and their interaction with the intercept and slope were included in the regression. The number of animals per treatment was used as a study-specific weight. Studies accounted for 32%, 35%, or 27% of the total variance when regressing ADG, DMI, or FER, respectively, on TE (% DM). After adjusting for random effects, the ADG increased (P &amp;lt; 0.001) with increasing levels of dietary TE (P &amp;lt; 0.001): 1.344 (± 0.0071) + 0.240 (±0.0298) × TE (n = 99, r2 = 0.40). It was observed that as the dietary TE level increased, its impact on the ADG tended to decrease from 0.33 kgּ d-1ּ % TE-1 when fed up to 0.5% TE to 0.24 kgּ d-1ּ % TE-1 when fed up to 1.5% TE, suggesting a possible nonlinear relationship between these two variables. Similarly, DMI decreased slightly (P &amp;lt; 0.001) at 0.61 kg/d/% TE, but with a lower precision (n = 115, r2 = 0.14). Consequently, FER increased (P &amp;lt; 0.001) at 17 kgּ d-1ּ % TE-1 (n = 93, r2 = 0.34). Initial findings suggest that incorporating TE into the diet of growing and finishing cattle, up to a concentration of 0.5% DM, positively influences the growth rate and enhances FER while minimally affecting DMI. Subsequent research endeavors should delve into a more intricate examination of optimal TE inclusion levels and explore additional performance indicators for a comprehensive understanding of its impact.

An Optimization of the Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Grape Marc: A Comparison between Conventional and Ultrasound-Assisted Methods

The green extraction of total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and tannins from grape marc was optimized using response surface methodology. The extracts were characterized and analyzed using LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS, and free radical scavenging capacity was evaluated. An efficient green extraction method is crucial for improving the recovery rates of these high-value phytochemicals and for sustainably reusing wine by-products. Our study optimized parameters for both conventional and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods, including solution pH, extraction temperature, liquid-to-solvent ratio, and ultrasonic amplitude. The optimized conditions for conventional extraction were identified as 60% ethanol with a pH of 2, a solvent-to-solid ratio of 50:1, extraction time of 16 h at a temperature of 49.2 °C. For ultrasound-assisted extraction, the optimized conditions were determined as 60% ethanol with a pH of 2, a solvent-to-solid ratio of 50:1, and an amplitude of 100% for 5.05 min at a temperature of 60 °C. We also demonstrated that lowering the temperature to 49.5 °C improves the energy efficiency of the extraction process with a minor reduction in recovery rates. Considering all factors, ultrasound-assisted extraction is more suitable for efficiently recovering bioactive compounds from grape marc.

Unveiling the phytochemical profile, antioxidant and antibacterial activities, acute toxicity insight and analgesic effect of Retama dasycarpa stems: An unexplored endemic plant from Morocco

Retama dasycarpa is an endemic shrubby leguminous plant of Morocco used in traditional folk medicine. The plant has never been studied for either its phytochemical or pharmacological properties. This study represents the first investigation of the phytochemical profile as well as the antioxidant, the antibacterial, the analgesic effects and the oral acute toxicity of Retama dasycarpa. Watery and hydromethanolic stems plant macerates have been investigated. Secondary metabolites quantitative analysis was achieved through spectrophotometric techniques. Antioxidant effect was explored through DPPH, ABTS and FRAP trials. Antibacterial activity was investigated using a micro-plates dilution assay. Analgesic activity was explored through acetic acid-induced writhing and tail-flick methods. Acute oral toxicity was investigated on mice. Phytochemical analysis was achieved through UHPLC connected to diode array and mass spectrometry detectors.The obtained results showed significant contents in total phenolics, flavonoids and tannins in both extracts especially the hydromethanolic extract whose contents were slighlty higher than the aqueous one resulting in a remarkable antioxidant activity. Compared to the aqueous extract, the H2O:MeOH (1:1) one showed notable antibacterial activity against the tested strains. The acute toxicity in mice revealed the non-toxicity of the extracts along with a promised starting material of central and peripheral analgesics. The UHPLC analysis revealed the presence of several bioactive phytochemicals pertaining to phenolic acids, flavonols, flavones and isoflavones.The obtained results demonstrate the richness of this endemic and unexplored plant in terms of bioactive compounds and their associated activities, making it a promising source of pharmacological ingredients.

The in vitro Antimicrobial Effects of Hydrolysable and Condensed Tannin Extracts on Escherichia coli Isolated from Pathological Samples of Deceased Poultry

Abstract Colibacillosis, caused by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), is one of the most prevalent and economically damaging bacterial diseases affecting poultry globally. Managing colibacillosis is difficult and frequently ineffective because APEC strains have developed widespread resistance to antibiotics, and the strict regulations and public concerns towards using antimicrobial agents in poultry further complicate the situation. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial properties of hydrolysable (sweet chestnut extract) and condensed (quebracho extract) tannins on Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolates from poultry, exploring their potential as antibiotic alternatives in managing colibacillosis. E. coli was isolated from the internal organs of deceased poultry across 18 farms, including layers, broilers, and broiler breeders. Each isolate was assessed for the presence of APEC strain predictors (virulence genes iutA, hlyF, iss, iroN, and ompT), antimicrobial resistance to 14 antibiotics using the disc diffusion method, and the presence of resistance genes for specific antibiotics (ampicillin, gentamicin, tetracycline, and quinolones). Out of 43 isolates, 27 (62.8%) were classified as APEC, 30 (69.8%) showed resistance to three or more antibiotic classes, and 32 (74.4%) carried at least one AMR gene. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for the hydrolysable tannins from sweet chestnut extract (Castanea sativa Mill.) (SwCh) ranged from 0.5 to 3 mg/mL, while for the condensed tannins from quebracho extract (Schinopsis lorentzii) (Que), the MICs ranged from 1.5 to 4.5 mg/mL. The results indicate that both hydrolysable and condensed tannins possess significant in vitro antimicrobial activity against APEC, offering a potentially valuable alternative for controlling colibacillosis in the poultry industry.

Effects of dietary supplementation with Acaciamearnsii tannin extract on carcass characteristics and meat quality of lambs

BackgroundPlant extracts are used as possible methane mitigants and to replace antibiotic feed supplements previously used prophylactically to improve the adaptation of lambs in intensive feeding systems. This study investigated the effects of Acacia mearnsii tannin extract used as anti-methanogenic feed additives on carcass and meat quality of lambs.MethodsForty Dohne Merino lambs, with an initial mass between 23.90 kg and 37.40 kg, were first stratified according to their initial body weight and thereafter one of the eight lambs with similar body weight were randomly assigned to four treatment groups (n = 10 lambs/treatment). The lambs were fed ad libitum with a basal total mixed ration. Four experimental diets were formulated: TMR diet (control); TMR diet with Rumensin® at a dosage of 75 mg/kg of DM feed (Monensin; Positive control); TMR diet with raw condensed Acacia tannin at 20 g/kg of DM feed (Crude tannin); TMR with addition of encapsulated condensed Acacia tannin at 20 g/kg of DM feed (Encapsulated condensed tannins). The lambs were slaughtered at a live mass of about 50 kg after a 19 week trial period.ResultsDietary tannin additives did not affect the carcass composition or colour aspects of lamb meat. However, there were minor changes in fatty acid profiles, particularly in the intramuscular adipose tissue. The addition of encapsulated tannin extract resulted in a higher proportion of C18:2n6t (0.15% ± 0.03 vs. 0.19% ± 0.03; p < 0.05), C18.3n3 (0.24% ± 0.04 vs. 0.29% ± 0.04; p < 0.05), C22:6n3 (0.02 ± 0.01 vs. 0.05 ± 0.03; p < 0.05), in comparison to monensin. This improvement in fatty acid profiles is presumably beneficial for human health, but it could affect the sensory quality of meat.ConclusionOur results suggest that Acacia mearnsii tannin extracts can be included as anti-methanogenic feed additives in lamb diets without compromising product quality.

Effect of Acacia mearnsii forage or tannin extract on rumen dry matter and crude protein degradation.

This study investigated rumen degradation kinetics of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) in compound feed with different tannin extract inclusions and Acacia mearnsi forage (AMF) relative to dairy feeds (perennial ryegrass+white clover mixture pasture, maize silage, lucerne hay and Themeda triandra hay). The compound feed had 0.75%, 1.5% and 3% tannins extract inclusions while the control was a commercial compound feed. Triplicates of each feed per incubation period were incubated in two fistulated Jersey cows for 0, 6, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h, resulting in six replicates per feed. Tannin extract inclusions in compound feed only affected (p < 0.05) the (a) fraction, degradation rate and potential degradability (PD) for DM degradation, and affected (p < 0.05) the (a) and (b) fractions, as well as PD for CP degradation. The (a) fraction and degradation rate for DM degradation changed linearly (p < 0.05). The (a) fraction, PD and effective degradability (ED) of DM degradation changed quadratically (p < 0.05). Except for the degradation rate, the feed type affected (p < 0.05) the degradation parameters in both DM and CP degradations. For DM and CP degradations, (a) fraction was similarly the least in Themeda triandra hay and AMF but similarly the highest in maize silage, perennial ryegrass+white clover mixture pasture and lucerne hay. The (b) fraction was the least in AMF for both DM and CP degradations but the highest for pasture's DM degradation and similarly the highest in maize silage, lucerne hay and T. triandra hay for CP degradation. The PD was the least in AMF for both DM and CP degradations and similarly the highest in pasture DM but similarly the highest in perennial ryegrass+white clover mixture pasture, maize silage and lucerne hay for CP degradation. Furthermore, the ED was the lowest in AMF and the highest for perrenial ryegrass + white clover mixture pasture for DM degradation and same trend was observed for CP degradation whereby perrenial ryegrass + white clover mixture pasture, maize silage and lucerne had the highest ED. Digestible undegraded protein was the highest in AMF and similarly the least in dairy feeds. Tannin source inclusion in ruminant diets should be moderate to prevent rumen DM or CP degradation limitation.

Tannin impregnation pre-treatment of potatoes as a valuable strategy for acrylamide, monochloropropanediol and glycidol mitigation in chips and frying oil

This study focused on evaluating the mitigating effect of five different natural extracts of commercial tannins on the concentration of food contaminants such as acrylamide (AA), glycidols (GD), and monochloropropanediols (MCPDs) in potato chips and frying oils after the impregnation of potatoes with tannins. The impregnated samples were used to perform 4 consecutive fryings to simulate the effect produced in restaurants. AA mitigation was achieved in all pre-treated chips throughout the four frying cycles (except for the chestnut extract). The highest AA mitigation (86.6%) was achieved using quebracho extract. This correlated positively with the progress of Maillard reaction measured at 284 nm. In potato chips, 3-MCPD and GD were decreased by most tannins tested, whereas 2-MCPD was only mitigated using hydrolyzable tannins. However, in frying oils, 3-MCPD showed a decrease using chestnut, grape seed and quebracho extracts, 2-MCPD decreased using all tannins, and no effect was observed on GD. To our knowledge, this is the first study using tannins as a mitigation strategy to decrease MCPDs and GD; and it seems a good approach to keep low concentrations of these compounds. Indeed, hydrolyzable tannins seem the best option to mitigate MCPD and GD and condensed tannins the best one to mitigate AA.

Inclusion of the Cistus ladanifer L. plant and its condensed tannin extract in lamb diets - Effects on animal antioxidant status and oxidative stability of meat

This study evaluated whether the incorporation of condensed tannin (CT) extract from Cistus ladanifer in lamb diets induces the same antioxidant protection as the C. ladanifer plant. How dietary CT can enhance the antioxidant status of animals and the oxidative stability of their products was also explored. Thirty-six lambs were used to evaluate the effect of three levels of C. ladanifer CT (without CT enrichment, medium, and high level of CT) and two ways of CT supply (C. ladanifer plant or C. ladanifer CT extract) on meat lipid and colour stability, and antioxidant status of muscle, rumen, abomasum, and faeces. The presence of CT monomers in muscle and CT content in digestive contents and faeces was evaluated. Cistus ladanifer plant and CT extract did not improve the lipid stability and antioxidant status of meat, but both CT sources enhanced the meat colour stability over storage time. Condensed tannin monomers were not identified in muscle. Intake of α-tocopherol decreased with inclusion of CT sources in diets. However, muscle α-tocopherol content was not affected by diets, suggesting that CT increase the α-tocopherol availability in muscle. Both CT sources increased antioxidant activity in the digestive contents, although, in the abomasum, C. ladanifer plant resulted in higher antioxidant activity than CT extract for the same CT level in the diet. No CT were detected in the faeces and both CT sources had a minor effect on the antioxidant activity, which could indicate the CT transformation in the gastrointestinal tract.