Tannin Extract Research Articles

Phytochemical evaluation and in-vitro antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of Moroccan Lavandula x intermedia leaves and flowers

Abstract. Fliou J, Spinola F, Riffi O, Zriouel A, Amechrouq A, Nalbone L, Giuffrida A, Giarratana F. 2023. Phytochemical evaluation and in-vitro antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of Moroccan Lavandula x intermedia leaves and flowers. Biodiversitas 24: 5788-5796. This study performed a preliminary evaluation of the phytochemical composition and in vitro antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of Lavandula x intermedia leaves and flowers collected in the Fez-Meknes region of Morocco. Phytochemical analyses comprised qualitative colorimetric determinations of alkaloids, anthraquinones, and terpenes and quantitative analysis of total polyphenols, flavonoids, and condensed tannins by UV spectrophotometer. Antibacterial activity was evaluated by determining minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values against different ATCC bacterial strains. The phytochemical analysis showed a high amount of total polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins in the leaf extract and a higher amount of terpenes based on colorimetric reaction than the flower extract. A positive colorimetric reaction for alkaloids and anthraquinones was detected for both extracts. The antibacterial activity of leaves and flower extract was not different against Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains (p<0.05). The results of the present study suggest the possible use of ethanolic extracts of L. x intermedia collected in the Fez-Meknes region of Morocco as a natural agent against bacterial pathogens.

Characterization of tannin extracted from Aningeria altissima bark and formulation of bioresins for the manufacture of Triumfetta cordifolia needle-punched nonwovens fiberboards: Novel green composite panels for sustainability

The new Aningeria altissima tannins extracted from ground bark were characterized by ATR-FT MIR and MALDI-ToF spectrometry. The tannin extracts were found to contain flavonoids and glucose, with a strong predominance of chalcone and gallocatechingallate monomers typical of condensed tannin proanthocyanidins. Two different formulations of resins bio-cured with hexamine and exudates from the Vachellia nilotica tree were analyzed (gel time, TMA and ATG) and used to manufacture biocomposite panels of carded-needled non-woven fibers of Triumfetta cordifolia (TC) natural fibers. The new biocomposites bonded with extracted Aningeria altissima tannin showed high water sensitivity, exceeding EN 622–5. The incorporation of TC fibers increased the thermal degradation temperature of biocomposites and improved their thermal stability. The mechanical properties of both biocomposites are high in the weft direction, which is favored by the preferential orientation of the fibers in this direction. In particular, the high flexural strength and flexural modulus are good enough to meet the specifications of current international standards for fiberboards used in dry conditions. The biocomposite with the optimum properties was obtained from fibers bonded with hexamine-cured tannin resin.

Optimisation of the process of acquiring tannin compounds with anti - Vibrio parahaemolyticusfrom the leaves of sea almond tree (Terminalia catappa L.)

Terminalia catappa L. (so-called Bang in Vietnamese) is considered an important medicinal plant in folk medicine for the treatment of digestive disorders and other inflammatory conditions. This plant contains several medicinally essential components, especially the tannin group. This study evaluated a number of factors affecting tannin extraction from the leaves of sea almond tree with the help of response surface methodology (RSM). The factors used to evaluate are solvent concentration, solvent:material ratio (v/w) and soaking time (hours). Research results show that the highest total tannin content (TTC) is 1.54 mg GAE/g raw material, the optimal conditions are determined as follows: ethanol 54%, solvent:material ratio (S:MR) is 41:1 (v/w) and soaking time 2 hours. The experimental values (TTC=1.54±0.02 mg TAE/g raw material) show good agreement with the predicted value (TTC=1.54 mg TAE/g raw material). Experiments evaluating antibacterial activity show that the optimal extract of sea almond tree leaves has the ability to resist Vibrio parahaemolyticus bacteria. The results of this study could pave the way for the mass production of medicinal compounds containing tannins from sea almond tree leaves and improve the usage value of this popular plant.

Qualitative Identification of Secondary Metabolites and Determination of the Toxicity of Extracts Obtained from the Flower of Kalanchoe Pinnata

Kalanchoe pinnata, also known as air leaf or life leaf, is a plant used in traditional medicine in different world regions. In Mexico, it is included in the Atlas de la Medicina Tradicional Mexicana with a wide variety of applications, such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antihistamine, among others. However, neither a secondary metabolite profile of the flower has been reported nor information on its possible toxicity. The latter is the purpose of this work. A phytochemical profile of extracts with solvents of different polarity (aqueous, methanol, ethanol, and ether) was carried out. In this profile, the structural compounds could be qualitatively determined by chemical reactions, and some changes in coloring or precipitation were observed. The acute toxicity test of the extracts was performed with an aquatic organism, Artemia sp, and a terrestrial organism Eisenia foetida, as well as the evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of the extracts in the organism of Eisenia foetida. The ABTS radical method and TROLOX were applied as synthetic antioxidants for the evaluation of the inhibition percentage. Most important secondary metabolites were qualitatively identified in the extracts of K. pinnata flowers. Mainly in the alcoholic extracts (methanol and ethanol) tannins, alkaloids, and flavonols were found. As mentioned above, they are reported to have toxicological effects. The toxicity and antioxidant activity tests confirm the preliminary results obtained in the identification of secondary metabolites. It is therefore concluded that the flower of Kalanchoe pinnata contains secondary metabolites that may be of great therapeutic interest.

Enhanced degradation of methionine by eco-friendly and low-cost tannin extract modified Fenton oxidation: Promotion of the Fe(III)/Fe(II) cycle

In this study, a low-cost natural biomass extracted from higher plants - Tannin - was used to improve the Fenton system by promoting iron cycling due to the abundant phenolic hydroxyl groups in the molecular structure. Tannin extract (TE) of black wattle was combined with Fe(Ⅱ)/H2O2 system at room temperature and under pH 3 to 8. Methionine (Met) was chosen as a target pollutant, as its critical role in the global sulfur cycle and algae-induced black bloom events. The results found that TE could significantly promote Fe(Ⅱ)/H2O2 system, Met degradation increased from 44 % to 86 % under pH 6.0, and the mineralization increased from 14.86 % to 38.96 %. Both quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis confirmed that OH and O2− contributed to Met degradation, and OH played a key role in TE/Fe(Ⅱ)/H2O2 system. The reducibility of TE at different pH values was evaluated, the highest Fe(Ⅲ) reducing rate of TE was obtained at pH of 4.5 (k = 22.48 M−1min−1) based on the formation model. TE and its complex catalyzed the dismutation of O2− to form OH. The degradation rate constant of TE/Fe(Ⅱ)/H2O2 system was 3.63 min−1, and the intermediates of Met degradation was proved to be non-toxic. In conclusion, TE could facilitate the iron recycle in Fenton system, consequently to strengthen H2O2 activation, and it offered an energy-saving and eco-friendly way for organic pollutants treatment.

Advanced separation of phytochemical and bioactive attributes from various morphological components of sugar maple (Acer saccharum) tree

This work provides data on the advanced extraction of phenolic compounds from different morphological parts (flower, leaf, fruit, twig, seed, and bark) of the sugar maple tree, information which is still limited. Additionally, it explores the operating parameters of a fundamental advanced extraction unit operation (microwave-assisted extraction), considered environment friendly. Results based on the FTIR spectra, spectrophotometric and HPLC analyses showed that sugar maple's morphological parts can be dynamic candidates to be used as either natural preservative or antioxidant additive for application in food, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceutical industries. Yields of antioxidant components such as total phenols, total flavonoids, condensed tannins, and extractable tannins in sugar maple ranged from respectively 35.77−136.55 mg GAE/g DM, 10.51−47.33 mg CTE/g DM, 5.33−127.33 mg CTE/g DM, and 32.21−110.35 mg GAE/g DM. In addition, different morphological parts of sugar maple could also be used as purpose-based food ingredients, other than as antioxidant additives. For instance, leaf can be utilized as a promising source for protein (21.16% ± 0.83%) extraction, the bark was determined to have high carbohydrate (87.27% ± 0.33%) content, while seeds showed higher ash (inorganic nutrients) (7.84% ± 0.07%) and fat (6.12% ± 0.44%) contents. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that leaf followed by bark have considerable thermal stability while the opposite condition was seen in the case of maple fruits.

Phytochemical Screening and Assessment of the Antioxidant Activity of the Mucilage Contained in Baobab Leaves and Bark (Adansonia Digitata L) of Senegal

The present work involved determining the chemical composition and assessing the antioxidant activity of the mucilage contained in baobab leaves and bark. The mucilage from each organ was obtained separately in two beakers by extraction with ethanol and acetone. Phytochemical tests revealed the presence of various families of compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids and tannins in the organic extracts. Antioxidant power was assessedusing the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH-) radical scavenging method, based on determination of the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50).This study shows that the solvent and the plant organ affect antioxidant activity. In fact, for ethanolic and acetonic extracts of leaves, the IC50 value varied respectively between 3.58 and 3.98 mg/mL then between 3.83 and 5.32 mg/mL; while for ethanolic and acetonic extracts of bark, the values found varied respectively between 6.49 and 8.12 mg/mL then between 5.51 and 9.11 mg/mL. These results therefore show that organic leaf extracts have a greater DPPH- radical scavenging capacity than organic bark extracts. However, the most powerful antioxidant power is observed in the ethanolic leaf extracts, where the values found are relatively lower and remain below those of ascorbic acid, the reference reducing compound (IC50 = 4.12 mg/mL).A statistical analysis showed that only the leaves had an influence on antioxidant activity, so baobab leaves could be used as a food additive.

Indole acetic-producing bacteria promote the root development of Acacia mearnsii cuttings

ABSTRACT Black wattle (Acacia mearnsii) is one of the most important commercial tree species in southern Brazil, where it is planted for multiple uses, such as cellulose pulp production and tannin extraction. Recently, forest companies have been directing their efforts towards vegetative propagation to improve the productivity of black-wattle plantations. However, rooting rates of this species are low, even when treated with the synthetic auxin indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Thus, rooting black-wattle cuttings is still considered a bottleneck for industry development. On the other hand, it is known that inoculating cuttings with indole acetic acid (IAA)-producing bacteria can be an efficient method for increasing vegetative propagation. This study investigated the potential of two bacterial strains to promote root development in black wattle. The strains SEMIA 436 and 439 (Agrobacterium radiobacter), previously isolated from the common bean and detected as high-IAA producers, were also evaluated in relation to their colonisation capacity in seedling roots. Results showed that inoculation with both strains increased rooting rates by 20−30% compared with non-treated and IBA-treated cuttings. Moreover, inoculation increased root dry mass, length and volume. Strain SEMIA 436 demonstrated higher colonisation capacity.

Vegetable Tannins as Chrome-Free Leather Tanning

The purpose of this study is to replace chrome tannins with ecofriendly vegetable tannins as an alternative solution to prevent the public health and the environmental pollution. Vegetable tannin was extracted from Cassia singueana bark using an aqueous extraction method and applied on sheep pickle pelt. Optimum tannin extraction parameters were identified at powder concentration of 80 g/L, extraction temperature of 100°C, and extraction time of 120 mins. Chemical functionality of Cassia singueana extracted tannins was evaluated via FT-IR spectroscopy. Hence, the FT-IR spectrum confirmed the presence of wide band of phenolic hydroxyl (OH−) and carboxyl (C-O) groups connected with the aromatic ring. Moreover, physicochemical performance of the Cassia singueana extract tanned leather sample was scientifically examined and showed comparable results to conventional Mimosa tanned leather sample. The shrinkage temperature of Cassia singueana extract tanned leather recorded 83°C which is slightly higher than that of Mimosa extract (standard), 80°C. The results of mechanical properties such as tensile strength, tear strength, and elongation at break of Cassia singueana extract tanned leather sample are 15.6 N/mm2, 24.2 N/mm, and 45.3%, respectively, which are relatively higher than those of Mimosa extract tanned leather sample. A relatively higher reduction level of pollution load (BOD, COD, and TDS) was observed in the wastewater released from Cassia singueana bark extract compared to the Mimosa extract (standard). Finally, findings from this study revealed that Cassia singueana bark extract could be considered as an alternative source of vegetable tannins to reduce the consumption of chrome tanning in the leather tanning industry.

Evaluation of Diuretic Property of Argemone mexicana along with Molecular Docking Study

Background: Argemone mexicana L. (A. mexicana) has traditionally been used to treat hypertension, urinary issues, and constipation. In this study, we assessed the diuretic activity of the ethanolic crude extract of A. mexicana. Methods: Phytochemical tests were conducted using standard reagents and methods widely accepted in the field. The diuretic test was performed in metabolic cages using a mouse model, with furosemide (5 mg/kg) as the standard drug. Molecular docking was carried out in PyRx using Autodock Vina 4.2. To assess the stability of the protein-ligand complexes formed during docking, we conducted molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for the β-amyrin-6PZT protein complex and the furosemide-6PZT protein complex. Various parameters, including RMSD, RMSF, Rg, SASA, and hydrogen bonds, were calculated for all protein-ligand complexes. Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids, terpenoids, saponins, and tannins in the crude extract. The crude extract exhibited significant (p < 0.05) diuretic activity compared to the control group. Furthermore, we detected the presence of electrolytes (Na+, K+, and Cl-) in the urine of mice treated with the crude extract. In the molecular docking study, among the eighteen compounds studied, β-amyrin displayed superior diuretic potential. The results of the molecular dynamics simulation for the β-amyrin-6PZT protein complex indicated good stability, comparable to the reference drug, furosemide. Conclusion: The crude extract of A. mexicana demonstrates significant diuretic effects that could be valuable for edema treatment. The findings from the molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations suggest the potential for further research in developing a novel drug.

Insecticidal Activity of Tannins from Selected Brown Macroalgae against the Cotton Leafhopper Amrasca devastans.

Seaweeds, also known as marine macroalgae, are renewable biological resources that are found worldwide and possess a wide variety of secondary metabolites, including tannins. Drifted brown seaweed (DBSW) is particularly rich in tannins and is regarded as biological trash. The cotton leaf hopper Amrasca devastans (Distant) has caused both quantitative and qualitative losses in cotton production. Drifted brown seaweeds (DBSWs) were used in this study to extract, qualitatively profile, and quantify the levels of total tannins, condensed tannins, hydrolyzable tannins, and phlorotannins in the seaweeds; test their insecticidal activity; and determine the mechanism of action. The largest amount of tannin extract was found in Sargassum wightii Greville (20.62%) using the Soxhlet method (SM). Significantly higher amounts of hydrolyzable tannins (p = 0.005), soluble phlorotannins (p = 0.005), total tannins in the SM (p = 0.003), and total tannins in the cold percolation method (p = 0.005) were recorded in S. wightii. However, high levels of condensed tannins (CTAs) were observed in Turbinaria ornata (Turner) J. Agardh (p = 0.004). A. devastans nymphs and adults were examined for oral toxicity (OT) and contact toxicity (CT) against DBSW tannin crude extract and column chromatographic fractions 1 (Rf = 0.86) and 2 (Rf = 0.88). Stoechospermum polypodioides (J.V. Lamouroux) J. Agardh crude tannin was highly effective against A. devastans using the OT method (LC50, 0.044%) when compared with the standard gallic acid (LC50, 0.044%) and tannic acid (LC50, 0.122%). Similarly, S. wightii fraction 2 (LC50, 0.007%) showed a greater insecticidal effect against A. devastans adults in OT than gallic acid (LC50, 0.034%) and tannic acid (LC50, 0.022%). The mechanism of action results show that A. devastans adults treated with crude tannin of T. ornata had significantly decreased amylase, protease (p = 0.005), and invertase (p = 0.003) levels when compared with the detoxification enzymes. The levels of glycosidase, lactate dehydrogenase, esterase, lipase, invertase, and acid phosphate activities (p = 0.005) of S. wightii were reduced when compared with those of the Vijayneem and chemical pesticide Monocrotophos. In adult insects treated with LC50 concentrations of S. wightii tannin fraction 1, the total body protein (9.00 µg/µL) was significantly reduced (OT, LC50-0.019%). The SDS-PAGE analysis results also show that S. wightii tannin fraction 1 (OT and CT), fraction 2 (OT), and S. polypodioides fraction 2 (CT) had a significant effect on the total body portion level, appearance, and disappearance of some proteins and polypeptides. This study shows that the selected brown macroalgae can be utilized for the safer management of cotton leaf hoppers.

Digestibility and nitrogen balance of goats on high and low protein rations supplemented with a commercial tannin feed-additive

ABSTRACTDespite the increasing importance of goat production in response to high demand for their products and their relative robustness to environmental stressors, and in contrast to other ruminant species, little data is available on how tannin extract feeding affects their feed intake, nutrient digestion and nitrogen (N) metabolism. Therefore, a trial in Oman investigated the respective variables by using a commercial tannin feed additive. In a 4 (treatments) x 3 (periods) x 2 (animals) Youden square, two weaned Batinah bucks each were fed a high or low protein diet of Rhodes grass hay and crushed barley grain, with or without the addition of a chestnut and quebracho tannin extract at 2 g/kg metabolic weight. Feed offered, feed refused and faeces and urine excreted were quantified to determine diet digestibility, total N excretion, N retention and rumen microbial protein synthesis (MPS). Due to their young age and low live weight, feed intake of goats was relatively low. Crude protein level and tannin addition had no statistically significant effect on dry matter (DM) and N intake, DM digestibility, N excretion in faeces and urine, as well as MPS. In consequence, no benefit of tannin feeding could be confirmed for the goats’ N retention, irrespective of diet composition. These results indicate, on one hand, an effective neutralisation of the tested tannin extract along the gastrointestinal tract of goats, but on the other hand, that stimulation of MPS or N retention by tannins cannot be evidenced when diet components are present that simultaneously release energy and protein, as is the case with barley.

Analysis of the Chemical Composition and Evaluation of the Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Anticoagulant, and Antidiabetic Properties of Pistacia lentiscus from Boulemane as a Natural Nutraceutical Preservative.

Pistacia lentiscus L. has traditionally been employed as a diuretic and stimulant in the treatment of hypertension. Our interest centered on analyzing the chemical profile of the plant's leaves and its in vitro, in vivo, and in silico antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticoagulant, and antidiabetic effects in order to valorize this species and prepare new high-value products that can be used in the agro-food and pharmaceutical industries. When this species' essential oil was hydrodistilled and subjected to GC-MS analysis, the results showed that the principal components were germacrene D (17.54%), spathulenol (17.38%), bicyclogermacrene (12.52%), and terpinen-4-ol (9.95%). The extraction of phenolic compounds was carried out by decoction and Soxhlet. The determination of total polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins of aqueous and organic extracts by spectrophotometric methods demonstrated the richness of this species in phenolic compounds. Chromatographic analysis by HPLC/UV-ESI-MS of the aqueous extract of P. lentiscus revealed the presence of 3,5-di-O-galloyl quinic acid, gallic acid, and 3,4,5-tri-O-galloyl quinic acid specific to this species. The study of antioxidant activity by three methods (DPPH, FRAP, and Total Antioxidant Capacity) revealed that P. lentiscus is a very promising source of natural antioxidants. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil and aqueous extract (E0) was studied by microdilution on the microplate. The results revealed the effectiveness of the aqueous extract compared to the essential oil against Gram-negative bacteria (K. pneumoniae, A. baumannii, E. aerogenes, E. cloacae, P. fluorescence, Salmonella sp., Shigella sp., and Y. enterolitica) and candidoses (C. krusei and C. albicans). The measurements of prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) of the aqueous extract (E0) can significantly prolong these tests from concentrations of 2.875 and 5.750 mg/mL, respectively. The antihyperglycemic effect of the aqueous extract (E0) showed a strong in vitro inhibitory activity of α-amylase and α-glucosidase compared to acarbose. Thus, it significantly inhibited postprandial hyperglycemia in Wistar albino rats. The in-silico study of the major compounds of the essential oil and extract (E0) carried out using PASS, SwissADME, pkCSM, and molecular docking tools confirmed our in vitro and in vivo results. The studied compounds showed a strong ability to be absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract and to passively diffuse through the blood-brain barrier, a similarity to drugs, and water solubility. Molecular docking experiments deduced the probable mode of action of the identified compounds on their respective target proteins, such as NADPH oxidase, thrombin, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase. Furthermore, given the demonstrated antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticoagulant, and antidiabetic effects, we can affirm the richness of P. lentiscus in bioactive molecules and its use in traditional medicine as a source of preservative agent.

Effects of graded levels of dietary pomegranate peel on methane and nitrogen losses, and metabolic and health indicators in dairy cows

This study aimed to quantify the effects of dietary inclusion of tannin-rich pomegranate peel (PP) on intake, methane and nitrogen (N) losses, and metabolic and health indicators in dairy cows. Four multiparous, late-lactating Brown Swiss dairy cows (796 kg body weight; 29 kg/d of energy corrected milk yield) were randomly allocated to 3 treatments in a randomized cyclic change-over design with 3 periods, each comprising 14 d of adaptation, 7 d of milk, urine, and feces collection, and 2 d of methane measurements. Treatments were formulated using PP that replaced on a dry matter (DM) basis 0% (control), 5%, and 10% of the basal mixed ration (BMR) consisting of corn and grass silage, alfalfa, and concentrate. Gaseous exchange of the cows was determined in open-circuit respiration chambers. Blood samples were collected on d 15 of each period. Individual feed intake as well as feces and urine excretion were quantified, and representative samples were collected for analyses of nutrients and phenol composition. Milk was analyzed for concentrations of fat, protein, lactose, milk urea N, and fatty acids. Total phenols and antioxidant capacity in milk and plasma were determined. In serum, the concentrations of urea and bilirubin as well as the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase, glutamate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, and γ-glutamyl transferase were measured. The data were subjected to ANOVA with the Mixed procedure of SAS, with treatment and period as fixed and animal as random effects. The PP and BMR contained 218 and 3.5 g of total extractable tannins per kg DM, respectively, and thereof 203 and 3.3 g of hydrolyzable tannins. Total DM intake, energy corrected milk, and methane emission (total, yield, and intensity) were not affected by PP supplementation. The proportions of C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3 in milk increased linearly as the amount of PP was increased in the diet. Milk urea N, blood urea N, and urinary N excretion decreased linearly with the increase in dietary PP content. Total phenols and antioxidant capacity in milk and plasma were not affected by the inclusion of PP. The activity of ALT increased in a linear manner with the inclusion of PP. In conclusion, replacing up to 10% of BMR with PP improved milk fatty acid composition and alleviated metabolic and environmental N load. However, the elevated serum ALT activity indicates an onset of liver stress even at 5% PP, requiring the development of adaptation protocols for safe inclusion of PP in ruminant diets.

Autumn grass treated with a hydrolysable tannin extract versus lactic acid bacteria inoculant: Effects on silage fermentation characteristics and nutritional value and on performance of lactating dairy cows.

Hydrolysable tannins (HT) show potential as silage additive for autumn herbage silages, high in (rumen degradable) protein, as they may reduce proteolysis.Additionally, they have abilities to form pH-reversible tannin-protein complexes, non-degradable in the rumen but degradable in theabomasum and intestines of ruminants. Therefore they can improve milk N efficiency and shift N excretions from urine to faeces, possibly mitigating the environmental impact of ruminants. In this study, two small bunker silos were filled with autumn grass. One was treated with 20 g/kg DM HT extract (TAN) (TannoSan-L), the other with 8 mg/kg DM inoculant containing lactic acid bacteria (INO) (Bonsilage Fit G). Secondly, micro-silos (2.75 L) were filled with four treatments; (1) grass without additive (CON) (n = 5); (2) TAN (n = 5); (3) INO (n = 5); and (4) TAN + INO (n = 5). The bunker silos were used in a cross-over feeding experiment with periods of 4 weeks involving 22 lactating Holstein cows (average ± SD: 183 ± 36.3 days in milk, 665 ± 71.0 kg body weight, and 33.8 ± 3.91 kg/day milk yield). The HT dose was insufficient to reduce proteolysis or alter chemical composition and nutritional value in the micro- and bunker silages. Including grass silage added with TAN (3.2 g HT/kg DM) in the diet, did not affect feed intake nor fat and protein corrected milk yield in comparison to feeding the grass silage added with INO in a similar diet. The TAN-fed cows had an increased faecal N excretion and decreased apparent total-tract N and organic matter digestibility, but no improvement in the cows' N utilization could be confirmed in milk and blood urea levels. Overall, feeding an autumn grass silage treated with 20 g/kg chestnut HT extract did not affect the performance of dairy cows in comparison to feeding an autumn grass silage treated with a lactic acid bacteria inoculant.

Facile extraction and prospective application of indigenous Cassia fistula tannin in sustainable leather manufacture

Vegetable tanning compounds have recently gathered attention as an environment-friendly, sustainable alternative to basic chromium sulfate in leather manufacturing. This study used different solvents such as water, methanol, and ethanol to extract tannins from Cassia fistula bark, a waste part of a tree. Ethanol proved the most effective solvent, yielding an extraction efficiency of 21.4 ± 0.61%. The bark extract was characterized with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-Vis spectrophotometry, and Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC). Gallic acid and rutin were discovered at high levels of tannins and polyphenolic compounds, including gallic acid (114.29 mg/100 g dry extract) and rutin (45.71 mg/100 g dry extract) whereas catechol and cinnamic were absent. The extracted bark exhibited a pH of 4.01 ± 0.04 and a moisture content of 4.89 ± 0.17%. Full vegetable, semi-chrome, and chrome re-tanned upper leathers were prepared using Cassia fistula bark extract to assess the tanning performance. Full vegetable leather displayed a reasonable shrinkage temperature of 85.77 ± 1.83 °C. All three types of upper leather met the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) standards of different parameters such as tensile, tear, and grain cracking strength, elongation, distention at grain crack, and flexing endurance. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) analysis revealed high fiber dispersion, indicating a higher cross-linking reaction within the leathers. Overall, the results suggested that Cassia fistula bark tannin may serve as a viable and renewable substitute for chrome tanning agents, providing a sustainable source of natural tanning material for leather manufacture.

Modulating Natural Methane Release from Rumen Fermentation through the Use of Ficus glomerata Leaf Tannins in Murrah Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

Enteric fermentation is one of the largest contributors of methane release to the environment from the livestock sector. Plant bioactive compounds can modulate rumen fermentation for reduced methanogenesis and fatty acid biohydrogenation. The present study investigates the effects of tannin extract from Ficus glomerata (FG) leaves on the rumen fermentation, methanogenesis, feed digestibility and fatty acid biohydrogenation of a total mixed ration with the aim of developing a feed supplement for enhanced livestock production and product quality with lower methane emission. The tannin extract (70% aqueous acetone extract) of FG leaves in the total mixed ration (oat hay/concentrate mixture; 1:1) was studied at four graded dose regimens (0.0 (control), 0.25 mL (FG-0.25), 0.50 mL (FG-0.50) and 1.0 mL (FG-1.0) per 60 mL of buffered rumen fluid) in three replicates for each treatment in a radio-frequency-based automatic gas production system (ANKOM-RF) at 39 °C for 24 h following the standard in vitro gas production protocol. The total gas production (mL or mL/g incubated dry matter (DM)) was gradually reduced (p < 0.01) at dose levels of FG-0.50 and FG-1.0; however, it remained intermediary and comparable (p > 0.05) for FG-0.25 with the control and FG-0.50. Compared to the control, the methane concentration (%) in the head space gas, as well as the total methane production (mL or mL/g DM incubated, or mL/g DM digested), were found to be gradually reduced (p < 0.01) with increasing doses (0.25–1.0 mL) of FG extract. The reduced (p < 0.05) feed degradability at higher levels (0.50–1.0 mL) of FG extract supplementation and the comparative (p > 0.05) effects with the control at a lower level of supplementation (FG-0.25) are suggestive of the dose-responsive detrimental effects of tannins on fibrolytic microbes in the rumen. However, the ammonia concentration decreased (p < 0.05) in all of the incubations compared to the control. Among the volatile fatty acids, acetate remained comparable (p > 0.05) with enhanced (p < 0.05) propionate at a lower dose (FG-0.25); however, a dose-dependent reduction was evident at higher dose levels (FG-0.50 and FG-1.0). The production of stearic acid (C18:0), which is a product of the rumen biohydrogenation process, was reduced (p < 0.05), irrespective of the concentration of the FG extract. Compared to the control, the concentration of t-vaccenic acid (C18:1), which is a precursor of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in animal products, was increased in all the FG-extract-supplemented groups. It may be concluded that Ficus glomerata leaf tannins can modulate rumen fermentation for reduced methanogenesis and fatty acid biohydrogenation in a total mixed ration. As a higher level of inclusion negatively affects feed digestibility, a lower dose (0.25 mL FG extract per 60 mL fermentation fluid or 4.17 mL FG extract per L of fermentation fluid) is suggested to achieve desirable effects on methane abatement (30%) and an improvement in fatty acid profiles in animal products.

The exploration of tannin extract as a green depressant in the flotation separation of fluorite from calcite

In response to the flotation separation issue of fluorite and calcite, the utilization of tannin extract (TE) as a depressant for the feasibility of two minerals separation was studied in this study. Microflotation results revealed that the high floatability of fluorite and calcite was obtained using the sodium oleate (NaOl) as the collector, and the addition of TE could completely depress the calcite flotation while it had small effects on the fluorite flotation. The flotation of artificial mixed fluorite/calcite confirmed that TE had the efficient and selective depressing ability to achieve effective separation performance. The adsorption measurements showed that the adsorption amount of TE on the calcite surface was much higher than that on the fluorite surface. Zeta potential results indicated that NaOl could be adsorbed on the fluorite surface but not on the calcite surface in the presence of TE. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy illustrated that TE only chemisorbed onto the calcite surface but weakly interact with the fluorite surface. The computational chemistry analysis revealed that the adsorption energy of TE onto the calcite surface was much lower than that onto the fluorite surface. A stable four-member chelating compound was only generated by the chemical interaction between TE and calcite. Thus, TE can act as the potential depressant in the flotation separation of fluorite from calcite.

Prevention of Protein Degradation Using Ensiling Coffee Husk

The purpose of this research is to provide protein protective compounds during the ensiling process using local materials, namely coffee husk waste. The type of coffee used was robusta. Dry coffee husk (moisture <15%) was ground using a Wiley mill (2 mm sieve). The extraction of tannins from coffee husk waste was performed by the Soxhlation method using ethanol organic solvent (70%). The research involved four treatments and five replications, namely P0= elephant grass silage without tannins; P1= elephant grass silage with the mixture of 3g coffee husk tannins per 1kg fresh silage; P2= elephant grass silage with the mixture of 6g coffee husk tannins per 1kg fresh silage; and P3= elephant grass silage with the mixture of 9g coffee husk tannins per 1kg fresh silage. A completely randomized design (CRD) was employed. The significantly different results were then tested using Duncan's Multiple Test (DMRT). In summary, the addition of coffee husk tannins with a dose of 9g per 1kg of fresh silage presented the best quality elephant grass silage.

Supplementation with antioxidants and phenolic compounds in ruminant feeding and its effect on dairy products: a systematic review.

Milk and dairy products have great importance in human nutrition related to the presence of different nutrients, including protein, fatty acid profile and bioactive compounds. Dietary supplementation with foods containing these types of compounds may influence the chemical composition of milk and dairy products and hence, potentially, the consumer. Our objective was to summarize the evidence of the effect of supplementation with antioxidants and phenolic compounds in the diets of dairy animals and their effects on milk and dairy products. We conducted a systematic search in the MEDLINE/PubMed database for studies published up until July 2022 that reported on supplementation with antioxidants and phenolic compounds in diets that included plants, herbs, seeds, grains and isolated bioactive compounds of dairy animals such as cows, sheep and goats and their effects on milk and dairy products. Of the 94 studies identified in the search, only 15 met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. The review revealed that supplementation with false flax cake, sweet grass, Acacia farnesiana, mushroom myceliated grains and sweet grass promoted an effect on the milk lipid profile, whereas supplementation with dried grape pomace and tannin extract promoted an effect on the milk and cheese lipid profiles. In six studies, the addition of Acacia farnesiana, hesperidin or naringin, durum wheat bran, mushroom myceliated grains, dried grape pomace and olive leaves increased the antioxidant activity of milk. In conclusion, supplementation with bioactive compounds had a positive impact which ranged from an increase in antioxidant capacity to a decrease in oxidative biomarkers such as malondialdehyde.